灌溉和种植方式对小麦—玉米两熟农田作物耗水特性和产量形成的影响
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摘要
2008-2010年通过田间试验，以冬小麦品种济麦22、夏玉米品种郑单958为试验材料，以大田试验为主，结合室内生理生化分析，系统研究不同灌溉和种植方式对华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田的耗水特性及干物质积累与分配规律的影响。冬小麦试验设置不灌水（W0）、拔节水（W1）、拔节水+开花水（W2）、拔节水+开花水+灌浆水（W3）4种灌溉处理，每次灌水量为60mm，每种灌溉处理均设置等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播3种种植方式；夏玉米在冬小麦不同灌水处理的基础上，设置垄作和平作两种种植方式。研究结果如下：
1灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性的影响
不同灌溉处理的农田总耗水量在307.11~396.54mm之间，随着灌水量的增加，农田总耗水量显著增加，灌水量占总耗水量的比例也增加，同时，土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著降低；增加灌溉量减少了0~40cm土层土壤贮水的消耗量，增加了对中层和深层土壤贮水量的消耗。与等行距平作方式相比，沟播和宽窄行平作的小麦农田总耗水量均增加，且以沟播方式增加的幅度更大。同时，沟播和宽窄行平作方式增加了对土壤贮水的利用，沟播处理能更好的利用80~120cm土层的深层土壤贮水。
2灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦干物质积累和分配的影响
增加灌水量可以延缓小麦叶片（特别是下部叶片）的衰老，使叶片的生理功能维持较高活性，以增加光合作用能力，提高光合产物的积累。与W0处理相比，灌水处理显著增加了成熟期籽粒中的干物质积累量和分配比例，籽粒中干物质的增加主要是提高了花后同化物积累量的结果。
与等行距平作相比，沟播和宽窄行平作方式均可以提高小麦不同叶位的叶面积和叶片中的色素含量，延缓叶片的衰老，增强旗叶的光合速率，获得更多的干物质积累量，且以沟播方式更为显著。同时，沟播方式增加了成熟期籽粒中的干物质积累量，降低了营养器官中的干物质分配比例，提高了花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率。沟播方式对小麦生育后期个体生理功能的增强是其产量提高的生理基础。
3灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦氮素积累和分配的影响
随着灌水量的增加，小麦植株和籽粒中的氮素积累量均先增加后降低，以W2处理最高，当在灌2水基础上再增加灌浆水使植株和籽粒中的氮素积累量有所降低。在小麦生育后期，增加灌水量有利于提高花后氮素向籽粒的再分配效率，但过多的灌水处理不利于植株中氮素积累量的提高。沟播和宽窄行平作方式提高了成熟期小麦植株和籽粒中的氮素积累总量，且以沟播方式更显著。
4灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程的影响
不灌水（W0）处理能够较早的达到最大灌浆速率，随着灌水量和灌水次数的增加，灌浆前期的灌浆速率减小但后期的下降速度变慢。在相同的灌溉条件下，沟播和宽窄行平作处理到达最大灌浆速率的时间晚于等行距平作处理，并随着灌水量的变化，灌浆活跃期比等行距处理延长3~5d。说明，减少灌水量有利于加快其发育过程，促使早抽穗灌浆，增加灌水量并使灌溉时期后移可延缓小麦的灌浆进程，对籽粒产量的增加具有重要作用。沟播和宽窄行平作由于改变了群体生长结构，增加了群体内的通风透光，延缓了植株衰老，同时也改变了籽粒的灌浆特性。
5灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟作物产量和水分利用效率的影响
在小麦全生育期灌水60~180mm范围内，增加灌水量籽粒产量也增加，产量与灌水量之间呈正相关关系，同时，冬小麦期间灌溉并没有被冬小麦完全利用，随冬小麦期间灌水量的增加玉米播种时的土壤贮水量也显著增加，并且小麦灌溉对土壤贮水量的影响一直持续到玉米开花期。随小麦期间灌水量的增加，玉米籽粒产量和全年作物产量均增加，但水分利用效率以冬小麦期间灌拔节水+开花水的处理最高。从全年的产量和水分利用效率来看，冬小麦期间灌拔节水+开花水的处理可以在获得较高的籽粒产量的同时也具有较高的水分利用效率，是适宜于推广应用的灌溉方式。
冬小麦沟播方式增强了土壤的蓄水保水能力，获得了更高的籽粒产量，具有较高的灌水利用效率和水分利用效率。夏玉米垄作通过改变地表形状，可以实现集蓄雨水，减少地表径流，提高水分利用的作用。冬小麦沟播+夏玉米垄作种植方式的全年作物产量比全年平作方式增加5.14%；灌水利用效率增加6.89%。以上结果说明，与传统平作种植方式相比，冬小麦沟播+夏玉米垄作的种植方式可以更好的利用水分，在提高灌水利用效率的同时提高籽粒产量，是一种节水高产的种植方式。
A field experiment was conducted in2008-2010to study the effects of differentirrigation schedule and planting patterns on the water consumption characteristics, dry matteraccumulation and distribution of winter wheat-summer maize in North China plain. Usingwinter wheat cultivar “Jimai22” and summer maize cultivar “Zhengdan958” as materials, wegave priority to field experiments, and in combination with the indoor physiological andbiochemical analysis. Four irrigation schedules (W0, no irrigation; W1, irrigation at jointingstage; W2, irrigations at jointing and anthesis stages; W3, irrigations at jointing, anthesis andmilking stages) and three planting patterns (uniform row, wide-narrow row and furrow) weredesigned in winter wheat experiments. The irrigation amount was60mm each time. On thebase of different irrigation of winter wheat, we set bed planting and row planting to summermaize. The main results were as follows:
1. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on water consumptioncharacteristics of winter wheat
Total water consumption of different irrigation was307.11~396.54mm. With theincrease of irrigation amount, total water consumption increased significantly, and the ratio ofirrigation water to total water consumption also increased. Simultaneously, the ratio of soilwater consumption to total water consumption decreased significantly. With the increase ofirrigation amount, it reduced soil water consumption of0~40soil layer, but increased soilwater consumption of middle and deep layer. Compared with uniform row, total waterconsumption of wheat field with furrow and wide-narrow row both increased. Further, furrowincreased more significantly. Simultaneously, patterns of furrow and wide-narrow rowincreased the utilization of soil water. In comparison, furrow could be better use of soil waterof80~120cm deep soil layer.
2. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on dry matter accumulation anddistribution of winter wheat
Increased irrigation could delay wheat leaves’ senescence (especially the lower leaves),and make the physiological function of the blade maintain higher activity to increasephotosynthesis ability and improve photosynthesis product accumulation. Compared with W0treatment, irrigation increased dry matter accumulation and distribution of kernels in matureperiod significantly. The increased dry matter in kernels was mainly the result of improvedassimilation products accumulation after flower. Compared with uniform row, both furrow and wide-narrow row could improve leaf area atdifferent places and leaves’pigment content of winter wheat. Also, the two patterns coulddelay leaves’ senescence and enhance flag leaf’s photosynthesis rate to obtain more dry matteraccumulation. And more, furrow increased more significantly. It increased dry matteraccumulation of kernels in mature period, decreased dry matter distribution proportion ofvegetative organs, and improved the contribution of dry matter accumulation to kernels afterflower. In brief, the enhancement of physiological function of individual in wheat birth latewas the physiological basis of its output improvement
3. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on nitrogen accumulation anddistribution of winter wheat
With the increasing of irrigation, nitrogen accumulation in wheat plants and kernelsfirstly increased and then decreased. The W2treatment was the highest. When enhancingirrigation on the base of W2, the nitrogen accumulation would decrease in plants and kernels.In late period of wheat, increased irrigation was good for improving redistribution efficiencyfrom nitrogen after flowering to kernels. But too much irrigation was bad for improvingnitrogen accumulation in plants. Furrow and wide-narrow row improved nitrogenaccumulation in wheat plant and kernels of mature period, and furrow increased significantly.
4. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on grain filling of winter wheat
No irrigations (W0) could reach the maximum milking rate earlier. With the increasingof irrigations and irrigation frequency, filling rate of the early filling stage decreased, butdropping rate of late period become slowly. In the same irrigation conditions, the time thatreached the maximum milking rate of furrow and wide-narrow row was earlier than uniformrow. With the different irrigation, filling active period prolonged3~5d in comparision withuniform row. It suggests that decreased irrigation was good for speed up its growth, andheading and filling earlier. Increase irrigation and delay irrigation period could help postponesenility, and played important role for yield enhancement. Because furrow and wide-narrowrow changed the population structure, it increased light ventilation within population, delayedplants senility, and changed filling characteristic of grains.
5. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on grain yield and WUE of winterwheat-summer maize
In range of irrigation60~180mm in all grow period, grain yield increased with increasedirrigation. It was positive relation between yield and irrigation. Simultaneously, winter wheat could not full use of irrigation. With increasing irrigation during wheat growth, soil waterstorage increased significantly when seed maize. The influence of wheat irrigation on soilwater storage continued until maize flowering. As winter wheat irrigation increased, bothmaize grain yield and all year crop yield would increase. But WUE of winter wheat W2treatment was the highest. From all year yield and WUE, winter wheat W2treatment couldobtain higher grain yield and higher WUE. It is suitable for widespread irrigation way.
Furrow of winter wheat enhanced water storage of soil, and obtained higher grain yield.Also, it owned higher irrigation usage efficiency and WUE. With soil surface shape changed,ridge planting of summer maize could harvest rainwater, reduce surface runoff and enhancewater usage. All year crop yield of furrow (winter wheat) and ridge planting (summer maize)increased5.14%than row all year. Irrigation usage efficiency increased6.89%. The resultssuggested that, compared with traditional row planting, furrow (winter wheat) and ridgeplanting (summer maize) could be better use of water. It improved grain yield with increasedirrigation efficiency, and it was a suitable planting model with saving water and high yield.
1灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性的影响
不同灌溉处理的农田总耗水量在307.11~396.54mm之间，随着灌水量的增加，农田总耗水量显著增加，灌水量占总耗水量的比例也增加，同时，土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著降低；增加灌溉量减少了0~40cm土层土壤贮水的消耗量，增加了对中层和深层土壤贮水量的消耗。与等行距平作方式相比，沟播和宽窄行平作的小麦农田总耗水量均增加，且以沟播方式增加的幅度更大。同时，沟播和宽窄行平作方式增加了对土壤贮水的利用，沟播处理能更好的利用80~120cm土层的深层土壤贮水。
2灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦干物质积累和分配的影响
增加灌水量可以延缓小麦叶片（特别是下部叶片）的衰老，使叶片的生理功能维持较高活性，以增加光合作用能力，提高光合产物的积累。与W0处理相比，灌水处理显著增加了成熟期籽粒中的干物质积累量和分配比例，籽粒中干物质的增加主要是提高了花后同化物积累量的结果。
