地被植物耐荫性研究及园林配置探讨
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
地被植物是营造园林景观、提高园林绿化质量的一个重要因素。研究地被植物的耐荫性,对于地被植物在园林中的优化配置,发挥植物最大的生态及景观效益,具有直接的指导意义。本文调查了地被植物在杭州园林中的应用特点,阐述了地被植物资源开发、工厂化生产及抗逆性研究现状。在此基础上,以金叶过路黄、多花筋骨草、紫金牛及射干等四种地被植物为试材,研究了不同遮荫条件对植株生长、形态解剖和生理指标的影响,试图确定判断地被植物耐荫能力的标准。本文还根据生态学原理及景观生态设计原则,初步探讨了地被植物在不同光照条件下的配置模式。结果表明:
     1.杭州地被植物应用现状的调查结果显示,在所调查的西湖南线54052m~2的绿地面积中,传统地被如沿阶草、吉祥草、麦冬的应用面积占总面积的60%,仍然居于领先地位;观花、彩叶地被如杜鹃类、鸢尾、花叶蔓长春花等占17%,应用比例呈现明显增长趋势;花叶共赏的植物如花叶玉簪等,应用前景较好。
     2.地被植物的资源利用、工厂化生产及抗逆性研究已逐渐引起重视,各地均提出了几种到几十种适于在当地园林中应用的地被植物种类,但由于目前生产环节跟不上,与园林应用的发展相比,处于滞后状态。
     3.耐荫性研究表明,不同的遮荫条件,对四种不同的地被植物产生了不同的影响。
     金叶过路黄在遮光27%条件下,植株鲜重、根重、叶片鲜重及分枝数均最大,而其叶面积在遮光73%时最大;多花筋骨草与射干的植株鲜重在全光照条件下呈最大值。与全光照相比,在遮光80%条件下金叶过路黄与多花筋骨草,其叶片的栅栏组织与海绵组织细胞差异较大,表现为栅栏组织宽度减小,海绵组织细胞之间间隙加大。紫金牛叶片表皮细胞的排列整齐而紧密,射干细胞间却空隙大,随遮光度增加,细胞变大,排列更疏松。
     四种地被植物中,紫金牛的光饱和点与补偿点最高,分别为645与202μmol/m~2s,金叶过路黄、多花筋骨草与射干依次减小,光补偿点以射干为最低。金叶过路黄叶绿素含量在遮荫3个月时,随遮光度的增大而增大,a/b减小。多花筋骨草与射干脯氨酸含量随遮光度增大而减小,金叶过路黄则呈现增大趋势,
    
    中文摘要
    且脯氨酸含量与金叶过路黄、多花筋骨草及射干的植株鲜重相关性较强。
    在试验所研究的形态结构及生理指标中,叶片显微结构与脯氨酸含量,与
    植株生长的相关性较强,对于植株耐荫性的评判,具有一定的意义。
    4.地被植物在园林中的配置,必须重视其生物学特性,方能保证其最大的
    景观及生态效益。但是,也不能忽视地被植物配置的景观层次。
Ground cover is an important factor in landscaping plant. They can improve the quality of afforest. It is clear that the research about shade-tolerance of ground cover benefit for optimizing of planting design and landscape ecology. Based on the investigations of its landscape use in Hangzhou, the paper discussed the resources utilization and ecological planting of ground cover. Four species were chosen as the materials for the researches of plant growth, leaf structure, chlorophyll and proline content, and photosynthesis charateristic under different shading levels, such as Lysimachia christinae 'Aurea', Ajuga multiflora , Ardisia japonic a and Belamcanda chinense. The criterion for judging the capability of shade-tolerance of ground cover has been tried to illustrate. The result were summarized as follows:
    1.The investigation of landscape use of ground cover in Hangzhou showed that, the applicated area of traditional species represented large percentage as 60% in total area of 54052 m2. And the area of new species of ground cover was 17%. The new species, which have colorful flower or variegated leaves, have good potential use in landscape. 2.The resource utilization, mass propogation and study of stress resistance of ground cover have been noticed already. Eventhough various species of ground cover have been suggested for using, we have long way to go for widely landscape use because of lacking mass production of seedlings. 3.Four species showed different responses under series shading levels. Lysimachia christinae 'Aurea' had the highest value on plant fresh weight, root fresh weight and length of branch under 27% shading, and the largest leaf area appears under shading of 73%. Under the full sun, the fresh weight of Ajuga multiflora and Belamcanda chinense were the heaviest. Compared with full sun, the rati
    o of leaf thichness of palisade mesophyll and epidermal mesophyll of plant was lower under 80% shading. The cell arragement was dense in Ardisia japonica, and was loose in Belamcanda chinense. The cell interspace increased when the shading degree increasing.
    Among the four species of ground cover, the light saturation point and light compensated point of Ardisia japonica was the highest, and the value was 645 and 202 u mol/m2s, respectively, while the light compensated poin of Belamcanda chinense was the lowest. The chlorophyll content of Lysimachia christinae 'Aurea'
    
