控制在用车排放检测维修制度的模式研究
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摘要
我国正处在经济快速发展时期，汽车保有量增长速度已经远远超出人们的预料。汽车排放污染物也成为城市的主要污染源。人们已经意识到发展与可持续发展对环境的迫切性。要做到五个统筹发展，以人为本，走可持续发展的路子，在汽车迅速增长，小轿车进入普通百姓家中的同时，加强汽车排放污染物的控制研究是基础。所以本文依托《中国在用车I/M(检测/维护)技术规范与管理体系研究》针对检测维护制度的发展模式进行研究。
本文的思路为：首先系统论述了汽车排放污染物控制措施及方法，描绘了检测维护制度的定义和基本特征，通过分析国外执行I/M制度的经验和产生的排放降低效果，提出我国控制在用车排放的检测维护制度的发展模式。
全文主要研究了以下主要内容：
1、汽车排放控制分析。通过介绍汽车排放污染物的形成机理和排放污染物的对人体健康和环境生态造成的危害，纵观国内外控制机动车排放污染物的历程，分析了汽车排放控制措施和方法，以国家标准法规的逐渐严格，促进汽车排放控制技术的进步。对于在用车以维护汽车出厂时的技术性能为前提，提出了控制在用车污染物排放的方法——I/M制度，是有效降低在用车排放经济、合理、效果明显的方法。
2、检测维护制度特征分析。分析了检测维护制度的含义和基本特征，I/M制度是当今世界上工业发达的国家和地区对在用车辆进行强制性定期检测，并对出现故障的车辆进行强制修理的制度，使在用车辆恢复和保持出厂时的原有标准和符合国家规定的排放控制值。对I/M制度的基本流程、网络类型和主要内容进行了详细的论证，介绍了国外I/M制度的成功经验和实施I/M制度的优越性。I/M制度特征研究是研究我国I/M制度的体系框架的重要基础。
3、检测维护制度模式研究。分三个层次研究检测维护制度模式，论证在
国家整体框架下的I/M制度整体设想、组织措施和实施I/M制度的具体措施。明确了环保、公安、交通三个政府职能部分在I/M制度中的指责分工和协调配合关系，提出了我国I/M制度组织措施框图。从法律法规、检测/维修标准体系和管理队伍、人员培训以及检测/维修网络布局等方面，分析研究了我国实施放I/M制度的保障措施。对我国政府制定相应的政策法规提供依据。
本文的意义及独到之处在于：
系统详尽地阐述了I/M制度的特性和国外执行I/M制度的成功经验。国外经验证明，I/M制度是一项系统工程，需要多行业间的相互配合和监督评价，它还是动态变化的，根据地区空气污染水平、汽车的发展及在用车排放水平随时进行调整修订。国外在实施I/M制度时即注意满足公众对于保护环境的需要，又要考虑车主应有的各项权益，并努力为车主进行检测和维修创造便利条件，使该制度获得公众的认可得以顺利实施，并取得良好的效果。国外经验为我国制定I/M制度提供参考。
在分析I/M制度降低排放效果中，应用了汽车运用工程、宏观分析与决策等方法，实际进行4900多辆汽车的排放测试，分析结果比较理想。
在设计I/M制度模式过程中从系统工程的角度出发，基于本人长期工作的经验和对相关行业管理现状的了解，提出的I/M制度模式具有良好的可操作性和实用性。
With the economy quickly developing in our country, the increasing speed of the in-used cars has greatly exceeded our expectation. The pollution emission of automobiles will make up the main source of the pollution of cities. People have become conscious of the emergency of the sustainable development of the environment. Based on human being, the coordinate development must be done, especially sustainable development. When cars enter ordinary families and the number of automobiles increases greatly, it is important to enhance the study on the vehicle emission control. So the author makes a research on the framework of the inspection and maintenance (I/M) program , which is a part of the research on the management system and the technique specification of the in-used vehicles I/M in China.
The author formulates the measure and ways of the vehicle emission control systemically and describes the definition and the basic feature of the I/M program. By analyzing the experience of execution of the I/M program aboard and the resulting of decreased emission, put forwards the framework of the I/M program of in-used vehicle emission control in our country.