与等行距平作相比，沟播和宽窄行平作方式均可以提高小麦不同叶位的叶面积和叶片中的色素含量，延缓叶片的衰老，增强旗叶的光合速率，获得更多的干物质积累量，且以沟播方式更为显著。同时，沟播方式增加了成熟期籽粒中的干物质积累量，降低了营养器官中的干物质分配比例，提高了花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率。沟播方式对小麦生育后期个体生理功能的增强是其产量提高的生理基础。
3灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦氮素积累和分配的影响
随着灌水量的增加，小麦植株和籽粒中的氮素积累量均先增加后降低，以W2处理最高，当在灌2水基础上再增加灌浆水使植株和籽粒中的氮素积累量有所降低。在小麦生育后期，增加灌水量有利于提高花后氮素向籽粒的再分配效率，但过多的灌水处理不利于植株中氮素积累量的提高。沟播和宽窄行平作方式提高了成熟期小麦植株和籽粒中的氮素积累总量，且以沟播方式更显著。
4灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程的影响
不灌水（W0）处理能够较早的达到最大灌浆速率，随着灌水量和灌水次数的增加，灌浆前期的灌浆速率减小但后期的下降速度变慢。在相同的灌溉条件下，沟播和宽窄行平作处理到达最大灌浆速率的时间晚于等行距平作处理，并随着灌水量的变化，灌浆活跃期比等行距处理延长3~5d。说明，减少灌水量有利于加快其发育过程，促使早抽穗灌浆，增加灌水量并使灌溉时期后移可延缓小麦的灌浆进程，对籽粒产量的增加具有重要作用。沟播和宽窄行平作由于改变了群体生长结构，增加了群体内的通风透光，延缓了植株衰老，同时也改变了籽粒的灌浆特性。
5灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟作物产量和水分利用效率的影响
在小麦全生育期灌水60~180mm范围内，增加灌水量籽粒产量也增加，产量与灌水量之间呈正相关关系，同时，冬小麦期间灌溉并没有被冬小麦完全利用，随冬小麦期间灌水量的增加玉米播种时的土壤贮水量也显著增加，并且小麦灌溉对土壤贮水量的影响一直持续到玉米开花期。随小麦期间灌水量的增加，玉米籽粒产量和全年作物产量均增加，但水分利用效率以冬小麦期间灌拔节水+开花水的处理最高。从全年的产量和水分利用效率来看，冬小麦期间灌拔节水+开花水的处理可以在获得较高的籽粒产量的同时也具有较高的水分利用效率，是适宜于推广应用的灌溉方式。
冬小麦沟播方式增强了土壤的蓄水保水能力，获得了更高的籽粒产量，具有较高的灌水利用效率和水分利用效率。夏玉米垄作通过改变地表形状，可以实现集蓄雨水，减少地表径流，提高水分利用的作用。冬小麦沟播+夏玉米垄作种植方式的全年作物产量比全年平作方式增加5.14%；灌水利用效率增加6.89%。以上结果说明，与传统平作种植方式相比，冬小麦沟播+夏玉米垄作的种植方式可以更好的利用水分，在提高灌水利用效率的同时提高籽粒产量，是一种节水高产的种植方式。
A field experiment was conducted in2008-2010to study the effects of differentirrigation schedule and planting patterns on the water consumption characteristics, dry matteraccumulation and distribution of winter wheat-summer maize in North China plain. Usingwinter wheat cultivar “Jimai22” and summer maize cultivar “Zhengdan958” as materials, wegave priority to field experiments, and in combination with the indoor physiological andbiochemical analysis. Four irrigation schedules (W0, no irrigation; W1, irrigation at jointingstage; W2, irrigations at jointing and anthesis stages; W3, irrigations at jointing, anthesis andmilking stages) and three planting patterns (uniform row, wide-narrow row and furrow) weredesigned in winter wheat experiments. The irrigation amount was60mm each time. On thebase of different irrigation of winter wheat, we set bed planting and row planting to summermaize. The main results were as follows:
1. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on water consumptioncharacteristics of winter wheat
Total water consumption of different irrigation was307.11~396.54mm. With theincrease of irrigation amount, total water consumption increased significantly, and the ratio ofirrigation water to total water consumption also increased. Simultaneously, the ratio of soilwater consumption to total water consumption decreased significantly. With the increase ofirrigation amount, it reduced soil water consumption of0~40soil layer, but increased soilwater consumption of middle and deep layer. Compared with uniform row, total waterconsumption of wheat field with furrow and wide-narrow row both increased. Further, furrowincreased more significantly. Simultaneously, patterns of furrow and wide-narrow rowincreased the utilization of soil water. In comparison, furrow could be better use of soil waterof80~120cm deep soil layer.
2. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on dry matter accumulation anddistribution of winter wheat
Increased irrigation could delay wheat leaves’ senescence (especially the lower leaves),and make the physiological function of the blade maintain higher activity to increasephotosynthesis ability and improve photosynthesis product accumulation. Compared with W0treatment, irrigation increased dry matter accumulation and distribution of kernels in matureperiod significantly. The increased dry matter in kernels was mainly the result of improvedassimilation products accumulation after flower. Compared with uniform row, both furrow and wide-narrow row could improve leaf area atdifferent places and leaves’pigment content of winter wheat. Also, the two patterns coulddelay leaves’ senescence and enhance flag leaf’s photosynthesis rate to obtain more dry matteraccumulation. And more, furrow increased more significantly. It increased dry matteraccumulation of kernels in mature period, decreased dry matter distribution proportion ofvegetative organs, and improved the contribution of dry matter accumulation to kernels afterflower. In brief, the enhancement of physiological function of individual in wheat birth latewas the physiological basis of its output improvement
3. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on nitrogen accumulation anddistribution of winter wheat
With the increasing of irrigation, nitrogen accumulation in wheat plants and kernelsfirstly increased and then decreased. The W2treatment was the highest. When enhancingirrigation on the base of W2, the nitrogen accumulation would decrease in plants and kernels.In late period of wheat, increased irrigation was good for improving redistribution efficiencyfrom nitrogen after flowering to kernels. But too much irrigation was bad for improvingnitrogen accumulation in plants. Furrow and wide-narrow row improved nitrogenaccumulation in wheat plant and kernels of mature period, and furrow increased significantly.
4. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on grain filling of winter wheat
No irrigations (W0) could reach the maximum milking rate earlier. With the increasingof irrigations and irrigation frequency, filling rate of the early filling stage decreased, butdropping rate of late period become slowly. In the same irrigation conditions, the time thatreached the maximum milking rate of furrow and wide-narrow row was earlier than uniformrow. With the different irrigation, filling active period prolonged3~5d in comparision withuniform row. It suggests that decreased irrigation was good for speed up its growth, andheading and filling earlier. Increase irrigation and delay irrigation period could help postponesenility, and played important role for yield enhancement. Because furrow and wide-narrowrow changed the population structure, it increased light ventilation within population, delayedplants senility, and changed filling characteristic of grains.
5. Effects of irrigation schedule and planting patterns on grain yield and WUE of winterwheat-summer maize
In range of irrigation60~180mm in all grow period, grain yield increased with increasedirrigation. It was positive relation between yield and irrigation. Simultaneously, winter wheat could not full use of irrigation. With increasing irrigation during wheat growth, soil waterstorage increased significantly when seed maize. The influence of wheat irrigation on soilwater storage continued until maize flowering. As winter wheat irrigation increased, bothmaize grain yield and all year crop yield would increase. But WUE of winter wheat W2treatment was the highest. From all year yield and WUE, winter wheat W2treatment couldobtain higher grain yield and higher WUE. It is suitable for widespread irrigation way.
Furrow of winter wheat enhanced water storage of soil, and obtained higher grain yield.Also, it owned higher irrigation usage efficiency and WUE. With soil surface shape changed,ridge planting of summer maize could harvest rainwater, reduce surface runoff and enhancewater usage. All year crop yield of furrow (winter wheat) and ridge planting (summer maize)increased5.14%than row all year. Irrigation usage efficiency increased6.89%. The resultssuggested that, compared with traditional row planting, furrow (winter wheat) and ridgeplanting (summer maize) could be better use of water. It improved grain yield with increasedirrigation efficiency, and it was a suitable planting model with saving water and high yield.
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