芳香醇化合物的绿色合成和不对称合成研究
摘要
醛酮的烷基加成反应是合成C-C键的重要方法之一，同时合成的仲醇和叔醇是重要的有机合成的中间体，已被应用于许多含有仲醇和叔醇结构的复杂天然产物的合成中。通过简便有效的方法实现这一反应的绿色合成是有机化学的一项重要任务。同时，将这一反应发展成为具有高度对映选择性的不对称反应在合成含有手性芳香醇结构的药物或生物活性物质方面将具有更重要的意义。
本论文主要研究了烯丙醇化合物的绿色合成、醛的不对称烯丙基加成反应、烷基锌对醛酮的不对称加成反应。主要内容如下：
1．用双金属体系Zn／InCl_3(cat．)在饱和NH_4Cl溶液中，实现了水相中烯丙基氯与醛酮的高效加成。另外，对该反应的区域选择性也进行了研究。这一体系同以前单独用金属锌或金属铟促进的烯丙基化反应相比，可以使用活性低的烯丙基氯替代烯丙基溴来实现这一反应，而且反应速度加快，反应条件温和。此外，还发现烯丁基氯与醛酮的反应产率也非常高，并且给出了较好的区域选择性以及中等的非对映异构选择性。
2．利用天然的手性源樟脑、氨基酸、酒石酸衍生了一系列含羟基胺基的手性配体。这些配体的类型广泛，其中两齿配体有：羟基樟脑磺酰胺配体、氨基酸衍生的磺酰氨基醇配体以及酒石酸衍生的TADDOL类配体；三齿配体有氨基酸衍生的亚胺及还原产物；四齿配体如酒石酸衍生的C_2-对称性的樟脑磺酰胺配体以及类SALEN配体。将这些手性配体依次用于金属锌、锡、铟促进的不对称的烯丙基的加成反应，但是没有获得可以接受的对映异构选择性。
3．在羟基樟脑磺酰胺配体的苯环上不同位置引入不同类型的取代基，研究了苯环上的取代模式及电子效应对二乙基锌与醛加成反应的产率及对映异构选择性的影响，从中筛选出配体3-16可以给出较好的结果(95％yield，72％ee)，以此配体为模型，系统研究了该反应的溶剂效应、反应计量的影响、温度效应，从而确立了最合适的催化条件。在此条件下，研究了配体3-16对其它芳香醛底物的适应性，得到了高达83％ee。
4．利用酒石酸衍生出了一系列C_2-对称轴的磺酰胺配体，并将这些配体应用于二乙基锌与醛的加成反应，从中优化出配体3-36可以给出较好的选择性。随后系统考察了反应溶剂、反应温度、时间、配体的用量及底物结构的影响，从而可以给出高达83％ee。
The addition of alkyl group to aldehydes and ketones is one of the most important methods in forming C-C bond, which may also produce sec-alcohol or tert-alcohol as valuable intermediate compounds applied in the synthsis of natural products. Performing the reaction via green method is one of the imperative tasks in organic chemistrys. At the same time, expanding the addition into asymmetric one with high enantioselectivity may lead to its siginificant application in synthesizing medicaments and biologically active compounds.
This thesis reported the research about the green synthesis of homoallylic alcohol, the asymmetric allylation of aldehydes, the asymmetric addition of dialkylzinc to aldehyde and ketones. The concreate content is as below:
1. In saturated NH_4CI solution, Zn/InCb (cat.)-mediated allylation of carbonyl compounds and allylic chloride could proceed smoothly to give the desired product in high yield. The regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity were also studied. Compared to the prior reports, the reaction can be carried out using allylic chloride instead of allylic bromide in the system, and it is a simple, efficient and environmentally benign synthesis method. Furthermore, crotyl chloride also gave excellent yields in this system. The reaction gave exclusively γ-adduct in most cases with medium diasteroselectivity.
2. A series of chiral ligands containing hydroxyl and amido were derived from natural camphor, amino acid and tartaric acid, such as hydroxyl camphor sulfonylamide, sulfonamide alcohol, TADDOL, imine and its reductive product, C_2-symmetric camphor sulfonylamide and SALEN analogue. Employing these ligands into the allylation mediated by zinc, tin, indium, no acceptable enantioselectivity was obtained.
3. Different substituents were introduced in the phenyl ring of hydroxyl camphor sulfonamide. The influences of substitution patterns, electronic property were studied in the diethylzinc to aldehyde, chiral ligand 3-16 was choosed as the best one (95% yield, 72% ee). Subsequently, varying the solvent, the temperature and the stoichiometry, the best condition was established and 83% ee was obtained in the system.
本论文主要研究了烯丙醇化合物的绿色合成、醛的不对称烯丙基加成反应、烷基锌对醛酮的不对称加成反应。主要内容如下：
1．用双金属体系Zn／InCl_3(cat．)在饱和NH_4Cl溶液中，实现了水相中烯丙基氯与醛酮的高效加成。另外，对该反应的区域选择性也进行了研究。这一体系同以前单独用金属锌或金属铟促进的烯丙基化反应相比，可以使用活性低的烯丙基氯替代烯丙基溴来实现这一反应，而且反应速度加快，反应条件温和。此外，还发现烯丁基氯与醛酮的反应产率也非常高，并且给出了较好的区域选择性以及中等的非对映异构选择性。
2．利用天然的手性源樟脑、氨基酸、酒石酸衍生了一系列含羟基胺基的手性配体。这些配体的类型广泛，其中两齿配体有：羟基樟脑磺酰胺配体、氨基酸衍生的磺酰氨基醇配体以及酒石酸衍生的TADDOL类配体；三齿配体有氨基酸衍生的亚胺及还原产物；四齿配体如酒石酸衍生的C_2-对称性的樟脑磺酰胺配体以及类SALEN配体。将这些手性配体依次用于金属锌、锡、铟促进的不对称的烯丙基的加成反应，但是没有获得可以接受的对映异构选择性。
3．在羟基樟脑磺酰胺配体的苯环上不同位置引入不同类型的取代基，研究了苯环上的取代模式及电子效应对二乙基锌与醛加成反应的产率及对映异构选择性的影响，从中筛选出配体3-16可以给出较好的结果(95％yield，72％ee)，以此配体为模型，系统研究了该反应的溶剂效应、反应计量的影响、温度效应，从而确立了最合适的催化条件。在此条件下，研究了配体3-16对其它芳香醛底物的适应性，得到了高达83％ee。
4．利用酒石酸衍生出了一系列C_2-对称轴的磺酰胺配体，并将这些配体应用于二乙基锌与醛的加成反应，从中优化出配体3-36可以给出较好的选择性。随后系统考察了反应溶剂、反应温度、时间、配体的用量及底物结构的影响，从而可以给出高达83％ee。
The addition of alkyl group to aldehydes and ketones is one of the most important methods in forming C-C bond, which may also produce sec-alcohol or tert-alcohol as valuable intermediate compounds applied in the synthsis of natural products. Performing the reaction via green method is one of the imperative tasks in organic chemistrys. At the same time, expanding the addition into asymmetric one with high enantioselectivity may lead to its siginificant application in synthesizing medicaments and biologically active compounds.
This thesis reported the research about the green synthesis of homoallylic alcohol, the asymmetric allylation of aldehydes, the asymmetric addition of dialkylzinc to aldehyde and ketones. The concreate content is as below:
1. In saturated NH_4CI solution, Zn/InCb (cat.)-mediated allylation of carbonyl compounds and allylic chloride could proceed smoothly to give the desired product in high yield. The regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity were also studied. Compared to the prior reports, the reaction can be carried out using allylic chloride instead of allylic bromide in the system, and it is a simple, efficient and environmentally benign synthesis method. Furthermore, crotyl chloride also gave excellent yields in this system. The reaction gave exclusively γ-adduct in most cases with medium diasteroselectivity.
2. A series of chiral ligands containing hydroxyl and amido were derived from natural camphor, amino acid and tartaric acid, such as hydroxyl camphor sulfonylamide, sulfonamide alcohol, TADDOL, imine and its reductive product, C_2-symmetric camphor sulfonylamide and SALEN analogue. Employing these ligands into the allylation mediated by zinc, tin, indium, no acceptable enantioselectivity was obtained.
3. Different substituents were introduced in the phenyl ring of hydroxyl camphor sulfonamide. The influences of substitution patterns, electronic property were studied in the diethylzinc to aldehyde, chiral ligand 3-16 was choosed as the best one (95% yield, 72% ee). Subsequently, varying the solvent, the temperature and the stoichiometry, the best condition was established and 83% ee was obtained in the system.
引文
1．林国强，陈耀全，陈新滋，李月明 手性合成-不对称反应及其应用 科学出版社，北京，2000，P1-49。
2．尤田耙 手性化合物的现代研究方法 中国科学技术出版社，合肥，1993，P5-20。
3. Annuan Report in Medical Chemistry, Bailly DMED Vol 19-21 Ohando: Academic Press, 1984-1986。
1. Frankland, E. ann. 1849, 71, 171.
2. For a recent monograph, see Blomberg, C. The Barbier Reaction and Related One Step Processes, in Reactivity and Structure: concepts in Organic Chemistry. Eds. Hafner, K.; Lehn, J. M.; Rees, O. W.; von Rague Schlever, P.; Trost, B. M.; Zahradnik, R. Springer-Verlag. 1993.
3. Reformatsky, A. Ber. 1887, 29, 1210.
4. Barbier, P. Compt. Rend.1899, 128, 110.
5. Grignard, V. Compt. Rend. 1890, 130, 1322.
6. Peters, W. Ber. 1905, 38, 2567.
7. (a) Sisido, K.; Takeda, Y.; Kinugawa, Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 538; (b) Sisido, K.; Kozima, S.; Hanada, T. J. Organomet. Chem. 1967, 9, 99; (c) Sisido, K.; Kozima, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1968, 11, 503.
8. Nosek, J. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1964, 29, 597.
9. Killinger, T. A.; Boughton, N. A.; Runge, T. A.; Wolinsky, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 1977, 124, 131.
10. Nokami, J.; Otera, J.; Sudo, T.; Okawara, R. Organometallics 1983, 2, 191.
11. Nokami, J.; Wakabayashi, S.; Okawara, R. Chem. Lett. 1984, 869.
12. Zhou, J. Y.; Chen, Z. G.; Wu, S. H. J. Chem. Soc., Chem Commun. 1994, 2783.
13. Uneyama, K.; Kamaki, N.; Moriya, A.; Torii, S. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 5396.
14. Uneyama, K.; Matsuda, H.; Torri, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25, 6017.
15. Mandai, T.; Nokami, J.; Yano, T.; Yoshinaga, Y.; Otea, J. J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 172.
16. Pettier, C.; Luche, J. L. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 910.
17. Pettier, C.; Einhorn, J.; Luche, J. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 1449.
18. Einhorn, J.; Luche, J. L. J. Organomet. Chem. 1987, 322, 177.
19. (a) Masuyama, Y.; Takahara, T. P.; Kurusu, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3437. (b) Masuyama, Y.; Nimura, Y.; Kurusu, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 225.
20. Sati, M.; Sinou, D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 2025.
21. Boaretto, A.; Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G.; Gambaro, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1985, 286, 9.
22. Boaretto, A.; Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G. J. Organomet. Chem. 1985, 297, 149.
23. Furlani, D.; Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G.; Zordan, M.; J. Organomet. Chem. 1988, 341, 345.
24. (a) Hachiya, I.; Kobayashi, S. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 6958. (b) Kobayashi, S.; Wakabayashi, T.; Oyamada, H. Chem. Lett. 1997, 831. (c) McCluskey, A. Green. Chem. 1999, 1, 167.
25. Zha, Z. G.; Wang, Y. S.; Yang, G.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Z. Y. Green. Chem. 2002, 4, 578.
26. (a) Wang, Z. Y.; Zha, Z. G; Zhou, C. L. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1683. (b) Zha, Z. G.; Qiao, S.; Jiang, J. Y.; Wang, Y. S.; Miao, Q.; Wang, Z. Y. Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 2521.
