九龙江流域水环境容量变化模拟及污染物总量控制措施研究
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摘要
以水环境容量为理论基础的污染物总量控制是当今水污染控制的发展趋势。随着社会经济的发展,我国水污染问题日益严重,急需要科学有效的开展水污染总量控制工作。因此,研究流域的水环境容量和污染物总量控制,具有重要的理论与实际应用价值。
本研究先通过水质评价确定了九龙江流域的主要水质超标因子,应用QUAL2K模型建立了九龙江水质模型,运用试错法模拟计算了九龙江干流段丰、平、枯三个水期的水环境容量,最后提出了九龙江流域的水污染总量控制相关措施建议。主要研究结论如下:
第一,通过污染源调查和水质评价,确定九龙江流域的主要水质超标污染物为生化需氧量、氨氮、总磷和大肠菌群,选择这4个水质因子作为水质模拟的指标。
第二,应用QUAL2K模型建立了九龙江水质模型,把九龙江北溪干流划分为20个河段,把西溪划分为6个河段。对丰、平、枯水期模型的BOD氧化速率、氨氮硝化速率、有机磷水解速率和病原体衰减速率等参数进行校正,验证模型具有较好的模拟精度,适合九龙江干流的水质模拟和预测。
第三,对九龙江流域各水文站的历史监测流量进行水文频率计算,以90%、75%、50%保证率下径流量分别代表枯水期、平水期和丰水期的流量。根据九龙江流域水环境功能区划的水质目标,采用试错法定量模拟计算九龙江北溪和西溪各河段在丰、平、枯三个水期的COD、氨氮、总磷、大肠菌群的最大污染负荷,作为管理环境容量。
第四,对“十一五”末期2010年九龙江流域的水污染负荷与水环境容量的模拟结果进行对比,计算各河段的污染负荷削减量和削减率,据此提出流域内产业布局调整的建议措施。最后针对九龙江流域的实际情况,提出保证总量控制目标有效实施的经济、技术手段和监督管理措施。
The total amount control of water pollutants based on the water environmental capacity theory is the trend of water pollution control. With the rapid development of society and economy, the water pollution problem is becoming increasingly serious in China; the total amount control of water pollutants must be launched effectively with sound scientific and tenologic basis. It is theoretically and practically significant to study the simulation of the water environmental capacity and controlling mesarues of the total amount pollutants discharge in the Watershed.
In this study, the QUAL2K water quality model was applied to establish the Jiulong River water quality model. The trial and error method was used to simulate the water environmental capacity of the abundance, peace, dry period respectively in the Jiulong river watershed. A series of measures and recommendations for the total amount control of water pollutants of Jiulong river watershed were brought forward.
The main conclusions are as follows:
First, the main sources of water pollution in Jiulong river watershed are identified by investigation, including industrial wastewater, sewage, solid waste pollution, animal excrement and agricultural runoff pollution, and so on. The main pollution items are identified through water quality assessment, including biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and fecal coliform. These four pollutants are chosen as the indicators of water qulity modeling and water environmental capacity calculation.
Second, the QUAL2K water quality model is chosen and applied to establish the Jiulong River water quality model through the segment division and model parameter calibration. The Beixi river is divided into 20 reachs, and the Xixi river is divided into 6 reachs. The model parameter, including the the oxidation rate of fast CBOD, the nitrification rate of ammonia nitrogen, the hydrolysis rate of organic phosphorus, and the decay rate of the pathogens are calibrated. The model validation shows that the model has good precision and is suitable for the Jiulong River water quality simulation and forecasting.
Third, the historical hydrological monitoring data of the Hydrologic Stations in Jiulong River Watershed are used to calculate the flow frequency, and the 90%, 75%, 50% guaranteed rate runoff are used to represent the flow of the dry, peace, abundance period respectively. The water environmental capacity of the mainstream of the Jiulong River is quantitatively simulated in different flow conditions, including the capacity of the biochemical oxygen demand, the ammonia nitrogen, the total phosphorus and the fecal coliform.
Fourth, the predicted water pollution load of the late "11th Five-Year Plan" in 2010 is compared with the simulation results of the water environmental capacity. The pollutants reduction amounts and rates that should be cut down are calculated in different reaches to make sure that the water quality of all fuction zones could reach the requirement according to the water quality standard. The Proposals to the layout adjustment of the industry, aquaculture, and etc. are brought forward. Finally, according to the actual situation of Jiulong River Basin, several economic, technical and supervision measures were brought forward to guarantee the total amount control of water pollutants could be launched effectively.