    
    increased with the increasing of shading degree, the ratio of a/b decreased. The absolute value of proline content in Ardisia japonica was the highest. The following was Belamcanda chinense, Lysimachia christinae 'Aurea' and Ajuga multiflora. As the increasing of shading degree, the poline content of Ajuga multiflora and Belamcanda chinense decreased, while that of Lysimachia christinae 'Aurea' increased.
    Among the indexes of anatomatical, structure, and physiology characteristic, the leaf structure and proline content is rel tively relevant to the plant growth. They are the significant indictor for judging the capability of shade-tolerance.
    4.The biological characteristics must be considered when ground covers were used in landscape. On the other hand, the landscape senery in vertical view also should not be ignored.
引文
1.陈有民主编,园林树木学[M],中国林业出版社,1988:
    2.王莲英,秦魁杰等,花卉学[M],中国林业出版社,1990;
    3.赵锡惟,园林地被植物的应用与发展[J],中国花卉科技二十年(1978-1998),科学出版社,2000;
    4.刘建秀,周久亚等编著,草坪.地被植物.观赏草[M],东南大学出版社,2001;
    5. David S. MacKenzie, PERENNIAL GROUND COVERS[M], Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 1997;
    6.孔杨勇,夏宜平,张玲慧,杭州城市绿地中的地被植物应用现状调查[J],中国园林,2004,5:57~60;
    7.李维俊,白三叶越夏性的初步研究[J],中国草地,1992(2):6-10;
    8.王福玉,李国栋,柴艳等,地被石竹建植观赏草坪试验[J],辽宁林业科技,1999,2:53~54;
    9.苏丕林,苏蓉,地被植物过路黄研究初报[J],湖北农学院学报,2000,11:326~327;
    10.张艳敏,地被植物连线草在北方城市中应用[J],北方园艺,2001,5:53;
    11.张玄兵,姚胜,梁冬霓,地被菊六个品种的引种研究[J],海南师范学院学报,2001,6:69~71;
    12.高政平,秦越华,沙俊松,地被菊引种栽培试验报告[J],林业科技通讯,2001,9:30~31;
    13.夏汉平,刘世忠,敖惠修,介绍两种优良的“铺地”植物[J],中国园林,2002(4):78~80;
    14.俞洋,地被植物[J],中国园林,1989,5(2):36~39;
    15.马国华,林有润等,野牡丹和地稔的组织培养及植株再生[J],植物生理学通报,2000(6):233~234;
    16.虞耀瑾,王泰哲,玉簪组织培养器官的建成[J],上海农业学报,1996,12(1):23~27;
    17.苏雪痕,园林植物耐荫性及其配置[J],北京林学院学报,1981,3(2):63~70;
    