27. Kumaraswamy, S.; Nagabrahmanandachari, S.; Kumara Swamy, K. C. Synth. Commun. 1996, 24, 729.
28. Yanagisawa, A.; Morodome, M.; Nakashima, H.; Yamamoto, H. Synlett 1997, 1309.
29. Marshall, R. L.; Muderawan, I. W.; Young, D. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2000, 5, 957.
30. Shibata, I.; Yoshimura, N.; Yabu, M.; Baba, A. Eur. J. Org.Chem. 2001, 3207.
31. Manabe, K.; Mori, Y., Wakabayashi, T.; Nagayama, S.; Kobayashi, S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7202.
32. Nagayama, S.; Kobayashi, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2000, 39, 567.
33. (a) Masuyama, Y.; Kishida, M.; Kurusu, Y. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1405. (b) Ito, A.; Kishida, M.; Kurusu, Y.; Masuyama, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 494.
34. Zha, Z. G.; Xie, Z.; Zhou, C. L.; Wang, Z. Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 1297.
35. Kundu, A.; Prabhakar, S.; Vairamani, M.; Roy, S. Organometallics 1997, 16, 4796.
36. Tan, X. H.; Shen, B.; Liu, L.; Guo. Q. X. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 9373.
37. Tan, X. H.; Shen, B.; Deng, W.; Zhao, H.; Liu, L.; Guo, Q. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1833.
38. (a).Samoshin, V. V.; Gremyachinskiy, D. E.; Smith, L. L.; Bliznets, I. V.; Gross, P. H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 6329. (b) Gremyachinskiy, D. E.; Smith, L. L.; Gross, P. H.; Samoshin, V. V. Green. Chem. 2002, 4, 317.
39. Wang, J. Yuan, G.; Dong, C. Q. Chem. Lett. 2004, 33, 286.
40. Zhou, C. L.; Zhou, Y. Q.; Jiang, J. Y.; Xie, Z.; Wang, Z. Y.; Zhang, J. H.; Wu, J. H.; Yin, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 5537.
41. Zhou, C. L.; Zha, Z. G.; Wang, Z. Y.; Wu, J.-H.; Zhang, J. H. Chin. J. Chem. 2002, 20, 718.
42. Carde, L.; Llebaria, A.; Delgado, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 3299.
43. Killinger, T. A.; Boughton, N. A.; Runge, T. A.; Wolinsky, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 1977, 124, 131.
44. Petrier, C.; Luche, J. L. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 910.
45. (a) Mattes, H.; Benezra, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 5697. (b) Zhou, J. Y.; Lu, G. D.; Wu, S. H. Synth. Commun. 1992, 22, 481.
46. Wilson, S. R.; Guazzaroni, M. E. J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 3087.
47. Kunz, T.; Reissig, H. U. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1989, 891.
48. Chan, T. H.; Li, C. J. Organometallies 1990, 9, 2649.
49. Li, C. J.; Chan, T. H.; Organometallies 1991, 10, 2548.
50. Trost, B. M.; King, S. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112. 408.
51. Oda, Y.; Matsuo, S.; Saito, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33, 97.
52. Li, C. J. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 5643.
53. Cripps, H. N.; Kiefer, E. F. Org. Syn. 1962, 42, 12.
54. Durant, A.; Delplancke, J. L.; Winand, R.; Reisse, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 4257.
55. Marton, D.; Stivanello, D.; Tagliavini, G. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 2731.
56. Sjoholm, R.; Rairama, R.; Ahonen, M. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1217.
57. (a) Hanessian, S.; Park, H.; Yang, R. Y. Synlett. 1997, 351. (b) Hanessian, S1; Park, H.; Yang, R. Y. Synlett. 1997, 353.
58. Archibald, S. C.; Hoffmann, R. W.; Chemtraets-Org. Chem. 1993, 6, 194.
59. Li, C. J.; Chan, T. H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 7017.
60. Araki, S.; Jin, J.; Idou, Y.; Butsugan, Y. Bull. Chem. Soe. Jpn. 1992, 65, 1736.
61. Kim, E.; Gordon, D. M.; Schmid, W.; Whitesides, G. M. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 5500.
62. (a) Chan, T. H.; Li, C. J.; Lee, M. C.; Wei, Z. Y. Can. J. Chem. 1994, 72, 1181. (b) Chan, T. H.; Lee, M. C. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4228.
63. Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 517.
64. Chen, D. L.; Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett.1996, 37, 295.
65. Li, C. J.; Lu, Y. Q. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 2721.
66. Li, C. J.; Lu, Y. Q. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 471.
67. Yi, X. H.; Meng, Y.; Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 4731.
68. Marshall, J. A.; Hinkle, K. W. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 1920.
69. Wang, R.;Lim, C. M.; Tan, C. H.; Lira, B. K.; Sire, K. Y.; Loh, T. P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 2721.
70. (a) Prenner, R. H.; Binder, W. H.; Schimid, W. Leibigs Ann. Chem. 1994, 73. (b) Binder, W. H.; Prenner, R. H.; Schimid, W. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 749.
71. (a) Li, C. J. Chen, D. L.; Lu, Y. Q. Haberman, J. X.; Mague, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4216. (b) Li, C. J. Chert, D. L.; Lu, Y. Q. Haberman, J. X.; Mague, J. T. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 2347. (c) Li, C. J.; Chert, D. L. Synlett 1999, 735. (d) Haberman, J. X.; Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 4735.
72. (a) Chan, T. H.; Li, C. J. J. Chem. Soe., Chem. Commun. 1992, 747. (b) Dondoni, A.; Merino, P.; Orduna, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 3247. (c) Gordan, D. M.; Whitesides, G. M. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 7937. (d) Gao, J. M.; Harter, R.; Gordon, D. M.; Whitesides, G. M. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3714. (e) Gao, J. M.; Martichonok, V.; Whitesides, G. M. J. Org.Chem.1996, 61, 9538. (f) Lob, T. E; Cao, G. Q.; Pei, J. Tetrahedron Lett.1998, 39, 1453. (g) Orjala, J.; Nagle, G. D.; Hsu, L. V.; Gerwick, W. H. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 1995, 117, 8281. (h) Hao, J.; Aiguade, J.; Forsyth, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 821.
73. Thadani, A. N.; Batey, R. A. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3827.
74. Aoyama, N.; Hamada, T.; Manabe, K.; Kobayashi, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 676.
75. Wang, Z. Y.; Yuan, S. Z.; Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5097.
76. Tsuji, T.; Usugi, S. I.; Yorimitsu, H.; Shinokubo, H.; Matsubara, S.; Oshima, K. Chem. Lett. 2002, 2.
77. (a) Li, C. J.; Zhang, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9102. (b) Zhang, W. C.; Li, C. J. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 3230.
78. Fukuma, T.; Lock, S.; Miyoshi, N.; Wada, M. Chem. Lett. 2002, 376.
79. Khan, R. H.; Prasada Rao, T. S. R. J. Chem. Res., Synop. 1998, 202.
80. Akiyama, T.; Iwai, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 853.
81. Zhou, J. Y.; Jia, Y.; Sun, G. F.; Wu, S. H. Synth. Commun. 1997, 27, 1899.
82. Kobayashi, S.; Aoyama, N.; Manabe, K. Synlett 2002, 483.
83. (a) Li, C. J.; Meng, Y.; Yi, X. H.; Ma, J.; Chan, T. H. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 8632. (b) Li, C. J.; Meng, Y.; Yi, X. H.; Ma, J.; Chan, T. H. J. Org. Chem.1998, 63, 7498.
84. (a) Li, L. H.; Chan, T. H. Can. J. Chem. 2001, 79, 1536. (b) Fukuma, T.; Lock, S.; Miyoshi, N.; Wada, M. Chem. Lett. 2002, 376.
85. (a)Wada, M.; Ohki, H.; Akiba, K. Y. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1987, 708. (b) Wada, M.; Ohki, H.; Akiba, K. Y. Bull. Chem .Soe. Jpn. 1990, 63, 1738. (c) Fukuma T.; Lock, S.; Miyoshi, N.; Wada, M. Chem .Lett. 2002, 376.
86. Wada, M.; Fukuma, T.; Morioka, M.; Takahashi, T.; Miyoshi, N. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8045.
87. Smith, K.; Lock, S.; EI-Hiti, G. A.; Wada, M.; Miyoshi, N. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 935.
88. Matsumura, N.; Doi, T.; Mishima, K.; Kitagawa, Y.; Ok-umura, Y.; Mizuno, K. ITE Lett. Batter, New Teehnol. Med. 2003, 4, 473.
89. Miyamoto, H.; Daikawa, N.; Tanaka, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 6963.
90. Katritzky, A. R.; Shobana, N.; Harris, P. A. Orgnometallics 1992, 11, 1381.
91. Minato, M.; Tsuji, J. Chem. Lett. 1988, 2049.
92. Xu. X. L. Zha, Z. G. Miao, Q.; Wang, Z. Y. Synlett 2004, 1171.
93. Chan, T. H.; Yang, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3863.
94. Yanagisawa, A.; Inoue, H.; Morodome, M.; Yamamoto, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 10356.
95. Chan, T. H. Isaac, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 1092.
96. Tan, K. T.; Chug, S. S.; Cheng, H. S.; Lob, T. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 2958.
97. Moyano, A.; Pericas, M. A.; Riera, A.; Luche, J. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 7619.
98. Sinha, P.; Roy, S. Organometallies 2004, 23, 67.
99. (a) Furlani, D.; Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G.; Zordon, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 1988, 341, 345. (b) Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G.; Vanzan, N. J. Organomet. Chem. 1989, 376, 269.
100. Huang, T.; Meng, Y.; Venkatraman, S.; Wang, D.; Li, C. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7451
101. (a) Kobayashi, S., Hamada, T., Manabe, K. Synlett 2001, 1140. (b) Akiyama, T.; Onuma, Y. J. Chem. Soe., Perkin, Trans. 1 2002, 1157. (c) Kobayashi, S.; Aoyama, N.; Manabe, K. Synlett 2002, 483. (d) Ishiyama, T.; Ahiko, T. A.; Miyaura, N. J, Am. Chem. Soe. 2002, 124, 12414.
102. (a) Chan, T. H.; Yang, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3863. (b) Li, L. H.; Chan, T. H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5009. (c) Andrews, P. C.; PeaR, A. C.; Raston, C. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7541. (d) Aoyama, N.; Hamada, T.; Manabe, K.; Kobayashi, S. Chem. Comm. 2003, 676. (e) Andrews, P. C.; Peatt, A. C.; Raston, C. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 243.
103. (a) Isaac, M. B.; Chan, T. H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 8957. (b) Li, X. R.; Loh, T. P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1535.
104. (a) Majee, A.; Das, A. R.; Ranu, B. C. Indian. J. Chem. 1998, 731. (b) Lob, T. P.; Li, X. R.; Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 1893. (c) Ito, A.; Kishida, M.; Kurusu, Y.; Masuyama, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 494.
1. Yamamoto, Y.; Asao, N. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2207.
2. Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 2783.
3. (a) Hoffmann, R. W. In Stereocontrolled Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M.; Ed.; Blackwell Scientific Publications: Cambridge; 1994; p.259-274. (b) Roush, W. R. In Stereoselective Synthesis, Methods of Organic Chemistry (Houben-Weyl), 21 st ed.; Helmchen, G., Hoffmann, R. W.; Mulzer, J.; Schaumann, E.; Eds.; Thieme Stuttgart: New York, 1996; Vol. 3, p.1410-1486.
4. (a) Duthaler, R.; Hafner, A.; Bold, G. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 807. (b) Hoppe, D. In Stereoselective Synthesis, Methods of Organic Chemistry (Houben-Weyl), 21st ed.; Helmchen, G., Hoffmann, R. W., Mulzer, J., Schaumann, E., Eds.; Thieme Stuttgart: New York, 1996; Vol. 3, p. 1551-1583.
5. Wang, Z.; Wang, D.; Sui, X. Chem. Commun. 1996, 2261.
6. Wang, D.; Wang, Z. G.; Wang, M. W.; Chen, Y. J.; Liu, L.; Zha, Y. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 327.