本研究先通过水质评价确定了九龙江流域的主要水质超标因子,应用QUAL2K模型建立了九龙江水质模型,运用试错法模拟计算了九龙江干流段丰、平、枯三个水期的水环境容量,最后提出了九龙江流域的水污染总量控制相关措施建议。主要研究结论如下:
第一,通过污染源调查和水质评价,确定九龙江流域的主要水质超标污染物为生化需氧量、氨氮、总磷和大肠菌群,选择这4个水质因子作为水质模拟的指标。
第二,应用QUAL2K模型建立了九龙江水质模型,把九龙江北溪干流划分为20个河段,把西溪划分为6个河段。对丰、平、枯水期模型的BOD氧化速率、氨氮硝化速率、有机磷水解速率和病原体衰减速率等参数进行校正,验证模型具有较好的模拟精度,适合九龙江干流的水质模拟和预测。
第三,对九龙江流域各水文站的历史监测流量进行水文频率计算,以90%、75%、50%保证率下径流量分别代表枯水期、平水期和丰水期的流量。根据九龙江流域水环境功能区划的水质目标,采用试错法定量模拟计算九龙江北溪和西溪各河段在丰、平、枯三个水期的COD、氨氮、总磷、大肠菌群的最大污染负荷,作为管理环境容量。
第四,对“十一五”末期2010年九龙江流域的水污染负荷与水环境容量的模拟结果进行对比,计算各河段的污染负荷削减量和削减率,据此提出流域内产业布局调整的建议措施。最后针对九龙江流域的实际情况,提出保证总量控制目标有效实施的经济、技术手段和监督管理措施。
The total amount control of water pollutants based on the water environmental capacity theory is the trend of water pollution control. With the rapid development of society and economy, the water pollution problem is becoming increasingly serious in China; the total amount control of water pollutants must be launched effectively with sound scientific and tenologic basis. It is theoretically and practically significant to study the simulation of the water environmental capacity and controlling mesarues of the total amount pollutants discharge in the Watershed.
In this study, the QUAL2K water quality model was applied to establish the Jiulong River water quality model. The trial and error method was used to simulate the water environmental capacity of the abundance, peace, dry period respectively in the Jiulong river watershed. A series of measures and recommendations for the total amount control of water pollutants of Jiulong river watershed were brought forward.
The main conclusions are as follows:
First, the main sources of water pollution in Jiulong river watershed are identified by investigation, including industrial wastewater, sewage, solid waste pollution, animal excrement and agricultural runoff pollution, and so on. The main pollution items are identified through water quality assessment, including biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and fecal coliform. These four pollutants are chosen as the indicators of water qulity modeling and water environmental capacity calculation.
Second, the QUAL2K water quality model is chosen and applied to establish the Jiulong River water quality model through the segment division and model parameter calibration. The Beixi river is divided into 20 reachs, and the Xixi river is divided into 6 reachs. The model parameter, including the the oxidation rate of fast CBOD, the nitrification rate of ammonia nitrogen, the hydrolysis rate of organic phosphorus, and the decay rate of the pathogens are calibrated. The model validation shows that the model has good precision and is suitable for the Jiulong River water quality simulation and forecasting.
Third, the historical hydrological monitoring data of the Hydrologic Stations in Jiulong River Watershed are used to calculate the flow frequency, and the 90%, 75%, 50% guaranteed rate runoff are used to represent the flow of the dry, peace, abundance period respectively. The water environmental capacity of the mainstream of the Jiulong River is quantitatively simulated in different flow conditions, including the capacity of the biochemical oxygen demand, the ammonia nitrogen, the total phosphorus and the fecal coliform.
Fourth, the predicted water pollution load of the late "11th Five-Year Plan" in 2010 is compared with the simulation results of the water environmental capacity. The pollutants reduction amounts and rates that should be cut down are calculated in different reaches to make sure that the water quality of all fuction zones could reach the requirement according to the water quality standard. The Proposals to the layout adjustment of the industry, aquaculture, and etc. are brought forward. Finally, according to the actual situation of Jiulong River Basin, several economic, technical and supervision measures were brought forward to guarantee the total amount control of water pollutants could be launched effectively.
引文
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