风化花岗岩边坡综合防护研究
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摘要
花岗岩风化壳土体粗粒含量较多,结构疏松,裂隙发育,力学性质受水的影响显著。随着近几年基础设施建设规模的不断扩大,在工程中因风化花岗岩引起的工程问题也日益突出。目前,在花岗岩的岩土工程特性及工程灾害方面尚缺乏研究,工程应用理论上存在不足。
本文结合云南省保龙、保腾高速公路项目,针对项目区内风化花岗岩边坡综合防护,尤其是抗冲刷防护方面,以对云南保山至龙陵段高速公路沿线花岗岩边坡防护的现场勘查、分析为依托展开研究。
本文在总结前人研究成果基础上,从风化花岗岩的矿物组成、风化机理及微观结构等方面探究强、全风化层抗冲蚀能力差的原因,分析花岗岩坡面的破坏模式。通过风化土层有机质、氮、磷、钾含量试验,水稳团聚体含量试验分析其植被立地条件,研究植被防护的可行性。通过水蚀机理的研究,分析影响坡面径流冲刷量的因素,并建立具有较广适应性的边坡土冲刷量的BP神经网络预测模型,及综合防护体系的加强坡面抗冲刷能力的机理。分别从边坡防护的安全性、耐久性、水土保持、美观性、生态恢复、适宜性等方面分析保龙路沿线花岗岩边坡的防护效果,并利用模糊层次分析法,对综合防护措施的合理性及实用性进行定量分析。
The granite is extremely easy to be weathered. The crusts of weathered soil body are more coarse-grained content, and they are loose structure. The crevasse is growing. The mechanical properties significantly affected by water. As the ampliative scale of infrastructure construction in recent years, engineering problems caused by weathering of granite have manifested itself. Granite geotechnical engineering characteristics and project disasters are lack of research, and there exists project application insufficiency theoretically.
Connecting with Baolong and Baoteng freeway in Yunnan Province, aiming at comprehensive anti-erosion protections of the weathered granite slope, especially weak weathering layers, the, this paper launches research about granite slope of protection investigations along Baoshan-Longling freeway in Yunnan Province around 3 times for the backing.
This paper summarized the basis of the predecessors’research results, and explored the causes for poor resistance to erosion of all-weathered layers from the weathered granite mineral composition, weathering mechanism and micro-structure, etc. to analyze the damaged modes of granite slope. Through the screen analysis and the weathered soil organic matter, and contents of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium test,we analyze its vegetation, site conditions; and study the feasibility of vegetation protection. Through the mechanism of water erosion, we analyze effect factors about the amount of slope runoff erosion,and establish a wider adaptive BP neural network prediction model about erosion quantity to strengthen the slope erosion resistance mechanism of the synthesis protection system. Separately from the safety of slope protection, durability, water and soil conservation,aesthetics, ecological restoration and suitability etc. we analyze granite slope protective effects along Baolong freeway, and make quantitative analysis in the rationality and practicality of comprehensive protection measures by using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.
本文结合云南省保龙、保腾高速公路项目,针对项目区内风化花岗岩边坡综合防护,尤其是抗冲刷防护方面,以对云南保山至龙陵段高速公路沿线花岗岩边坡防护的现场勘查、分析为依托展开研究。
本文在总结前人研究成果基础上,从风化花岗岩的矿物组成、风化机理及微观结构等方面探究强、全风化层抗冲蚀能力差的原因,分析花岗岩坡面的破坏模式。通过风化土层有机质、氮、磷、钾含量试验,水稳团聚体含量试验分析其植被立地条件,研究植被防护的可行性。通过水蚀机理的研究,分析影响坡面径流冲刷量的因素,并建立具有较广适应性的边坡土冲刷量的BP神经网络预测模型,及综合防护体系的加强坡面抗冲刷能力的机理。分别从边坡防护的安全性、耐久性、水土保持、美观性、生态恢复、适宜性等方面分析保龙路沿线花岗岩边坡的防护效果,并利用模糊层次分析法,对综合防护措施的合理性及实用性进行定量分析。
The granite is extremely easy to be weathered. The crusts of weathered soil body are more coarse-grained content, and they are loose structure. The crevasse is growing. The mechanical properties significantly affected by water. As the ampliative scale of infrastructure construction in recent years, engineering problems caused by weathering of granite have manifested itself. Granite geotechnical engineering characteristics and project disasters are lack of research, and there exists project application insufficiency theoretically.
Connecting with Baolong and Baoteng freeway in Yunnan Province, aiming at comprehensive anti-erosion protections of the weathered granite slope, especially weak weathering layers, the, this paper launches research about granite slope of protection investigations along Baoshan-Longling freeway in Yunnan Province around 3 times for the backing.