7. (a) Kinnaird, J. W. A.; Ng, P. Y.; Kubota, K.; Wang, X.; Leighton, J. L. or. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7920. (b) Kubota, K.; Leighton, J. L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2003, 42, 946.
8. Nishida, M.; Tozawa, T.; Yamada, K.; Mukaiyama, T. Chem. Lett. 1996, 1125.
9. Yamada, K.; Tozawa, T.; Nishida, M.; Mukaiyama, T. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1997, 70, 2301.
10. Yanagisawa, A. In comprehensive Asymmetry Catalysis; Jacobsen, E. N.; Pfaltz, A.; Yamamoto, H.; Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1999; Vol. 2, Chapter 27.
11. Denmark, S. E.; Almstead, N. G In Modern Carbonyl Chemistry; Otera, J., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2000; Chapter 10.
12. Furuta, K.; Mouri, M.; Yamamoto, H. Synlett, 1991, 561.
13. Ishihara, K.; Mouri, M.; Gao, Q.; Maruyama, T.; Furuta, K.; Yamamoto, H. J.. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 11490.
14. Marshall, J. A.; Tang, Y. Synlett 1992, 653.
15. Marshall, J. A.: Palovich, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 4381.
16. Aoki, S.; Mikami, K.; Terada, M.; Nakai, T. Tetrahedron 1993, 49, 1783.
17. Costa, A. L.; Piazza, M. G.; Tagliavini, E.; Trombini, C.; Umani-Ronchi, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7001.
18. Keck, G. E.; Geraci, L. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 7827.
19. Keck, G. E.; Tarbet, K. H.; Geraci, L. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8467.
20. Keck, G. E.; Krishnamurthy, D.; Grier, M. C. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 6543.
21. Keck, G. E.; Yu, T. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 289.
22. Keck, G. E.; Covel, J. A.; Schiff, T.; Yu, T. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1189.
23. Weigand, S.; Bru¨ ckner, R. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 1077.
24. Almendros, P.; Gruttadauria, M.; Helliwell, M.; Thomas, E. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1997, 2549.
25. Failer, J. W.; Sams, D. W. I.; Liu, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1217.
26. Corey, E. J.; Lee, T. W. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1321.
27. Majumdar, K. K. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2079.
28. Lipshutz, B. H.; James, B.; Vance, S.; Carrico, I. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 753.
29. Bandin, M.; Casolari, S.; Cozzi, P. G.; Proni, G.; Schmohel, E.; Spada, G. P.; Tagliavini, E.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 491.
30. Brenna, E.; Scaramelli, L.; Serra, S. Synlett 2000, 357.
31. Yamago, S.; Furukawa, M.; Azuma, A.; Yoshida, J.-i. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 3783
32. Hu, Q. S.; Vitharana, D.; Zheng, X. F.; Wu, C.; Kwan, C. M. S.; Pu, L. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 8370.
33. Yu, C. M.; Choi, H. S.; Jung, W. H.; Lee, S. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 7095.
34. Yu, C. M.; Choi, H. S.; Jung, W. H.; Kim, H. J.; Shin, J. Chem. Commun. 1997, 761.
35. Yu, C. M.; Choi, H. S.; Yoon, S. K.; Jung, W. H. Synlett 1997, 889.
36. Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 1935.
37. (a) Hanawa, H.; Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2001, 343, 57. (b) Hanawa, H.; Hashimoto, T.; Maruoka, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1708. (c) Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Chirality 2003, 15, 68.
38. Gauthier, D. R., Jr.; Carreira, E. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2363.
39. Bode, J. W.; Gauthier, D. R., Jr.; Carreira, E. M. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2560.
40. Duthaler, R. O.; Hafner, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 43.
41. Bedeschi, P.; Casolari, S.; Costa, A. L.; Tagliavini, E.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 7897.
42. Casolari, S.; Cozzi, P. G.; Orioli, P. A.; Tagliavini, E.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Chem. Commun. 1997, 2123.
43. Kurosu, M.; Lorca, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 1765.
44. Hanawa, H.; Kii, S.; Asao, N.; Maruoka, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5543.
45. Yanagisawa, A.; Nakashima, H.; Ishiba, A.; Yamamoto, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4723.
46. Yanagisawa, A.; Ishiba, A.; Nakashima, H.; Yamamoto, H. Synlett 1997, 88.
47. Yanagisawa, A.; Nakatsuka, Y.; Nakashima, H.; Yamamoto, H. Synlett 1997, 933.
48. Yanagisawa, A.; Kageyama, H.; Nakatsuka, Y.; Asakawa, K.; Matsumoto, Y.; Yamamoto, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 3701.
49. Loh, T. P.; Zhou, J. R. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5261.
50. Shi, M.; Sui, W. S. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11,773.
51. Nuss, J. M.; Rennels, R. A. Chem. Lett. 1993, 197.
52. Motoyama, Y.; Okano, M.; Narusawa, H.; Makihara, N.; Aoki, K.; Nishiyama, H. Organometallics 2001, 20, 1580.
53. Motoyama, Y.; Narusawa, H.; Nishiyama, H. Chem. Commun. 1999, 131.
54. Cozzi, P. G.; Orioli, P.; Tagliavini, E.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 145
55. Imai, Y.; Zhang, W.; Kida, T.; Nakatsuji, Y.; Ikeda, I. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 3326.
56. Kwong, H.-L.; Lau, K. M.; Lee, W. S.; Wong, W. T. New J. Chem. 1999, 23, 629.
57. Lu, J.; Ji, S. J.; Teo, Y. C.; Loh, T. P. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 159.
58. Lu, J.; Hong, M. L., Ji, S. J.; Loh, T. P. Chem. Commun. 2005, 1010.
59. Denmark, S. E.; Wynn, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 619.
60. Kwiatkowski, P.; Chaladaj, W.; Jurczak, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 5343.
61. Kwiatkowski, P.; Chaladaj, W.; Jurczak, J. Tetrhedron 2006, 62, 5116.
62. Kennedy, J. W. J.; Hall, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11586.
63. Kennedy, J. W. J.; Hall, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 898.
64. Ishiyama, T.; Ahiko, T. A.; Miyaura, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 12414.
65. Furstner, A. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 991.
66. Okude, Y.; Hirano, S.; Hiyama, T.; Nozaki, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 3179.
67. Chen, C.; Tagami, K.; Kishi, Y. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5386.
68. Wan, Z. K., Choi, H.-W.; Kang, F.-A.; Nakajima, K.; Demeke, D.; Kishi, Y. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 4431.
69. Choi, H.-W.; Nakajima, K.; Demeke, D.; Kang, F.-A.; Jun, H. S.; Wan, Z. K.; Kishi, Y. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 4435.
70. Sugimoto, K.; Aoyagi, S.; Kibayashi, C. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2322.
71. Furstner, A.; Shi, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 12349.
72. Furstner, A.; Brunner, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 7009.
73. Bandini, M.; Cozzi, P. G.; Melchiorre, P.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 3357.
74. Bandini, M.; Cozzi, P. G.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Pure App. Chem. 2001, 73, 325.
75. Bandini, M.; Cozzi, P. G.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 2327.
76. Bandini, M.; Cozzi, P. G.; Melchiorre, P.; Morganti, S.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 1153.
77. Berkessel, A. I.; Menche, D.; Sklorz, C. A.; SchrOder, M.; Paterson, I. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1032.
78. Inoue, M.; Suzuki, T.; Nakada, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1140.
79. Hong, B. C.; Hong, J.-H.; Tsai, Y. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 468.
80. (a) Loh, T. P.; Zhou, J. R.; Yin, Z. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 1855.(b)Hirayama, L.C.; Garnsey, S.; Knueppel, D.; Steriner, D.; DelaTorre, K.; Singaram, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 2315.
81. Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. Chem. Commun. 2003, 167.
82. Sakurai, H. Synlett 1989, 1.
83. Kobayashi, S.; Nishio, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3453.
84. Kobayashi, S.; Nishio, K. Synthesis 1994, 457
85. Kobayashi, S.; Nishio, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6620.
86. Kira, M.; Sato, K.; Sakurai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 4599.
87. Kira, M.; Zhang, L. C., Kabuto, C.; Sakurai, H. Organometallics 1998, 17, 887.
88. Denmark, S. E.; Coe, D. M.; Pratt, N. E.; Griedel, B. D. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6161.
89. Iseki, K.; Kuroki, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Kishimoto, S.; Kobayashi, Y. Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 3513.
90. Iseki, K.; Kuroki, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Kobayashi, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 5149.
91. (a) Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. P. J.. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9488. (b) Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. P.; Lwler, M. J. J.Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1523.
92. Nakajima, M.; Saito, M.; Shiro, M.; Hashimoto, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6419.
93. Iseki, K., Mizuno, S.; Kuroki, Y.; Kobayashi, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 2767.
94. Iseki, K.; Mizuno, S.; Kuroki, Y.; Kobayashi, Y. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 977.
95. Shimada, T.; Kina, A.; Ikeda, S.; Hayashi, T. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2799.
96. Malkov, A. V.; Orsini, M.; Pemazza, D.; Muir, K. W.; Langer, V.; Meghani, P.; Kocovsky. P. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1047.
97. Malkov, A. V.; Bell, M.; Castelluzzo, F.; Kocovsky. P. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3219.
98. Traverse, J. F.; Zhao, Y.; HOveyda, A. H.; Snapper, M. L. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3151.
99. Pignataro, L.; Benaglia, M.; Annunziaka, R.; Cinquini, M.; Cozzi, F. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1458.
100. Nakajima, M.; Kotani, S.; Ishizuka, T.; Hashimoto, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46,157.
101. Angell, R. M.; Barrett, A. G. M.; Braddock, D. C.; Swallow, S.; Vickery, B. D. Chem. Commun. 1997, 919.
102. Chataigner, I.; Piarulli, U.; Gennari, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3633.
103. Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1951.
104. Yasuda, M.; Kitahara, N.; Fujibayashi, T.; Baba, A. Chem. Lett. 1998, 743.
105. Casolari, S.; D'Addario, D.; Tagliavini, E. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 1061.
106.(a)Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 1935. (b) Hanawa, H.; Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2001, 1, 57.
107. Cunningham, A.; Woodward, S. Synlett 2002, 43.
108. Waltz, K. M.; Gavenonis, J.; Walsh, P. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3697.
109. Wadamoto, M.; Yamamoto, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14556.
110. Evans, P. A.; Murthy, V. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 9627.
111. Ftirstner, A.; Langemann, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9130.
112. Ghosh, A. K.; Liu, C. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1743.
113. Harris, L.; Jarowicki, K.; Kocienski, P.; Bell, R. Synlett 1996, 903.
114. Roush, W. R.; Champoux, J. A.; Peterson, B. C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8989.
115. (a) Smith, A. B., Ⅲ; Doughty, V. A.; Sfouggatakis, C.; Bennett, C. S.; Koyanagi, J.; Takeuchi, M. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 783. (b) Smith, A. B., Ⅲ; Zhu, W.; Shirakami, S.; Sfouggatakis, C.; Doughty, V. A.; Bennett, C. S.; Sakamoto, Y. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 761.
116. Zimmer, R.; Hain, U.; Berndt, M.; Gewald, R.; Reissig, H.-U. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 879.
117. Meng, D.; Su, D. S.; Balog, A.; Bertinato, P.; Sorensen, E. J.; Danishefsky, S. J.; Zheng, Y. H.; Chou, T.-C.; He, L.; Horwitz, S. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2733.
118. Meng, D.; Bertinato, P.; Balog, A.; Su, D.-S.; Kamenecka, T.; Sorensen, E. J.; Danishefsky, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10073.
119. Su, D. S.; Meng, D.; Bertinato, P.; Balog, A.; Sorensen, E. J.; Danishefsky, S. J.; Zheng, Y.-H.; Chou, T.-C.; He, L.; Horwitz, S. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 757.
120. Karama, U.; Hofle, G. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1042.
121. Keck, G. E.; Wager, C. A.; Wager, T. T.; Savin, K. A.; Covel, J. A.; McLaws, M. D.; Krishnamurthy, D.; Cee, V. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2001, 40, 231.
1. Hursthouse, M. B.; Motevaili, M.; O 'Brien, P.; Walsh, J. R.; Jones, A. C. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 139.