    
    18.王祥和,滿巧香,马晓军等,天津市园林地被植物的引种栽培[J],天津建设科技,1995(12):27~31;
    19.伍世平,王君健,于志熙,11种地被植物的耐荫性研究.武汉植物学研究[J],1994(11): 360~364;
    20.王雁,苏雪痕,彭镇华,植物耐荫性研究进展[J],林业科学研究,2002,15(3):349~355;
    21.A.Galstom.P.Davies,R.scotter,戴尧仁等译,新编植物生理学,北京大学出版社,1989;
    22.王竞红,哈尔滨市几种常用花灌木耐荫性的研究[D],东北林业大学,2002,5;
    23. Taylor S.E., Terry N., Limiting factors in photosynthesis. V. Photochemical energy supply colimits photosynthesis at low values of intercellular CO_2 concentration[J], Plant Physiol, 1984, 75: 82~86;
    24.采利尼克尔,木本植物耐荫性的生理学原理[M],王世绩泽,科学出版社,1986;
    25.户苅义次,作物的光合作用与物质生产[M],薛德容译,科学出版社,1979;
    26. Anderson Y O, Seasonal development in sun and shade leaves[J], Ecology, 1955, 36: 430~438;
    27. Carpenter S B, Smith N D, A comparative study of leaf thickness among southern Appalachian hardwoods[J], Can J Bot, 1981, 59(8): 1393~1396;
    28. Duba S E, Carpenter S B, Efect of shade on the growth, leaf morphology and photosynthetic capacity ofanAmericansycamoreclone[J], Castanea, 1980, 45: 291~227;
    29. Goulet F, Bellefluour P, Leaf morphology plasticity in response to light environment in deciduous tree species and its implication of forest succession[J], Can J For Res, 1986, 16(4): 1192~1195;
    30. Nygren M, Kellomaki S, Effect on shading on leaf structure and photosynthesis in young birch, Betulapendula Roth. Andpubesens Ehrh[J], For Ecol Manag, 1983, 7: 119~132;
    31. Vigeknabb T C, Martin G, The function significance of palisade tissues: Penetration of directional versus diffuse light[J], Plant, Cell and Environment, 1993, 16(1): 65~72;
    32. Abram M D, Leaf structural and photosynthetic pigments characteristics of tree gallery-forest hardwood species in Northeast Kansas[J], For Ecol Manage, 1987, 22: 261~266;
    33. Abram M D, Kubiske M E, Leaf structural characteristics of 31 hardwood and conifer tree species in Central Wisconsin: Influence of light regime and shade tolerance rank[J], For Ecol
    
    Manage, 1990, 31: 145~153;
    34. Bornman J F, Vogelmann T C, Martin G, Measurement of chlorophyll within leaves with a fiber optic microprobe[J], Plant, Cell and Environment, 1991, 14: 719~725;
    35. Boardman N K, Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants[J], Ann Rew Plant Physiol, 1977, 28: 355~377;
    36. Martin C E, Warner D A, The effects of disiceation on concentrations and a/b ratios of chlorophyll in Leucobryum glaucum and thuidium delicatulum[J], New Phytol, 1984, 96: 545~550;
    37. Wolff T, Changes in chlorophyll A and Bin autumn leaves[J], Amer J Bot, 1956, 43: 714~ 718;
    38. Bjorkman O, Holmgren P, Adaptability of the photosynthetic apparatus to light intensity in ecotypes from exposed and shaded habitat[J], Physiol Plantarum, 1963, V.16, Fasc.4:889~ 914;
    39.芦站根,赵昌琼等,不同光照条件下生长的曼地亚红豆杉光合特性的比较研究,西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,2:117~121:
    40. Schreiber U R Fink, Vidaver W, Fluorescence induction in whole leaves: Differentiation between the two leaf sides and adaptation to different light regime[J], Plant, 1977, 133: 121~ 129;
    41. Bjorkman O, Response to different quantum flux densities[A], In: Lange O L, Nobel P S, Osman C B, et al, Physiological plant ecology I of Encyclopedia of plant physiology[M], Berlin.. Springer-Berlag, 1981, 2A: 57~101;
    42.裴保华、彭伟秀等,富贵草耐荫性的研究,河北林学院学报,1994,9:205~209;
    43.王杰青,地被植物连线草和紫花地丁的研究[D],东北林业大学,2002,5:16~22;
    44.赵长虹,朱根龙,常绿林下地被植物的引种与配置[Z],中国植物学会植物园分会第十五次学术讨论会,2000,8;
    45.张光飞,苏文华,水鳖蕨幼叶的离体快速繁殖[J],云南大学学报(自然科学版),2002,24(3):234~236;
    46.及华,赵玉芬,大叶凤尾蕨的离休培养及植株再生[J],植物生理学通讯,2001,8:308;
    47.邵莉楣,观赏蕨类的栽培与用途[M],金盾出版社,1994.6;
    48.黄智明编著,家庭养花—观赏蕨类[M],广东科技出版社,2000;
    