The main content of this paper is as follows:
1.Analysis of the vehicle emission control. Introduce the forming mechanism of the vehicle emission and the harm to human health and environment caused by the vehicle emission. Look at the course of the motor vehicles emission control. Analysis the measure and ways of the vehicle emission control. According to stated standard rules strictly, boost the improvement of the vehicle emission control technology. Put forward the method of controlling in-used vehicle emission—I/M program. This is a economical, reasonable and effective way to
reduce the in-used vehicle emission.
2. Analysis the character of the I/M program. Analysis the meaning and the basic character of the I/M program. The I/M program is a system in which in-used vehicles are inspected regularly by force and broken vehicles are repaired by force to make in-used vehicles renew and preserve the original standard and conform to state specified values of emission control. Demonstrate the basic flow, the network type and the main content of the I/M program in detail. Introduce the successful experience and the superiority of the I/M program aboard. The study on the character of the I/M program is a important foundation of the research of the framework of the I/M program in our country.
3. The study on the pattern of the I/M program. From three administrative levels, study on the pattern of the I/M program, demonstrate the whole ideas、organized measure of the I/M program and the executing measure of the I/M program. Make it clear that three governmental department including environment protection、public security and communication are separate and cooperate with each other. Advance the chart of the organized measure of the I/M program in our country. From the aspects of laws and rules、I/M standard system and management group、human training and the I/M network allocation, analyze the measures to guarantee execution of the I/M program. According to this, government can make counter-part policies and laws.
The significance and original ideas of this paper are as follow:
1. Systemically formulate the character of the I/M program and the successful experience of executing the I/M program aboard in detail. The foreign experience has proven that the I/M program is a comprehensive project which needs cooperation and supervision among of many industries. It is dynamic and is made adjustment at any moment by the level of the pollution in the region and the
vehicle development and the level of the vehicle emission. When executing I/M program in foreign countries, not only satisfy the public needs to protect environment but also considerate all kinds of interests that vehicle owners should enjoy. Try to provide convenient condition for vehicle owners. Make the I/M program win the approval of the public and be executed successfully w
本文的思路为：首先系统论述了汽车排放污染物控制措施及方法，描绘了检测维护制度的定义和基本特征，通过分析国外执行I/M制度的经验和产生的排放降低效果，提出我国控制在用车排放的检测维护制度的发展模式。
全文主要研究了以下主要内容：
1、汽车排放控制分析。通过介绍汽车排放污染物的形成机理和排放污染物的对人体健康和环境生态造成的危害，纵观国内外控制机动车排放污染物的历程，分析了汽车排放控制措施和方法，以国家标准法规的逐渐严格，促进汽车排放控制技术的进步。对于在用车以维护汽车出厂时的技术性能为前提，提出了控制在用车污染物排放的方法——I/M制度，是有效降低在用车排放经济、合理、效果明显的方法。
2、检测维护制度特征分析。分析了检测维护制度的含义和基本特征，I/M制度是当今世界上工业发达的国家和地区对在用车辆进行强制性定期检测，并对出现故障的车辆进行强制修理的制度，使在用车辆恢复和保持出厂时的原有标准和符合国家规定的排放控制值。对I/M制度的基本流程、网络类型和主要内容进行了详细的论证，介绍了国外I/M制度的成功经验和实施I/M制度的优越性。I/M制度特征研究是研究我国I/M制度的体系框架的重要基础。
3、检测维护制度模式研究。分三个层次研究检测维护制度模式，论证在
国家整体框架下的I/M制度整体设想、组织措施和实施I/M制度的具体措施。明确了环保、公安、交通三个政府职能部分在I/M制度中的指责分工和协调配合关系，提出了我国I/M制度组织措施框图。从法律法规、检测/维修标准体系和管理队伍、人员培训以及检测/维修网络布局等方面，分析研究了我国实施放I/M制度的保障措施。对我国政府制定相应的政策法规提供依据。