2. Soai, K; Niwa, S. Chem. Rev.1992, 92, 833.
3. (a) Oguni, N.; Omi, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25, 2823. (b) Oguni, N.; Omi, T.; Yarnamoto, Y.; Nakamuna, A. Chem. Lett. 1983, 841.
4. Kitamura, M.; Suga, S.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 6071.
5. (a) Yamakawa, M.; Noyori, R. Orgamometallics, 1999, 18, 128. (b) Yamakawa, M.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6327. (c) Noyori, R.; Kawai, K.; Okada, S.; Kitamura, M. Pure. Appl. Chem. 1988, 60, 1597.
6. Seebach, D.; Behrendt, L.; Felix, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1008.
7. (a) Rozema, M. J.; AchyuthaRao, S.; Knochel, P. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 1956. (b) Knochel, P.; Singer, R. D. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2117. (c) Knochel, P. Synlett 1995, 393. (d) Langer, F.; Schwink, L.; Devasagayaraj, A.; Chavant, P. Y.; Knochel, P. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 8229.
8. (a) Evans. D. A. Science 1988, 240, 420. (b) Noyori, R.; Kitamura, M.; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 46. (c) Pu, L.; Yu, H. B. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101. 757.
9. (a) Delair, P.; Einhorn, C.; Luche, J. L. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 4680. (b) Delair, P.; Einhorn, C.; Dinhorn, J.; Luche, J. L. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 2761.
10. Beliczey, J.; Giffels, G.; Kragl, U.; Wandrey, C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 1529.
11. Wolf, C.; Francis, C. J.; Hawes, P. A.; Shah, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 1733.
12. (a) Dai, W. M.; Zhu, H. J.; Hao, X. J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 1857. (b) Dai, W. M.; Zhu, H. J.; Hao, X. J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 2315.
13. Kossenjans, M.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1409.
14. Shibata. T.; Tabira, H.; Soai, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1988, 177. (b) Watanabe, M.; Soai, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 3125.
15. Yang, X.; Shen, J. Wang, R. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 7078.
16. Sibi, M. P.; Chen, J.; Cook, G. R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3301.
17. Wu, Y. J.; Yun, H. Y.; Wu, Y; Ding, K.; Zhou, Y. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 3543. (b) Wu, Y.; Yun, H. Y.; Wu, Y. S.; Ding, K. L.; Zhou, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 10263.
18. (a) Soai, K.; Hatanaka, T.; Yamashita, T. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 567. (b) Soai, K.; Shimada, C.; Takeuchi, M.; Itabashi, M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 927. (c) Watanabe, M.; Soai, K. J Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 3125. (d) Soai, K.; Inoue, Y.; Takashi, T.; Shibata, T. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 13355. (e) Shibata, T.; Hayase, T.; Aiba, Y.; Tabira, H.; Soai, K. Heterocycles 1997, 46, 235.
19. Soai, K.; Yohoyama, S.; Ebihara, K.; Hayasaka, T. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1987, 1690.
20. Soai, K.; Hayase, T.; Taki, K.; Sugiyama, T. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 7908.
21. Sato, I.; Saito, T.; Soai, K. J.. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 2000, 2471.
22. Paleo, M. R.; Cabeza, I.; Sardina, F. J. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 2108.
23. Bastin, S.; Ginj, M.; Brocard, J.; Pelinshi, L.; Novogrocki, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003,(?)4, 1701.
24. Park, D. H.; Choi, H. J.; Lee, S. G. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1559.
25. Nugent, W. A. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1999, 1369.
26. (a) Knollmuller, M.; Ferencic, M.; Gartner, P.; Mereiter, K..; Noe, C. R. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 4009. (b) Knollmuller, M.; Ferencic, M.; Gartner, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 3969.
27. Joshi, S. N.; Malhortra, S. V. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 1763.
28. Nugent, W. A. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2133.
29. Tarmet, D.; Korno, H. T.; Guijarro, d.; Anderson, P. G. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 14213.
30. Lawrence, C. F.; Nayak, S. K.; Thijs, L.; Zwanenburg, B. Synlett 1999, 1571.
31. Behner, W.; Mehler, T.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 1413.
32. Stingl, K.; Martens, J. Synth. Commun. 1992, 22, 2745.
33. Dai, W. M.; Zhu, H. J.; Hao, X. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 5971.
34. Page, P. C. B.; Allin, S. M.; Maddocks, S. J.; Elsegood, M. R. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2002, 24, 2827.
35. Couty, F.; Prim, D. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 2619.
36. Scrapi, D.; Logalbo, F.; Occhiato, E. G.; Guama, A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 1319.
37. (a) Wallbaum, S.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 637. (b) Wiken, J.; Kossenjans, M.; Gr6ger, H.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2007. (c) Wiken, J.; Kossenjans, M.; Groger, H.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2761.
38. Wiken, J.; Erny, S.; Wassmann, S.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 2143.
39. (a) Bolm, C.; Ewald, M.; Relder, M.; Schlingloff, G. Chem. Ber. 1992, 125, 1169. (b) Bolm, C.; Zehnder, M.; Bur, O. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 205. (c) Bolm, C.; Schlingloff, G. Hams, K. Chem. Ber. 1992, 125, 1191.
40. Chelucci, G.; Soccolini, F. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1992, 3, 1235.
41. Kwong, H. L.; Lee, W. S. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 3791.
42. Huang, H. Zheng, Z.; Chen, H.; Bai, C.; Wang, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 1285.
43. Huang, H.; Chen, H.; Hu, X.; Bai, C.; Zheng, Z. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 297.
44. (a) Wu, Y. J.; Yun, H. Y.; Wu, Y. S.; Ding, K. L.; Zhou, Y. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 3543. (b) Yun, H. Y.; Wu, Y. J.; Ding, K. L.; Zhou, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 10263.
45. Sibi, M. P.; Stanley, L. M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 3353.
46. Shi, M.; Wang, C. J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 3353.
47. DiMauro. E. F.; Kozlowski, M. C. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 3053.
48. Dannilova, T. I.; Rozenberg, V. L.; Starikova, Z. A.; Braese, S. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 223.
49. Cozzi, P. G.; Kotrusz, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 4910.
50. Bringmann, G.; Breuning, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 667.
51. Ko, D. H.; Kim, K. H.; Ha, D. C. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3759.
52. Kang, S. W.; Ko, D. H.; Kim, K. H.; Ha, D. C. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4517.
53. Vyskooil, S.; Jaracz, S.; Smrcina, M.; Smrcina, M.; Sticha, M.; Hanus, V.; Polaseek, M.; Kocovsky, P. J. Org. Chem 1998, 63, 7727.
54. (a) Lu, J.; Xu, X.; Wang, C.; He, J.; Hu, Y.; Hu, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 8367. (b) Lu, J.; Xu, X.; Wang, S.; Wang, C.; Hu, Y.; Hu, H. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2002, 2900.
55. (a) Schmidt, B.; Seebach, D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 99. (b) Schmidt, B.; Seebach, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. EngL 1991, 30, 1321. (c) Seebach, D. Plattner, D. A.; Beck, A. K.; Wang, Y. M.; Hunziker, D.; Petter, W. Helv. Chim. Acta. 1992, 75, 2171. (d) Ito, Y. N.; Ariza, X.; Beck, A. K.; Bohac, A.; Ganter, C.; Gawley, R. E.; Kuhnle, F. N. M.; Tuleja. J.; Seebach, D. Helv. Chim. Acta. 1994, 77, 2071. (e) Weber, B.; Seebach, D. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 7473. (f) Seebach, D.; Beck, A. K.; Schimdt, B.; Wang, Y. M. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4363.
56. Dreisbach, C.; Kragl, U., Wandrey, C. Synthesis 1994, 911.
57. Waldmann, H.; Weigerding, M.; Wandrey, C. Helv. Chim. Acta. 1994, 77, 2111.
58. Zhang, F. Y.; Chan, A. S. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3651.
59. (a) Kitajima, H.; Aoki, Y.; Katsuki, T. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1997, 70, 207. (b) Kitajima, H.; Ito, K.; Katsuki, T. Chem. Lett. 1996, 343.
60. Huang, W. S.; Hu, Q. S.; Pu, L. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 1364.
61. Ding, K.; Ishii, A.; Mikami, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 497.
62. Asami, M.; Watanabe, H.; Honda, K.; Inoue, S. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 4165.
63. (a) Yoshioka, M.; Kawakita, T.; Ohno, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 1657. (b) Takahashi, H.; Kawakita, T.; Yoshioka, M.; Kobayashi, S.; Ohno, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 7095. (c) Takahashi, H.; Kawakita, T.; Ohno, M.; Yoshioka, M.; Kobayashi, S. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 5691.
64. (a) Pritchett, S.; Woodmansee, D. H.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6423. (b) BalseUs, J.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3250. (c) Balsells, J.; Betancort, J. M.; Walsh, P. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2000, 39, 3428.
65. (a) Zhang, X. M.; Guo, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 4947. (b) Qiu, J.; Guo, C.; Zhang. X. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2665.
66. Paquette, L. A.; Zhou, R. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 7929.
67. Chelucci, G.; Conti, S.; Falorni, M.; Giacomelli, G. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 8251.
68. Conti, S.; Falorni, M.; Giaconelli, G.; Soccolini, F. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 8993.
69. Jean-Michel. B.; Constantieux, T.; Legrand, O.; Buono, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 2961.
70. Rijnberg, E.; Jastrzebski, J. T.; Janssen, J. M.; Boersma, J.; Koten, G. V. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 6521.
71. Braga, A. L.; Appelt, H. R.; Schneider, P. H.; Rodrigues, O. E.; Silverira, C. C.; Wessjohann, L. A. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 3291.
72. Meng, Q.; Li, Y.; Yan, H.; Guan, Y. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 4255.
73. Nakano, H.; Kumagai, N.; Kabuto, C.; Matsuzaki, H.; Hongo, H. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 1233.
74. Jin, M. J. Alan, S. J.; Lee, K. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8767.
75. (a) Wirth, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 7849. (b) Wirth, T.; Kulicke, K. J.; Fragale, G. Helv. Chim. Acta.1996, 79, 1957.
76. (a) Soai, K.; Niwa, S.; Watanabe, M. J.. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1989, 109. (b) Soai, K.; Watanabe, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1991, 2, 97.
77. (a) Itsuno, S.; Frechet, J. M. J. J. Org. Chem.1987, 52, 4140. (b) Itsuno, S.; Sakurai, Y.; Ito, K.; Maruyama, T.; Nakamura, S.; Frechet, J. M. J. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 304.
78. Watanabe, M.; Araki, S.; Butsugan, Y.; Uomura, M. Chem. Express 1990, 5, 761.
79. Prasad, K. R. K.; Joshi, N. N. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 3770.
80. Prasad, K. R. K.; Joshi, .N.N. Indian. J. Chem. Sect. B: Org. Chem. Incl. Med. Chem. 2003, 42, 150.
81. Falomi, M.; Collu, C.; Conti, S.; Giacomelli, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 293.
82. Chan, T. H.; Zheng, G. Z. Can. J. Chem. 1997, 75, 629.
83. Braga, A. L.; Rubin, R. M.; Schrekker, H. S.; Wessjohann, L. A.; Debolster, M. W. G.; Zeni, G.; Sehnem, J. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3291.
84. Li, M.; Yuan, K.; Li, Y. Y.; Cao, B. X., Sun, J.; Hou, X. L. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3347.
85. (a) Bolm, C.; Muniz, K.; Hildebradn, J. P. Org. Lett. 1999, 1,491. (b) Bolm, C.; Fermandez, K. M.; Seger, A.; Raade, G. Synlett 1997, 1051. (c) Bolm, C.; Fernandez, K. M.; Seger, A.; Raabe, G.; Gunther, K. Jr. Org. Chem.1998, 63, 7860.
86. Zhang, W.; Yohinaga, H.; Imai, Y.; Kida, T.; Nakatsuji, Y.; Ikeda, I. Synlett 2000, 1512.
87. (a) Bauer, T.; Tarasiuk, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 687. (b) Bauer, T.; Gajewiak, J. Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 9163.