    
    49.苏雪痕,植物造景[M],中国林业出版社,1994;
    50.许朵彦,优良的地被植物—石蒜类[J],江苏林业科技,1989(4):49~50;
    51.梅佟森,优良地被植物蔓长春花[J],江苏绿化,1998:26:
    52.伊爱娟,园林地被植物—南美蟛蜞菊[J],花卉,2002(4):8:
    53.谓佐桂,王兆东等,优良的园林地被植物三点金[J],中国园林,2001,17(4):86~87;
    54.曲秀春,刘祥春,刘青,几种野生地被植物的引种与栽培[J],中国林副特产,2000,8(3):50~51;
    55.徐庆林,陈银芬,田耘等,地被菊的引种与驯化[J],宁夏农林科技,1999,6:40~41;
    56.张玄兵,姚胜,梁冬霓,地被菊六个品种的引种研究[J],海南师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,6(2):69~71;
    57.李养燕,央宗,李颖等,高寒地区地被菊组培苗移栽成活率研究[J],林业科技通讯,2000,12:17;
    58.王卉,刘少翔,赵外文等,地被菊组培快繁及栽培技术研究[J],山西农业科技,1995,23(1):49~51;
    59.秦明辉,温玉芳,一种新的优良地被植物—铺地木蓝[J],广东园林,2002,246~48;
    60.张艳敏,地被植物连线草在北方城市中应用[J],北方园艺,总140期:53;
    61.蓝先琳,中国古典园林大观(下)[M],天津大学出版社,2002,10;
    62.杨振德,分光光度法测定叶绿素含量的探讨[J],广西农业大学学报,1996,6:145~149;
    63.唐银凤,叶绿素含量测定中的误差分析[J],南京理工大学学报,1997,4:130~132;
    64.张殿忠,汪沛洪,赵会贤,测定小麦顺延游离脯氨酸含量的方法[J],植物生理学通讯,1990(4):62~65;
    65.杨希,隆学武等,美丽针葵耐寒性试验[J],福建林业科技,2002,29(2):56~57;
    66.陈力耕,胡西琴,脐橙品系耐寒性的研究[J],浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版,2000,26(5):505~508;
    67.陈星,李俊全,低温下棕榈某些生理变化及低溫锻炼对棕榈耐寒性的影响[J],北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,1999,35(2):257~260;
    68.白伟岚,任建武,苏雪痕,八种植物耐荫性比较研究,北京林业大学学报,1999,5:46~52;
    69.张利、刘世贵等,八种草坪植物耐荫性的研究[J],四川大学学报(自然科学版),2001,8,38(4):584~588;
    
    
    70.朱钧珍,杭州闶林地被植物的配置[Z],城市建设杂志社,P67;
    71.徐德嘉,古典园林植物景观配置[M],中国环境科学出版社;
    72.童寯,江南园林卷[M],中国建筑工业出版社;
    73.明·文震亨著,陈植校注,长物志校注[M],江苏科学技术出版社,P64;
    74.李渔,闲情偶寄[M],作家出版社,P308;
    75.石秀明,俞慧珍,江苏文人写意山水园林花木栽植设计[M],观赏植物设计与应用,P29;
    76.徐冬梅,周立勋,花境在我国应用中存在的若干问题探析,北方园艺,2003(4):10~11;
    77.李阳春等,甘肃野生草坪及地被植物种质资源的调查[J],草原与草坪,2001(3):26~30;
    78.龙忠富等,几种草被植物保持水土效益的研究[J],水土保持研究,2002,12:136~138;
    79.李辉,赵卫智,北京5种草坪地被植物生态效益的研究[J],中国园林,]998,4:36~38;
    80.许辅会,论地被植物在城市庭园生态环境中的效应[J],武陵学刊(自然科学版),1991,6:37~41;
    81.杨渺,四川两种野生假俭草耐荫性研究[D],四川农业大学,2002,5;
    82.张庆费,夏檑,城市绿地植物耐荫性的诊断指标体系及其应用[J],中国园林,2000,16(6):93~95;
    83.陈煜初,浙江省野生花卉资源开发概述(C),浙江花卉指南,浙江大学出版社出版,1999,10:290~293;

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700