本文的意义及独到之处在于：
系统详尽地阐述了I/M制度的特性和国外执行I/M制度的成功经验。国外经验证明，I/M制度是一项系统工程，需要多行业间的相互配合和监督评价，它还是动态变化的，根据地区空气污染水平、汽车的发展及在用车排放水平随时进行调整修订。国外在实施I/M制度时即注意满足公众对于保护环境的需要，又要考虑车主应有的各项权益，并努力为车主进行检测和维修创造便利条件，使该制度获得公众的认可得以顺利实施，并取得良好的效果。国外经验为我国制定I/M制度提供参考。
在分析I/M制度降低排放效果中，应用了汽车运用工程、宏观分析与决策等方法，实际进行4900多辆汽车的排放测试，分析结果比较理想。
在设计I/M制度模式过程中从系统工程的角度出发，基于本人长期工作的经验和对相关行业管理现状的了解，提出的I/M制度模式具有良好的可操作性和实用性。
With the economy quickly developing in our country, the increasing speed of the in-used cars has greatly exceeded our expectation. The pollution emission of automobiles will make up the main source of the pollution of cities. People have become conscious of the emergency of the sustainable development of the environment. Based on human being, the coordinate development must be done, especially sustainable development. When cars enter ordinary families and the number of automobiles increases greatly, it is important to enhance the study on the vehicle emission control. So the author makes a research on the framework of the inspection and maintenance (I/M) program , which is a part of the research on the management system and the technique specification of the in-used vehicles I/M in China.
The author formulates the measure and ways of the vehicle emission control systemically and describes the definition and the basic feature of the I/M program. By analyzing the experience of execution of the I/M program aboard and the resulting of decreased emission, put forwards the framework of the I/M program of in-used vehicle emission control in our country.
The main content of this paper is as follows:
1.Analysis of the vehicle emission control. Introduce the forming mechanism of the vehicle emission and the harm to human health and environment caused by the vehicle emission. Look at the course of the motor vehicles emission control. Analysis the measure and ways of the vehicle emission control. According to stated standard rules strictly, boost the improvement of the vehicle emission control technology. Put forward the method of controlling in-used vehicle emission—I/M program. This is a economical, reasonable and effective way to
reduce the in-used vehicle emission.
2. Analysis the character of the I/M program. Analysis the meaning and the basic character of the I/M program. The I/M program is a system in which in-used vehicles are inspected regularly by force and broken vehicles are repaired by force to make in-used vehicles renew and preserve the original standard and conform to state specified values of emission control. Demonstrate the basic flow, the network type and the main content of the I/M program in detail. Introduce the successful experience and the superiority of the I/M program aboard. The study on the character of the I/M program is a important foundation of the research of the framework of the I/M program in our country.
3. The study on the pattern of the I/M program. From three administrative levels, study on the pattern of the I/M program, demonstrate the whole ideas、organized measure of the I/M program and the executing measure of the I/M program. Make it clear that three governmental department including environment protection、public security and communication are separate and cooperate with each other. Advance the chart of the organized measure of the I/M program in our country. From the aspects of laws and rules、I/M standard system and management group、human training and the I/M network allocation, analyze the measures to guarantee execution of the I/M program. According to this, government can make counter-part policies and laws.