88. Burguete,M. I.; CoUado, M.; Escorihuela, J.; Galindo, F.; Garcia-Verdugo, E.; Luis, S. V.; Vicent, M. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 6891.
89. Ito, K.; Kitamura, Y.; Okamura, H.; Katsuki, T. Synlett 1992, 573.
90. Cho, B. T.; Chan, Y. S. Synth. Commun. 1999, 29, 521.
91. Bauer, T.; Tarasiuk, J.; Pasniczek, K. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 77.
92. Yus, M.; Ram6n, D. J.; Prieto, O.; Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 1573.
93. You, J. S.; Shao, M. Y.; Gau, H. M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2001, 12, 2971.
94. Hui, X. P.; Chen, C. A.; Gau, H. M. Chirality 2005, 17, 51.
95. Dosa, P. I.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 445.
96. (a) Ram6n, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron Lett.1998, 39, 1239. (b)Ram6n, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 5651.
97. Garcia, C.; LaRochelle, L. K.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10970.
98. Yus, M.; Ram6n, D. J.; Prieto, O. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 2291.
99. Yus, M.; Ram6n, D. J.; Prieto, O. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 2745.
100. Yus, M.; Ramon, D. J.; Prieto, O. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 1103.
101. Prieto, O.; Ram6n, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 1955.
102. Garcia, C.; Walsh, P. J. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3641.
103. Lu, G.; Li, X. S.; Jia, .X.; Chan, W. L.; Chan, A. S. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 5057.
104. Li, H. M.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 2538.
105. Anaya de Parrodi, C., Walsh, P. J. Synlett 2004, 2417.
106. Jeon, S. J.; Li, H. M.; Walsh, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 448.
107. Jeon, S. J.; Li, H. M.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 16416.
108. Forrat, V. J.; Ramon, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2005, 16, 3341.
109. Ramon, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2479.
1. Ramon, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2479.
2. You, J. S.; Shao, M. Y.; Gau, H. M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2001, 12, 2971.
3. Marc, J.; McKennon, A. I.; Meyers, K. D.; Michael, S. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 3568.
4. Jiao, P.; Xu, J. X.; Zhang, Q. H.; Choi, M. C. K.; Chan, A. S. C. Teterahedron: Asymmetry 2001, 12, 3081.
5． 杜海峰．手性金属络合物以及有机小分子催化的不对称杂Diels-Alder反应研究．理学博士论文．中国科学院上海有机化学研究所，2004．
6. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.155; Vol. 68, p.92
7. Banff, L.; Guanti, G.; Riva, R. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 3571.
8. Scheurer, A.; Moddet, P.; Saalfrank, R. W. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 1997, 8, 1243.
9． 李琛，烯烃不对称环丙烷化反应的新探索，硕士论文，中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，2000．
10. Balsells, J.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3250.
11. Garcia, C.; LaRochelle, L. K.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10970.
12. Nagel, U.; Kinzel, E.; Andrade, J.; Prescher, G. Chem. Ber. 1986, 119, 3326.
13. Caldwell, C. G.; Chen, P.; He, J. F.; Parmee, E. R.; Leiting, B.; Marsilio, F.; Patel, R. A.; Wu, J. K.; Eiermann, G. J.; Petrov, A.; He, H. B.; Lyons, K. A.; Thornberry, N. A.; Weber, A. E. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 1265.
14. Kuppert, D.;Sander, J.; Roth, C.; Worle, M.; Weyhermuller, T.; Reiss, G. J.; Schilde, U.; Muller, I.; Hegetschweiler, K. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2001, 2525.
15. Skarzewski, J.; Gupta, A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 1861.
16. Nagel, U. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 435.
17. Siedlecka, R.; Wojaczyfiska, E.; Skarzewski, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 1437.
18. Ryan, K.; Gershell, L. J.; Still, W. C. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 3309.
19. Iida, H.; Yamazaki, N.; Kibayashi, C. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 1069.
20. Dulphy, H.; Gras, J. L.; Lejon, T. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 8517.
21. Terfort, A. Synthesis 1992, 951.
22. Balsells, J.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3250.
23. You, J. S.; Shao, M. Y.; Gau, H. M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2001, 12, 2971.
2．尤田耙 手性化合物的现代研究方法 中国科学技术出版社，合肥，1993，P5-20。
3. Annuan Report in Medical Chemistry, Bailly DMED Vol 19-21 Ohando: Academic Press, 1984-1986。
1. Frankland, E. ann. 1849, 71, 171.
2. For a recent monograph, see Blomberg, C. The Barbier Reaction and Related One Step Processes, in Reactivity and Structure: concepts in Organic Chemistry. Eds. Hafner, K.; Lehn, J. M.; Rees, O. W.; von Rague Schlever, P.; Trost, B. M.; Zahradnik, R. Springer-Verlag. 1993.
3. Reformatsky, A. Ber. 1887, 29, 1210.
4. Barbier, P. Compt. Rend.1899, 128, 110.
5. Grignard, V. Compt. Rend. 1890, 130, 1322.
6. Peters, W. Ber. 1905, 38, 2567.
7. (a) Sisido, K.; Takeda, Y.; Kinugawa, Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 538; (b) Sisido, K.; Kozima, S.; Hanada, T. J. Organomet. Chem. 1967, 9, 99; (c) Sisido, K.; Kozima, S. J. Organomet. Chem. 1968, 11, 503.
8. Nosek, J. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1964, 29, 597.
9. Killinger, T. A.; Boughton, N. A.; Runge, T. A.; Wolinsky, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 1977, 124, 131.
10. Nokami, J.; Otera, J.; Sudo, T.; Okawara, R. Organometallics 1983, 2, 191.
11. Nokami, J.; Wakabayashi, S.; Okawara, R. Chem. Lett. 1984, 869.
12. Zhou, J. Y.; Chen, Z. G.; Wu, S. H. J. Chem. Soc., Chem Commun. 1994, 2783.
13. Uneyama, K.; Kamaki, N.; Moriya, A.; Torii, S. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 5396.
14. Uneyama, K.; Matsuda, H.; Torri, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25, 6017.
15. Mandai, T.; Nokami, J.; Yano, T.; Yoshinaga, Y.; Otea, J. J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 172.
16. Pettier, C.; Luche, J. L. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 910.
17. Pettier, C.; Einhorn, J.; Luche, J. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 1449.
18. Einhorn, J.; Luche, J. L. J. Organomet. Chem. 1987, 322, 177.
19. (a) Masuyama, Y.; Takahara, T. P.; Kurusu, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3437. (b) Masuyama, Y.; Nimura, Y.; Kurusu, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 225.
20. Sati, M.; Sinou, D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 2025.
21. Boaretto, A.; Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G.; Gambaro, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1985, 286, 9.
22. Boaretto, A.; Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G. J. Organomet. Chem. 1985, 297, 149.
23. Furlani, D.; Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G.; Zordan, M.; J. Organomet. Chem. 1988, 341, 345.
24. (a) Hachiya, I.; Kobayashi, S. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 6958. (b) Kobayashi, S.; Wakabayashi, T.; Oyamada, H. Chem. Lett. 1997, 831. (c) McCluskey, A. Green. Chem. 1999, 1, 167.
25. Zha, Z. G.; Wang, Y. S.; Yang, G.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Z. Y. Green. Chem. 2002, 4, 578.
26. (a) Wang, Z. Y.; Zha, Z. G; Zhou, C. L. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1683. (b) Zha, Z. G.; Qiao, S.; Jiang, J. Y.; Wang, Y. S.; Miao, Q.; Wang, Z. Y. Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 2521.
27. Kumaraswamy, S.; Nagabrahmanandachari, S.; Kumara Swamy, K. C. Synth. Commun. 1996, 24, 729.
28. Yanagisawa, A.; Morodome, M.; Nakashima, H.; Yamamoto, H. Synlett 1997, 1309.
29. Marshall, R. L.; Muderawan, I. W.; Young, D. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2000, 5, 957.
30. Shibata, I.; Yoshimura, N.; Yabu, M.; Baba, A. Eur. J. Org.Chem. 2001, 3207.
31. Manabe, K.; Mori, Y., Wakabayashi, T.; Nagayama, S.; Kobayashi, S.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7202.
32. Nagayama, S.; Kobayashi, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2000, 39, 567.
33. (a) Masuyama, Y.; Kishida, M.; Kurusu, Y. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1405. (b) Ito, A.; Kishida, M.; Kurusu, Y.; Masuyama, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 494.
34. Zha, Z. G.; Xie, Z.; Zhou, C. L.; Wang, Z. Y. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 1297.
35. Kundu, A.; Prabhakar, S.; Vairamani, M.; Roy, S. Organometallics 1997, 16, 4796.
36. Tan, X. H.; Shen, B.; Liu, L.; Guo. Q. X. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 9373.
37. Tan, X. H.; Shen, B.; Deng, W.; Zhao, H.; Liu, L.; Guo, Q. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1833.
38. (a).Samoshin, V. V.; Gremyachinskiy, D. E.; Smith, L. L.; Bliznets, I. V.; Gross, P. H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 6329. (b) Gremyachinskiy, D. E.; Smith, L. L.; Gross, P. H.; Samoshin, V. V. Green. Chem. 2002, 4, 317.
39. Wang, J. Yuan, G.; Dong, C. Q. Chem. Lett. 2004, 33, 286.
40. Zhou, C. L.; Zhou, Y. Q.; Jiang, J. Y.; Xie, Z.; Wang, Z. Y.; Zhang, J. H.; Wu, J. H.; Yin, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 5537.
41. Zhou, C. L.; Zha, Z. G.; Wang, Z. Y.; Wu, J.-H.; Zhang, J. H. Chin. J. Chem. 2002, 20, 718.
42. Carde, L.; Llebaria, A.; Delgado, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 3299.
43. Killinger, T. A.; Boughton, N. A.; Runge, T. A.; Wolinsky, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 1977, 124, 131.
44. Petrier, C.; Luche, J. L. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 910.
45. (a) Mattes, H.; Benezra, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 5697. (b) Zhou, J. Y.; Lu, G. D.; Wu, S. H. Synth. Commun. 1992, 22, 481.
46. Wilson, S. R.; Guazzaroni, M. E. J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 3087.
47. Kunz, T.; Reissig, H. U. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1989, 891.
48. Chan, T. H.; Li, C. J. Organometallies 1990, 9, 2649.
49. Li, C. J.; Chan, T. H.; Organometallies 1991, 10, 2548.
50. Trost, B. M.; King, S. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112. 408.
51. Oda, Y.; Matsuo, S.; Saito, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33, 97.
52. Li, C. J. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 5643.
53. Cripps, H. N.; Kiefer, E. F. Org. Syn. 1962, 42, 12.
54. Durant, A.; Delplancke, J. L.; Winand, R.; Reisse, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 4257.
55. Marton, D.; Stivanello, D.; Tagliavini, G. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 2731.
56. Sjoholm, R.; Rairama, R.; Ahonen, M. Chem. Commun. 1994, 1217.
57. (a) Hanessian, S.; Park, H.; Yang, R. Y. Synlett. 1997, 351. (b) Hanessian, S1; Park, H.; Yang, R. Y. Synlett. 1997, 353.
58. Archibald, S. C.; Hoffmann, R. W.; Chemtraets-Org. Chem. 1993, 6, 194.
59. Li, C. J.; Chan, T. H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 7017.
60. Araki, S.; Jin, J.; Idou, Y.; Butsugan, Y. Bull. Chem. Soe. Jpn. 1992, 65, 1736.
61. Kim, E.; Gordon, D. M.; Schmid, W.; Whitesides, G. M. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 5500.
62. (a) Chan, T. H.; Li, C. J.; Lee, M. C.; Wei, Z. Y. Can. J. Chem. 1994, 72, 1181. (b) Chan, T. H.; Lee, M. C. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4228.
63. Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 517.
64. Chen, D. L.; Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett.1996, 37, 295.
65. Li, C. J.; Lu, Y. Q. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 2721.
66. Li, C. J.; Lu, Y. Q. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 471.
67. Yi, X. H.; Meng, Y.; Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 4731.
68. Marshall, J. A.; Hinkle, K. W. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 1920.
69. Wang, R.;Lim, C. M.; Tan, C. H.; Lira, B. K.; Sire, K. Y.; Loh, T. P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 2721.