This paper summarized the basis of the predecessors’research results, and explored the causes for poor resistance to erosion of all-weathered layers from the weathered granite mineral composition, weathering mechanism and micro-structure, etc. to analyze the damaged modes of granite slope. Through the screen analysis and the weathered soil organic matter, and contents of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium test,we analyze its vegetation, site conditions; and study the feasibility of vegetation protection. Through the mechanism of water erosion, we analyze effect factors about the amount of slope runoff erosion,and establish a wider adaptive BP neural network prediction model about erosion quantity to strengthen the slope erosion resistance mechanism of the synthesis protection system. Separately from the safety of slope protection, durability, water and soil conservation,aesthetics, ecological restoration and suitability etc. we analyze granite slope protective effects along Baolong freeway, and make quantitative analysis in the rationality and practicality of comprehensive protection measures by using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.
引文
[1]刘好正.花岗岩的风化及工程特性研究[J].中国科协第五届青年学术年会集[C] 429～430.
[2]广东德庆县水土保持调查小组.德庆县土壤侵蚀、水土保持重点调查和区域报告[R].广东德庆:广东省德庆县国土资源局,1983.
[3]孙书存,包维楷.恢复生态学[M].化学工业出版社:2005.
[4]刘世奇.植被护坡技术及综合防护体系研究.中国科学院:2004.
[5]张国红.我国水土流失的现状及其治理对策的探讨[J].林业资源管理.1995(5):10～14.
[6] N.W.Hudson.Soil conservation.1971.窦葆璋译[M].北京:科学出版社1976:71,27,28.
[7]《土壤学》编写组.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社.1992(5):99～103,5～7, 52～55.
[8]许文年,叶建军.工程边坡绿化技术初探[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版).2001,23(6):512～515.
[9]王铁桥,许文年,叶建军等.挖方岩石边坡绿化技术与方法探讨[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版).2003.25(2):101～104.
[10]许文年,王铁桥,叶建军等.岩石边坡护坡绿化技术应用研究[J].水利水电技术.2002,7:35～40.
[11]杨京平,卢剑波.生态恢复工程技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002(6):8～11.
[12]丁运华.关于生态恢复几个问题的讨论[J].中国沙漠,2000.20(3):341～344.
[13]叶建军,许文年,王铁桥等.南方岩石坡地生态恢复[J].水土保持研究,2003(4).
[14]黄镇国,蔡福祥等著.雷琼第四纪火山[M].北京:科学出版社,1983:80～85.
[15]尚彦军,岳中琦,王思敬等.全风化花岗岩化学及矿物成份在全土和粘粒中的不同表征[J].地质科学,2005. 40(1):95～104.
[16]尚彦军,吴宏伟,曲永新.花岗岩风化程度的化学指标及微观特征对比——以香港九龙地区为例[J].地质科学,2001,36(3):279～294.
[17]吴志峰,王继增.华南花岗岩风化壳岩土特性与崩岗侵蚀关系[J].水土保持学报,2000:14(2).
[18]吴克刚,DannelClarke PeterDicenzo.华南花岗岩风化壳的崩岗地形与土壤侵蚀[J].水土保持,1989:22(6).
[19]张虎男,陈伟光.热带震害研究——以雷琼热带区为[J].中国科学(B辑),1993,23(7):759～764
[20]张俊虎,王新民.多雨地区强风化花岗岩路基边坡防护新对策[J].路基工程,1997(2):58～60
[21]时云锋.多雨地区全风化花岗岩路基边坡水害防治[J].科技咨询,2008(10):53.
[22]何珊儒,刘永利,黄秀丰.京九铁路粤北段风化花岗岩、残积土的斜坡稳定性研究[J].铀矿地质,2007:23(2).
[23]刘云鹏,黄润秋,霍俊杰.某高速公路花岗岩边坡稳定性评价及防护措施研究[J].防震减灾工程学报,2008:28(1).
[24]张宝成.基于检测风化花岗岩高边坡的稳定性评价与预测[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2008.
[25]车用太.岩土工程地质力学入门[M].北京:科学出版社,1983:138～145.
[26]何开耿.花岗岩残积土的抗剪强度及土质边坡稳定性分析[J].水文地质工程,1999(3):41～43.
[27]武汉水利电力学院河流泥沙工程学教研室.河流泥沙工程学(上册)[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1983.
[28]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动学[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.
[29]罗斌,胡厚田,吕小平.南方花岗岩残积层路堑边坡坡面冲蚀研究[J].铁道工程学报,1999(3).
[30]周培德,张俊云.植被护坡工程技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003.
[31] Joanne E. Norris. Root reinforcement by hawthorn and oak roots on a expressway cut——slope in Southern England[J]. Plant and Soil, 2005.