The significance and original ideas of this paper are as follow:
1. Systemically formulate the character of the I/M program and the successful experience of executing the I/M program aboard in detail. The foreign experience has proven that the I/M program is a comprehensive project which needs cooperation and supervision among of many industries. It is dynamic and is made adjustment at any moment by the level of the pollution in the region and the
vehicle development and the level of the vehicle emission. When executing I/M program in foreign countries, not only satisfy the public needs to protect environment but also considerate all kinds of interests that vehicle owners should enjoy. Try to provide convenient condition for vehicle owners. Make the I/M program win the approval of the public and be executed successfully w
引文
[1] 全国私人汽车十年总量增长六倍 千龙网 2004 5
[2] 袁盈 我国机动车污染控制对策 国家环境保护总局污染控制司 1999，7
[3] 中华人民共和国大气污染防治法修订背景材料 国家环境保护总局
[4] 袁盈 机动车污染控制与排放标准 国家环境保护总局污染控制司
2000 5
[5] 上海有望提前实现“欧Ⅲ”排放标准 北方网汽车新地 2004 5
[6] 苏国栋 上海市推动机动车I/M制度进度报告 上海市环境保护局
[7] 蔡凤田 谢素华 王建昕 汽车排放污染控制实用技术 北京 人民交通出版社 1999
[8] 汽车排放污染及其欧洲排放标准 千龙网
[9] I/M Briefing Book : Everything Ever Wanted Know About Inspection And Maintenance PC A08/MF A02
[10] 郎旖旎 在用车排放检测试验研究 上海大学巴士汽车学院
[11] Final I/M Regulation: OMB Version 美国环保局网站
[12] 余志生 宋鸣之 美国在用车排放监控检测与维护（I/M）体系简介
汽车维护与修理 2000 5
[13] The Need For Inspection and Maintenance for Current and Future
Motor Vehicles 美国环保局网站
[14] Inspection of in-used cars Main Report
[15] 沈训铭 卢希果 魏人杰 上海市汽车二级维护前后排放调研报告 2001 4
[16] 丁焰 汤大钢 韩应健 国内外在用车排放标准及检测方法评述 东方水木环保技术在线 2004
[17] 王晓晖 韩国庆 在用汽车排气污染物限值及测试方法标准 GB 18285—2000
[18] 冯桂芹 韩国庆 谢素华 汽车维护、检测、诊断技术规范 GB/T
18344-2001
[19] 傅立新 在国家框架下城市I/M制度的实施 清华大学 2001 11
[20] A Brief History of Inspection & Maintenance Programes in California http://smogcheck.ca.gov
[21] Major Elements of Operating I/M Programs Office of Mobile Sources EPA 420-B-99-008 1999 12
[22] Gene Tierney STRATEGIES TO REDUCE MOBILE SOURCE POLLUTION 2000 Traverwood
[23] 傅立新 中国在用车I/M(检测/维护)技术规范与管理体系研究可行性研究报告 清华大学 2003 12
[2] 袁盈 我国机动车污染控制对策 国家环境保护总局污染控制司 1999，7
[3] 中华人民共和国大气污染防治法修订背景材料 国家环境保护总局
[4] 袁盈 机动车污染控制与排放标准 国家环境保护总局污染控制司
2000 5
[5] 上海有望提前实现“欧Ⅲ”排放标准 北方网汽车新地 2004 5
[6] 苏国栋 上海市推动机动车I/M制度进度报告 上海市环境保护局
[7] 蔡凤田 谢素华 王建昕 汽车排放污染控制实用技术 北京 人民交通出版社 1999
[8] 汽车排放污染及其欧洲排放标准 千龙网
[9] I/M Briefing Book : Everything Ever Wanted Know About Inspection And Maintenance PC A08/MF A02
[10] 郎旖旎 在用车排放检测试验研究 上海大学巴士汽车学院
[11] Final I/M Regulation: OMB Version 美国环保局网站
[12] 余志生 宋鸣之 美国在用车排放监控检测与维护（I/M）体系简介
汽车维护与修理 2000 5
[13] The Need For Inspection and Maintenance for Current and Future
Motor Vehicles 美国环保局网站
[14] Inspection of in-used cars Main Report
[15] 沈训铭 卢希果 魏人杰 上海市汽车二级维护前后排放调研报告 2001 4
[16] 丁焰 汤大钢 韩应健 国内外在用车排放标准及检测方法评述 东方水木环保技术在线 2004
[17] 王晓晖 韩国庆 在用汽车排气污染物限值及测试方法标准 GB 18285—2000
[18] 冯桂芹 韩国庆 谢素华 汽车维护、检测、诊断技术规范 GB/T
18344-2001
[19] 傅立新 在国家框架下城市I/M制度的实施 清华大学 2001 11
[20] A Brief History of Inspection & Maintenance Programes in California http://smogcheck.ca.gov
[21] Major Elements of Operating I/M Programs Office of Mobile Sources EPA 420-B-99-008 1999 12
[22] Gene Tierney STRATEGIES TO REDUCE MOBILE SOURCE POLLUTION 2000 Traverwood
[23] 傅立新 中国在用车I/M(检测/维护)技术规范与管理体系研究可行性研究报告 清华大学 2003 12