70. (a) Prenner, R. H.; Binder, W. H.; Schimid, W. Leibigs Ann. Chem. 1994, 73. (b) Binder, W. H.; Prenner, R. H.; Schimid, W. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 749.
71. (a) Li, C. J. Chen, D. L.; Lu, Y. Q. Haberman, J. X.; Mague, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4216. (b) Li, C. J. Chert, D. L.; Lu, Y. Q. Haberman, J. X.; Mague, J. T. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 2347. (c) Li, C. J.; Chert, D. L. Synlett 1999, 735. (d) Haberman, J. X.; Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 4735.
72. (a) Chan, T. H.; Li, C. J. J. Chem. Soe., Chem. Commun. 1992, 747. (b) Dondoni, A.; Merino, P.; Orduna, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 3247. (c) Gordan, D. M.; Whitesides, G. M. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 7937. (d) Gao, J. M.; Harter, R.; Gordon, D. M.; Whitesides, G. M. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3714. (e) Gao, J. M.; Martichonok, V.; Whitesides, G. M. J. Org.Chem.1996, 61, 9538. (f) Lob, T. E; Cao, G. Q.; Pei, J. Tetrahedron Lett.1998, 39, 1453. (g) Orjala, J.; Nagle, G. D.; Hsu, L. V.; Gerwick, W. H. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 1995, 117, 8281. (h) Hao, J.; Aiguade, J.; Forsyth, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 821.
73. Thadani, A. N.; Batey, R. A. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3827.
74. Aoyama, N.; Hamada, T.; Manabe, K.; Kobayashi, S. Chem. Commun. 2003, 676.
75. Wang, Z. Y.; Yuan, S. Z.; Li, C. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5097.
76. Tsuji, T.; Usugi, S. I.; Yorimitsu, H.; Shinokubo, H.; Matsubara, S.; Oshima, K. Chem. Lett. 2002, 2.
77. (a) Li, C. J.; Zhang, W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9102. (b) Zhang, W. C.; Li, C. J. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 3230.
78. Fukuma, T.; Lock, S.; Miyoshi, N.; Wada, M. Chem. Lett. 2002, 376.
79. Khan, R. H.; Prasada Rao, T. S. R. J. Chem. Res., Synop. 1998, 202.
80. Akiyama, T.; Iwai, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 853.
81. Zhou, J. Y.; Jia, Y.; Sun, G. F.; Wu, S. H. Synth. Commun. 1997, 27, 1899.
82. Kobayashi, S.; Aoyama, N.; Manabe, K. Synlett 2002, 483.
83. (a) Li, C. J.; Meng, Y.; Yi, X. H.; Ma, J.; Chan, T. H. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 8632. (b) Li, C. J.; Meng, Y.; Yi, X. H.; Ma, J.; Chan, T. H. J. Org. Chem.1998, 63, 7498.
84. (a) Li, L. H.; Chan, T. H. Can. J. Chem. 2001, 79, 1536. (b) Fukuma, T.; Lock, S.; Miyoshi, N.; Wada, M. Chem. Lett. 2002, 376.
85. (a)Wada, M.; Ohki, H.; Akiba, K. Y. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1987, 708. (b) Wada, M.; Ohki, H.; Akiba, K. Y. Bull. Chem .Soe. Jpn. 1990, 63, 1738. (c) Fukuma T.; Lock, S.; Miyoshi, N.; Wada, M. Chem .Lett. 2002, 376.
86. Wada, M.; Fukuma, T.; Morioka, M.; Takahashi, T.; Miyoshi, N. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8045.
87. Smith, K.; Lock, S.; EI-Hiti, G. A.; Wada, M.; Miyoshi, N. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 935.
88. Matsumura, N.; Doi, T.; Mishima, K.; Kitagawa, Y.; Ok-umura, Y.; Mizuno, K. ITE Lett. Batter, New Teehnol. Med. 2003, 4, 473.
89. Miyamoto, H.; Daikawa, N.; Tanaka, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 6963.
90. Katritzky, A. R.; Shobana, N.; Harris, P. A. Orgnometallics 1992, 11, 1381.
91. Minato, M.; Tsuji, J. Chem. Lett. 1988, 2049.
92. Xu. X. L. Zha, Z. G. Miao, Q.; Wang, Z. Y. Synlett 2004, 1171.
93. Chan, T. H.; Yang, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3863.
94. Yanagisawa, A.; Inoue, H.; Morodome, M.; Yamamoto, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 10356.
95. Chan, T. H. Isaac, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 1092.
96. Tan, K. T.; Chug, S. S.; Cheng, H. S.; Lob, T. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 2958.
97. Moyano, A.; Pericas, M. A.; Riera, A.; Luche, J. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 7619.
98. Sinha, P.; Roy, S. Organometallies 2004, 23, 67.
99. (a) Furlani, D.; Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G.; Zordon, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 1988, 341, 345. (b) Marton, D.; Tagliavini, G.; Vanzan, N. J. Organomet. Chem. 1989, 376, 269.
100. Huang, T.; Meng, Y.; Venkatraman, S.; Wang, D.; Li, C. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7451
101. (a) Kobayashi, S., Hamada, T., Manabe, K. Synlett 2001, 1140. (b) Akiyama, T.; Onuma, Y. J. Chem. Soe., Perkin, Trans. 1 2002, 1157. (c) Kobayashi, S.; Aoyama, N.; Manabe, K. Synlett 2002, 483. (d) Ishiyama, T.; Ahiko, T. A.; Miyaura, N. J, Am. Chem. Soe. 2002, 124, 12414.
102. (a) Chan, T. H.; Yang, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3863. (b) Li, L. H.; Chan, T. H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5009. (c) Andrews, P. C.; PeaR, A. C.; Raston, C. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7541. (d) Aoyama, N.; Hamada, T.; Manabe, K.; Kobayashi, S. Chem. Comm. 2003, 676. (e) Andrews, P. C.; Peatt, A. C.; Raston, C. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 243.
103. (a) Isaac, M. B.; Chan, T. H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 8957. (b) Li, X. R.; Loh, T. P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 1535.
104. (a) Majee, A.; Das, A. R.; Ranu, B. C. Indian. J. Chem. 1998, 731. (b) Lob, T. P.; Li, X. R.; Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 1893. (c) Ito, A.; Kishida, M.; Kurusu, Y.; Masuyama, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 494.
1. Yamamoto, Y.; Asao, N. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2207.
2. Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 2783.
3. (a) Hoffmann, R. W. In Stereocontrolled Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M.; Ed.; Blackwell Scientific Publications: Cambridge; 1994; p.259-274. (b) Roush, W. R. In Stereoselective Synthesis, Methods of Organic Chemistry (Houben-Weyl), 21 st ed.; Helmchen, G., Hoffmann, R. W.; Mulzer, J.; Schaumann, E.; Eds.; Thieme Stuttgart: New York, 1996; Vol. 3, p.1410-1486.
4. (a) Duthaler, R.; Hafner, A.; Bold, G. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 807. (b) Hoppe, D. In Stereoselective Synthesis, Methods of Organic Chemistry (Houben-Weyl), 21st ed.; Helmchen, G., Hoffmann, R. W., Mulzer, J., Schaumann, E., Eds.; Thieme Stuttgart: New York, 1996; Vol. 3, p. 1551-1583.
5. Wang, Z.; Wang, D.; Sui, X. Chem. Commun. 1996, 2261.
6. Wang, D.; Wang, Z. G.; Wang, M. W.; Chen, Y. J.; Liu, L.; Zha, Y. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 327.
7. (a) Kinnaird, J. W. A.; Ng, P. Y.; Kubota, K.; Wang, X.; Leighton, J. L. or. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7920. (b) Kubota, K.; Leighton, J. L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2003, 42, 946.
8. Nishida, M.; Tozawa, T.; Yamada, K.; Mukaiyama, T. Chem. Lett. 1996, 1125.
9. Yamada, K.; Tozawa, T.; Nishida, M.; Mukaiyama, T. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1997, 70, 2301.
10. Yanagisawa, A. In comprehensive Asymmetry Catalysis; Jacobsen, E. N.; Pfaltz, A.; Yamamoto, H.; Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1999; Vol. 2, Chapter 27.
11. Denmark, S. E.; Almstead, N. G In Modern Carbonyl Chemistry; Otera, J., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2000; Chapter 10.
12. Furuta, K.; Mouri, M.; Yamamoto, H. Synlett, 1991, 561.
13. Ishihara, K.; Mouri, M.; Gao, Q.; Maruyama, T.; Furuta, K.; Yamamoto, H. J.. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 11490.
14. Marshall, J. A.; Tang, Y. Synlett 1992, 653.
15. Marshall, J. A.: Palovich, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 4381.
16. Aoki, S.; Mikami, K.; Terada, M.; Nakai, T. Tetrahedron 1993, 49, 1783.
17. Costa, A. L.; Piazza, M. G.; Tagliavini, E.; Trombini, C.; Umani-Ronchi, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7001.
18. Keck, G. E.; Geraci, L. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 7827.
19. Keck, G. E.; Tarbet, K. H.; Geraci, L. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8467.
20. Keck, G. E.; Krishnamurthy, D.; Grier, M. C. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 6543.
21. Keck, G. E.; Yu, T. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 289.
22. Keck, G. E.; Covel, J. A.; Schiff, T.; Yu, T. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1189.
23. Weigand, S.; Bru¨ ckner, R. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 1077.
24. Almendros, P.; Gruttadauria, M.; Helliwell, M.; Thomas, E. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1997, 2549.
25. Failer, J. W.; Sams, D. W. I.; Liu, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1217.
26. Corey, E. J.; Lee, T. W. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1321.
27. Majumdar, K. K. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2079.
28. Lipshutz, B. H.; James, B.; Vance, S.; Carrico, I. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 753.
29. Bandin, M.; Casolari, S.; Cozzi, P. G.; Proni, G.; Schmohel, E.; Spada, G. P.; Tagliavini, E.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 491.
30. Brenna, E.; Scaramelli, L.; Serra, S. Synlett 2000, 357.
31. Yamago, S.; Furukawa, M.; Azuma, A.; Yoshida, J.-i. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 3783
32. Hu, Q. S.; Vitharana, D.; Zheng, X. F.; Wu, C.; Kwan, C. M. S.; Pu, L. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 8370.
33. Yu, C. M.; Choi, H. S.; Jung, W. H.; Lee, S. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 7095.
34. Yu, C. M.; Choi, H. S.; Jung, W. H.; Kim, H. J.; Shin, J. Chem. Commun. 1997, 761.
35. Yu, C. M.; Choi, H. S.; Yoon, S. K.; Jung, W. H. Synlett 1997, 889.
36. Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 1935.
37. (a) Hanawa, H.; Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2001, 343, 57. (b) Hanawa, H.; Hashimoto, T.; Maruoka, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1708. (c) Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Chirality 2003, 15, 68.
38. Gauthier, D. R., Jr.; Carreira, E. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2363.
39. Bode, J. W.; Gauthier, D. R., Jr.; Carreira, E. M. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2560.
40. Duthaler, R. O.; Hafner, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 43.
41. Bedeschi, P.; Casolari, S.; Costa, A. L.; Tagliavini, E.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 7897.
42. Casolari, S.; Cozzi, P. G.; Orioli, P. A.; Tagliavini, E.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Chem. Commun. 1997, 2123.
43. Kurosu, M.; Lorca, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 1765.
44. Hanawa, H.; Kii, S.; Asao, N.; Maruoka, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5543.
45. Yanagisawa, A.; Nakashima, H.; Ishiba, A.; Yamamoto, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4723.
46. Yanagisawa, A.; Ishiba, A.; Nakashima, H.; Yamamoto, H. Synlett 1997, 88.
47. Yanagisawa, A.; Nakatsuka, Y.; Nakashima, H.; Yamamoto, H. Synlett 1997, 933.
48. Yanagisawa, A.; Kageyama, H.; Nakatsuka, Y.; Asakawa, K.; Matsumoto, Y.; Yamamoto, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 3701.