[32] Barker D H ed. Vegetation and slopes Stabilization. Protection and Ecology——proceedings of the International Conference Held at the University Museum Oxford:1994.
[33] Ng C W and Shi Q.A numerical investigation of the stability of unsaturated soil slopes subjected to transient seepage[J].Computers and Geotechnics,1998,22(1).
[33]高民欢,李辉,张新宇等.高等级公路边坡冲刷理论与植被防护技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.
[2]广东德庆县水土保持调查小组.德庆县土壤侵蚀、水土保持重点调查和区域报告[R].广东德庆:广东省德庆县国土资源局,1983.
[3]孙书存,包维楷.恢复生态学[M].化学工业出版社:2005.
[4]刘世奇.植被护坡技术及综合防护体系研究.中国科学院:2004.
[5]张国红.我国水土流失的现状及其治理对策的探讨[J].林业资源管理.1995(5):10～14.
[6] N.W.Hudson.Soil conservation.1971.窦葆璋译[M].北京:科学出版社1976:71,27,28.
[7]《土壤学》编写组.土壤学[M].北京:中国林业出版社.1992(5):99～103,5～7, 52～55.
[8]许文年,叶建军.工程边坡绿化技术初探[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版).2001,23(6):512～515.
[9]王铁桥,许文年,叶建军等.挖方岩石边坡绿化技术与方法探讨[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版).2003.25(2):101～104.
[10]许文年,王铁桥,叶建军等.岩石边坡护坡绿化技术应用研究[J].水利水电技术.2002,7:35～40.
[11]杨京平,卢剑波.生态恢复工程技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002(6):8～11.
[12]丁运华.关于生态恢复几个问题的讨论[J].中国沙漠,2000.20(3):341～344.
[13]叶建军,许文年,王铁桥等.南方岩石坡地生态恢复[J].水土保持研究,2003(4).
[14]黄镇国,蔡福祥等著.雷琼第四纪火山[M].北京:科学出版社,1983:80～85.
[15]尚彦军,岳中琦,王思敬等.全风化花岗岩化学及矿物成份在全土和粘粒中的不同表征[J].地质科学,2005. 40(1):95～104.
[16]尚彦军,吴宏伟,曲永新.花岗岩风化程度的化学指标及微观特征对比——以香港九龙地区为例[J].地质科学,2001,36(3):279～294.
[17]吴志峰,王继增.华南花岗岩风化壳岩土特性与崩岗侵蚀关系[J].水土保持学报,2000:14(2).
[18]吴克刚,DannelClarke PeterDicenzo.华南花岗岩风化壳的崩岗地形与土壤侵蚀[J].水土保持,1989:22(6).
[19]张虎男,陈伟光.热带震害研究——以雷琼热带区为[J].中国科学(B辑),1993,23(7):759～764
[20]张俊虎,王新民.多雨地区强风化花岗岩路基边坡防护新对策[J].路基工程,1997(2):58～60
[21]时云锋.多雨地区全风化花岗岩路基边坡水害防治[J].科技咨询,2008(10):53.
[22]何珊儒,刘永利,黄秀丰.京九铁路粤北段风化花岗岩、残积土的斜坡稳定性研究[J].铀矿地质,2007:23(2).
[23]刘云鹏,黄润秋,霍俊杰.某高速公路花岗岩边坡稳定性评价及防护措施研究[J].防震减灾工程学报,2008:28(1).
[24]张宝成.基于检测风化花岗岩高边坡的稳定性评价与预测[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2008.
[25]车用太.岩土工程地质力学入门[M].北京:科学出版社,1983:138～145.
[26]何开耿.花岗岩残积土的抗剪强度及土质边坡稳定性分析[J].水文地质工程,1999(3):41～43.
[27]武汉水利电力学院河流泥沙工程学教研室.河流泥沙工程学(上册)[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1983.
[28]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动学[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.
[29]罗斌,胡厚田,吕小平.南方花岗岩残积层路堑边坡坡面冲蚀研究[J].铁道工程学报,1999(3).
[30]周培德,张俊云.植被护坡工程技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003.
[31] Joanne E. Norris. Root reinforcement by hawthorn and oak roots on a expressway cut——slope in Southern England[J]. Plant and Soil, 2005.
[32] Barker D H ed. Vegetation and slopes Stabilization. Protection and Ecology——proceedings of the International Conference Held at the University Museum Oxford:1994.
[33] Ng C W and Shi Q.A numerical investigation of the stability of unsaturated soil slopes subjected to transient seepage[J].Computers and Geotechnics,1998,22(1).
[33]高民欢,李辉,张新宇等.高等级公路边坡冲刷理论与植被防护技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.