49. Loh, T. P.; Zhou, J. R. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5261.
50. Shi, M.; Sui, W. S. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11,773.
51. Nuss, J. M.; Rennels, R. A. Chem. Lett. 1993, 197.
52. Motoyama, Y.; Okano, M.; Narusawa, H.; Makihara, N.; Aoki, K.; Nishiyama, H. Organometallics 2001, 20, 1580.
53. Motoyama, Y.; Narusawa, H.; Nishiyama, H. Chem. Commun. 1999, 131.
54. Cozzi, P. G.; Orioli, P.; Tagliavini, E.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 145
55. Imai, Y.; Zhang, W.; Kida, T.; Nakatsuji, Y.; Ikeda, I. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 3326.
56. Kwong, H.-L.; Lau, K. M.; Lee, W. S.; Wong, W. T. New J. Chem. 1999, 23, 629.
57. Lu, J.; Ji, S. J.; Teo, Y. C.; Loh, T. P. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 159.
58. Lu, J.; Hong, M. L., Ji, S. J.; Loh, T. P. Chem. Commun. 2005, 1010.
59. Denmark, S. E.; Wynn, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 619.
60. Kwiatkowski, P.; Chaladaj, W.; Jurczak, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 5343.
61. Kwiatkowski, P.; Chaladaj, W.; Jurczak, J. Tetrhedron 2006, 62, 5116.
62. Kennedy, J. W. J.; Hall, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11586.
63. Kennedy, J. W. J.; Hall, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 898.
64. Ishiyama, T.; Ahiko, T. A.; Miyaura, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 12414.
65. Furstner, A. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 991.
66. Okude, Y.; Hirano, S.; Hiyama, T.; Nozaki, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 3179.
67. Chen, C.; Tagami, K.; Kishi, Y. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5386.
68. Wan, Z. K., Choi, H.-W.; Kang, F.-A.; Nakajima, K.; Demeke, D.; Kishi, Y. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 4431.
69. Choi, H.-W.; Nakajima, K.; Demeke, D.; Kang, F.-A.; Jun, H. S.; Wan, Z. K.; Kishi, Y. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 4435.
70. Sugimoto, K.; Aoyagi, S.; Kibayashi, C. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2322.
71. Furstner, A.; Shi, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 12349.
72. Furstner, A.; Brunner, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 7009.
73. Bandini, M.; Cozzi, P. G.; Melchiorre, P.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 3357.
74. Bandini, M.; Cozzi, P. G.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Pure App. Chem. 2001, 73, 325.
75. Bandini, M.; Cozzi, P. G.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 2327.
76. Bandini, M.; Cozzi, P. G.; Melchiorre, P.; Morganti, S.; Umani-Ronchi, A. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 1153.
77. Berkessel, A. I.; Menche, D.; Sklorz, C. A.; SchrOder, M.; Paterson, I. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1032.
78. Inoue, M.; Suzuki, T.; Nakada, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1140.
79. Hong, B. C.; Hong, J.-H.; Tsai, Y. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 468.
80. (a) Loh, T. P.; Zhou, J. R.; Yin, Z. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 1855.(b)Hirayama, L.C.; Garnsey, S.; Knueppel, D.; Steriner, D.; DelaTorre, K.; Singaram, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 2315.
81. Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. Chem. Commun. 2003, 167.
82. Sakurai, H. Synlett 1989, 1.
83. Kobayashi, S.; Nishio, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3453.
84. Kobayashi, S.; Nishio, K. Synthesis 1994, 457
85. Kobayashi, S.; Nishio, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6620.
86. Kira, M.; Sato, K.; Sakurai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 4599.
87. Kira, M.; Zhang, L. C., Kabuto, C.; Sakurai, H. Organometallics 1998, 17, 887.
88. Denmark, S. E.; Coe, D. M.; Pratt, N. E.; Griedel, B. D. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6161.
89. Iseki, K.; Kuroki, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Kishimoto, S.; Kobayashi, Y. Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 3513.
90. Iseki, K.; Kuroki, Y.; Takahashi, M.; Kobayashi, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 5149.
91. (a) Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. P. J.. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9488. (b) Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. P.; Lwler, M. J. J.Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1523.
92. Nakajima, M.; Saito, M.; Shiro, M.; Hashimoto, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6419.
93. Iseki, K., Mizuno, S.; Kuroki, Y.; Kobayashi, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 2767.
94. Iseki, K.; Mizuno, S.; Kuroki, Y.; Kobayashi, Y. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 977.
95. Shimada, T.; Kina, A.; Ikeda, S.; Hayashi, T. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2799.
96. Malkov, A. V.; Orsini, M.; Pemazza, D.; Muir, K. W.; Langer, V.; Meghani, P.; Kocovsky. P. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1047.
97. Malkov, A. V.; Bell, M.; Castelluzzo, F.; Kocovsky. P. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3219.
98. Traverse, J. F.; Zhao, Y.; HOveyda, A. H.; Snapper, M. L. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3151.
99. Pignataro, L.; Benaglia, M.; Annunziaka, R.; Cinquini, M.; Cozzi, F. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1458.
100. Nakajima, M.; Kotani, S.; Ishizuka, T.; Hashimoto, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46,157.
101. Angell, R. M.; Barrett, A. G. M.; Braddock, D. C.; Swallow, S.; Vickery, B. D. Chem. Commun. 1997, 919.
102. Chataigner, I.; Piarulli, U.; Gennari, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3633.
103. Denmark, S. E.; Fu, J. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1951.
104. Yasuda, M.; Kitahara, N.; Fujibayashi, T.; Baba, A. Chem. Lett. 1998, 743.
105. Casolari, S.; D'Addario, D.; Tagliavini, E. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 1061.
106.(a)Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 1935. (b) Hanawa, H.; Kii, S.; Maruoka, K. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2001, 1, 57.
107. Cunningham, A.; Woodward, S. Synlett 2002, 43.
108. Waltz, K. M.; Gavenonis, J.; Walsh, P. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3697.
109. Wadamoto, M.; Yamamoto, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14556.
110. Evans, P. A.; Murthy, V. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 9627.
111. Ftirstner, A.; Langemann, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9130.
112. Ghosh, A. K.; Liu, C. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1743.
113. Harris, L.; Jarowicki, K.; Kocienski, P.; Bell, R. Synlett 1996, 903.
114. Roush, W. R.; Champoux, J. A.; Peterson, B. C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8989.
115. (a) Smith, A. B., Ⅲ; Doughty, V. A.; Sfouggatakis, C.; Bennett, C. S.; Koyanagi, J.; Takeuchi, M. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 783. (b) Smith, A. B., Ⅲ; Zhu, W.; Shirakami, S.; Sfouggatakis, C.; Doughty, V. A.; Bennett, C. S.; Sakamoto, Y. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 761.
116. Zimmer, R.; Hain, U.; Berndt, M.; Gewald, R.; Reissig, H.-U. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 879.
117. Meng, D.; Su, D. S.; Balog, A.; Bertinato, P.; Sorensen, E. J.; Danishefsky, S. J.; Zheng, Y. H.; Chou, T.-C.; He, L.; Horwitz, S. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2733.
118. Meng, D.; Bertinato, P.; Balog, A.; Su, D.-S.; Kamenecka, T.; Sorensen, E. J.; Danishefsky, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10073.
119. Su, D. S.; Meng, D.; Bertinato, P.; Balog, A.; Sorensen, E. J.; Danishefsky, S. J.; Zheng, Y.-H.; Chou, T.-C.; He, L.; Horwitz, S. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 757.
120. Karama, U.; Hofle, G. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1042.
121. Keck, G. E.; Wager, C. A.; Wager, T. T.; Savin, K. A.; Covel, J. A.; McLaws, M. D.; Krishnamurthy, D.; Cee, V. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2001, 40, 231.
1. Hursthouse, M. B.; Motevaili, M.; O 'Brien, P.; Walsh, J. R.; Jones, A. C. J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 139.
2. Soai, K; Niwa, S. Chem. Rev.1992, 92, 833.
3. (a) Oguni, N.; Omi, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25, 2823. (b) Oguni, N.; Omi, T.; Yarnamoto, Y.; Nakamuna, A. Chem. Lett. 1983, 841.
4. Kitamura, M.; Suga, S.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 6071.
5. (a) Yamakawa, M.; Noyori, R. Orgamometallics, 1999, 18, 128. (b) Yamakawa, M.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 6327. (c) Noyori, R.; Kawai, K.; Okada, S.; Kitamura, M. Pure. Appl. Chem. 1988, 60, 1597.
6. Seebach, D.; Behrendt, L.; Felix, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1008.
7. (a) Rozema, M. J.; AchyuthaRao, S.; Knochel, P. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 1956. (b) Knochel, P.; Singer, R. D. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2117. (c) Knochel, P. Synlett 1995, 393. (d) Langer, F.; Schwink, L.; Devasagayaraj, A.; Chavant, P. Y.; Knochel, P. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 8229.
8. (a) Evans. D. A. Science 1988, 240, 420. (b) Noyori, R.; Kitamura, M.; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 46. (c) Pu, L.; Yu, H. B. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101. 757.
9. (a) Delair, P.; Einhorn, C.; Luche, J. L. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 4680. (b) Delair, P.; Einhorn, C.; Dinhorn, J.; Luche, J. L. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 2761.
10. Beliczey, J.; Giffels, G.; Kragl, U.; Wandrey, C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 1529.
11. Wolf, C.; Francis, C. J.; Hawes, P. A.; Shah, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 1733.
12. (a) Dai, W. M.; Zhu, H. J.; Hao, X. J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 1857. (b) Dai, W. M.; Zhu, H. J.; Hao, X. J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 2315.
13. Kossenjans, M.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 1409.
14. Shibata. T.; Tabira, H.; Soai, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1988, 177. (b) Watanabe, M.; Soai, K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 3125.
15. Yang, X.; Shen, J. Wang, R. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 7078.
16. Sibi, M. P.; Chen, J.; Cook, G. R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3301.
17. Wu, Y. J.; Yun, H. Y.; Wu, Y; Ding, K.; Zhou, Y. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 3543. (b) Wu, Y.; Yun, H. Y.; Wu, Y. S.; Ding, K. L.; Zhou, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 10263.
18. (a) Soai, K.; Hatanaka, T.; Yamashita, T. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 567. (b) Soai, K.; Shimada, C.; Takeuchi, M.; Itabashi, M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 927. (c) Watanabe, M.; Soai, K. J Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1994, 3125. (d) Soai, K.; Inoue, Y.; Takashi, T.; Shibata, T. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 13355. (e) Shibata, T.; Hayase, T.; Aiba, Y.; Tabira, H.; Soai, K. Heterocycles 1997, 46, 235.
19. Soai, K.; Yohoyama, S.; Ebihara, K.; Hayasaka, T. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1987, 1690.
20. Soai, K.; Hayase, T.; Taki, K.; Sugiyama, T. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 7908.
21. Sato, I.; Saito, T.; Soai, K. J.. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 2000, 2471.
22. Paleo, M. R.; Cabeza, I.; Sardina, F. J. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 2108.
23. Bastin, S.; Ginj, M.; Brocard, J.; Pelinshi, L.; Novogrocki, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003,(?)4, 1701.
24. Park, D. H.; Choi, H. J.; Lee, S. G. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1559.
25. Nugent, W. A. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1999, 1369.
26. (a) Knollmuller, M.; Ferencic, M.; Gartner, P.; Mereiter, K..; Noe, C. R. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 4009. (b) Knollmuller, M.; Ferencic, M.; Gartner, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 3969.
27. Joshi, S. N.; Malhortra, S. V. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 1763.
28. Nugent, W. A. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2133.
29. Tarmet, D.; Korno, H. T.; Guijarro, d.; Anderson, P. G. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 14213.
30. Lawrence, C. F.; Nayak, S. K.; Thijs, L.; Zwanenburg, B. Synlett 1999, 1571.
31. Behner, W.; Mehler, T.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 1413.
32. Stingl, K.; Martens, J. Synth. Commun. 1992, 22, 2745.
33. Dai, W. M.; Zhu, H. J.; Hao, X. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 5971.
34. Page, P. C. B.; Allin, S. M.; Maddocks, S. J.; Elsegood, M. R. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2002, 24, 2827.
35. Couty, F.; Prim, D. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 2619.
36. Scrapi, D.; Logalbo, F.; Occhiato, E. G.; Guama, A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 1319.
37. (a) Wallbaum, S.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 637. (b) Wiken, J.; Kossenjans, M.; Gr6ger, H.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2007. (c) Wiken, J.; Kossenjans, M.; Groger, H.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2761.
38. Wiken, J.; Erny, S.; Wassmann, S.; Martens, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 2143.
39. (a) Bolm, C.; Ewald, M.; Relder, M.; Schlingloff, G. Chem. Ber. 1992, 125, 1169. (b) Bolm, C.; Zehnder, M.; Bur, O. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 205. (c) Bolm, C.; Schlingloff, G. Hams, K. Chem. Ber. 1992, 125, 1191.
40. Chelucci, G.; Soccolini, F. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1992, 3, 1235.
41. Kwong, H. L.; Lee, W. S. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 3791.
42. Huang, H. Zheng, Z.; Chen, H.; Bai, C.; Wang, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 1285.
43. Huang, H.; Chen, H.; Hu, X.; Bai, C.; Zheng, Z. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 297.
44. (a) Wu, Y. J.; Yun, H. Y.; Wu, Y. S.; Ding, K. L.; Zhou, Y. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 3543. (b) Yun, H. Y.; Wu, Y. J.; Ding, K. L.; Zhou, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 10263.
45. Sibi, M. P.; Stanley, L. M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 3353.
46. Shi, M.; Wang, C. J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 3353.
47. DiMauro. E. F.; Kozlowski, M. C. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 3053.
48. Dannilova, T. I.; Rozenberg, V. L.; Starikova, Z. A.; Braese, S. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 223.
49. Cozzi, P. G.; Kotrusz, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 4910.
50. Bringmann, G.; Breuning, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 667.
51. Ko, D. H.; Kim, K. H.; Ha, D. C. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3759.
52. Kang, S. W.; Ko, D. H.; Kim, K. H.; Ha, D. C. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4517.
53. Vyskooil, S.; Jaracz, S.; Smrcina, M.; Smrcina, M.; Sticha, M.; Hanus, V.; Polaseek, M.; Kocovsky, P. J. Org. Chem 1998, 63, 7727.
54. (a) Lu, J.; Xu, X.; Wang, C.; He, J.; Hu, Y.; Hu, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 8367. (b) Lu, J.; Xu, X.; Wang, S.; Wang, C.; Hu, Y.; Hu, H. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2002, 2900.
55. (a) Schmidt, B.; Seebach, D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 99. (b) Schmidt, B.; Seebach, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. EngL 1991, 30, 1321. (c) Seebach, D. Plattner, D. A.; Beck, A. K.; Wang, Y. M.; Hunziker, D.; Petter, W. Helv. Chim. Acta. 1992, 75, 2171. (d) Ito, Y. N.; Ariza, X.; Beck, A. K.; Bohac, A.; Ganter, C.; Gawley, R. E.; Kuhnle, F. N. M.; Tuleja. J.; Seebach, D. Helv. Chim. Acta. 1994, 77, 2071. (e) Weber, B.; Seebach, D. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 7473. (f) Seebach, D.; Beck, A. K.; Schimdt, B.; Wang, Y. M. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 4363.
56. Dreisbach, C.; Kragl, U., Wandrey, C. Synthesis 1994, 911.
57. Waldmann, H.; Weigerding, M.; Wandrey, C. Helv. Chim. Acta. 1994, 77, 2111.
58. Zhang, F. Y.; Chan, A. S. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3651.
59. (a) Kitajima, H.; Aoki, Y.; Katsuki, T. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1997, 70, 207. (b) Kitajima, H.; Ito, K.; Katsuki, T. Chem. Lett. 1996, 343.
60. Huang, W. S.; Hu, Q. S.; Pu, L. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 1364.
61. Ding, K.; Ishii, A.; Mikami, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 497.
62. Asami, M.; Watanabe, H.; Honda, K.; Inoue, S. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 4165.
63. (a) Yoshioka, M.; Kawakita, T.; Ohno, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 1657. (b) Takahashi, H.; Kawakita, T.; Yoshioka, M.; Kobayashi, S.; Ohno, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 7095. (c) Takahashi, H.; Kawakita, T.; Ohno, M.; Yoshioka, M.; Kobayashi, S. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 5691.
64. (a) Pritchett, S.; Woodmansee, D. H.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6423. (b) BalseUs, J.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3250. (c) Balsells, J.; Betancort, J. M.; Walsh, P. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2000, 39, 3428.
65. (a) Zhang, X. M.; Guo, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 4947. (b) Qiu, J.; Guo, C.; Zhang. X. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 2665.
66. Paquette, L. A.; Zhou, R. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 7929.
67. Chelucci, G.; Conti, S.; Falorni, M.; Giacomelli, G. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 8251.
68. Conti, S.; Falorni, M.; Giaconelli, G.; Soccolini, F. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 8993.
69. Jean-Michel. B.; Constantieux, T.; Legrand, O.; Buono, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 2961.
70. Rijnberg, E.; Jastrzebski, J. T.; Janssen, J. M.; Boersma, J.; Koten, G. V. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 6521.
71. Braga, A. L.; Appelt, H. R.; Schneider, P. H.; Rodrigues, O. E.; Silverira, C. C.; Wessjohann, L. A. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 3291.
72. Meng, Q.; Li, Y.; Yan, H.; Guan, Y. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 4255.
73. Nakano, H.; Kumagai, N.; Kabuto, C.; Matsuzaki, H.; Hongo, H. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1995, 6, 1233.
74. Jin, M. J. Alan, S. J.; Lee, K. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8767.
75. (a) Wirth, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 7849. (b) Wirth, T.; Kulicke, K. J.; Fragale, G. Helv. Chim. Acta.1996, 79, 1957.
76. (a) Soai, K.; Niwa, S.; Watanabe, M. J.. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1989, 109. (b) Soai, K.; Watanabe, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1991, 2, 97.
77. (a) Itsuno, S.; Frechet, J. M. J. J. Org. Chem.1987, 52, 4140. (b) Itsuno, S.; Sakurai, Y.; Ito, K.; Maruyama, T.; Nakamura, S.; Frechet, J. M. J. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 304.
78. Watanabe, M.; Araki, S.; Butsugan, Y.; Uomura, M. Chem. Express 1990, 5, 761.
79. Prasad, K. R. K.; Joshi, N. N. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 3770.
80. Prasad, K. R. K.; Joshi, .N.N. Indian. J. Chem. Sect. B: Org. Chem. Incl. Med. Chem. 2003, 42, 150.
81. Falomi, M.; Collu, C.; Conti, S.; Giacomelli, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 293.
82. Chan, T. H.; Zheng, G. Z. Can. J. Chem. 1997, 75, 629.
83. Braga, A. L.; Rubin, R. M.; Schrekker, H. S.; Wessjohann, L. A.; Debolster, M. W. G.; Zeni, G.; Sehnem, J. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3291.
84. Li, M.; Yuan, K.; Li, Y. Y.; Cao, B. X., Sun, J.; Hou, X. L. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3347.
85. (a) Bolm, C.; Muniz, K.; Hildebradn, J. P. Org. Lett. 1999, 1,491. (b) Bolm, C.; Fermandez, K. M.; Seger, A.; Raade, G. Synlett 1997, 1051. (c) Bolm, C.; Fernandez, K. M.; Seger, A.; Raabe, G.; Gunther, K. Jr. Org. Chem.1998, 63, 7860.
86. Zhang, W.; Yohinaga, H.; Imai, Y.; Kida, T.; Nakatsuji, Y.; Ikeda, I. Synlett 2000, 1512.
87. (a) Bauer, T.; Tarasiuk, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 687. (b) Bauer, T.; Gajewiak, J. Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 9163.
88. Burguete,M. I.; CoUado, M.; Escorihuela, J.; Galindo, F.; Garcia-Verdugo, E.; Luis, S. V.; Vicent, M. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 6891.
89. Ito, K.; Kitamura, Y.; Okamura, H.; Katsuki, T. Synlett 1992, 573.
90. Cho, B. T.; Chan, Y. S. Synth. Commun. 1999, 29, 521.
91. Bauer, T.; Tarasiuk, J.; Pasniczek, K. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 77.
92. Yus, M.; Ram6n, D. J.; Prieto, O.; Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 1573.
93. You, J. S.; Shao, M. Y.; Gau, H. M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2001, 12, 2971.
94. Hui, X. P.; Chen, C. A.; Gau, H. M. Chirality 2005, 17, 51.
95. Dosa, P. I.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 445.
96. (a) Ram6n, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron Lett.1998, 39, 1239. (b)Ram6n, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 5651.
97. Garcia, C.; LaRochelle, L. K.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10970.
98. Yus, M.; Ram6n, D. J.; Prieto, O. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2002, 13, 2291.
99. Yus, M.; Ram6n, D. J.; Prieto, O. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 2745.
100. Yus, M.; Ramon, D. J.; Prieto, O. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 1103.
101. Prieto, O.; Ram6n, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 1955.
102. Garcia, C.; Walsh, P. J. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3641.
103. Lu, G.; Li, X. S.; Jia, .X.; Chan, W. L.; Chan, A. S. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 5057.
104. Li, H. M.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 2538.
105. Anaya de Parrodi, C., Walsh, P. J. Synlett 2004, 2417.
106. Jeon, S. J.; Li, H. M.; Walsh, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 448.
107. Jeon, S. J.; Li, H. M.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 16416.
108. Forrat, V. J.; Ramon, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2005, 16, 3341.
109. Ramon, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2479.
1. Ramon, D. J.; Yus, M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2479.
2. You, J. S.; Shao, M. Y.; Gau, H. M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2001, 12, 2971.
3. Marc, J.; McKennon, A. I.; Meyers, K. D.; Michael, S. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 3568.
4. Jiao, P.; Xu, J. X.; Zhang, Q. H.; Choi, M. C. K.; Chan, A. S. C. Teterahedron: Asymmetry 2001, 12, 3081.
5． 杜海峰．手性金属络合物以及有机小分子催化的不对称杂Diels-Alder反应研究．理学博士论文．中国科学院上海有机化学研究所，2004．
6. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.155; Vol. 68, p.92
7. Banff, L.; Guanti, G.; Riva, R. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 3571.
8. Scheurer, A.; Moddet, P.; Saalfrank, R. W. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 1997, 8, 1243.
9． 李琛，烯烃不对称环丙烷化反应的新探索，硕士论文，中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，2000．
10. Balsells, J.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3250.
11. Garcia, C.; LaRochelle, L. K.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10970.
12. Nagel, U.; Kinzel, E.; Andrade, J.; Prescher, G. Chem. Ber. 1986, 119, 3326.
13. Caldwell, C. G.; Chen, P.; He, J. F.; Parmee, E. R.; Leiting, B.; Marsilio, F.; Patel, R. A.; Wu, J. K.; Eiermann, G. J.; Petrov, A.; He, H. B.; Lyons, K. A.; Thornberry, N. A.; Weber, A. E. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 1265.
14. Kuppert, D.;Sander, J.; Roth, C.; Worle, M.; Weyhermuller, T.; Reiss, G. J.; Schilde, U.; Muller, I.; Hegetschweiler, K. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2001, 2525.
15. Skarzewski, J.; Gupta, A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 1861.
16. Nagel, U. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 435.
17. Siedlecka, R.; Wojaczyfiska, E.; Skarzewski, J. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 1437.
18. Ryan, K.; Gershell, L. J.; Still, W. C. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 3309.
19. Iida, H.; Yamazaki, N.; Kibayashi, C. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 1069.
20. Dulphy, H.; Gras, J. L.; Lejon, T. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 8517.
21. Terfort, A. Synthesis 1992, 951.
22. Balsells, J.; Walsh, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3250.
23. You, J. S.; Shao, M. Y.; Gau, H. M. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2001, 12, 2971.