社会交换理论视阈下的运动员学习成效研究
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摘要
由于台湾运动选手的颠峰期大都处于大专阶段,选手的训练除了少数顶级选手进驻台湾左营训练中心,其余大都在大专校院接受校队的训练。在此选手黄金阶段,运动员是否能够认同团队,拥有投入团队练习的态度就显得特别重要。尤其近年来,无论是运动队与运动队之间或队员本身,彼此之间竞争愈来愈激烈,运动队纷纷重新思考新的策略以强化竞争优势。因此,本研究将由不同面向出发,主要借用社会交换理论中的“领导者-成员交换理论”、“交易成本理论”等,深入探讨体育团队中关系信任、关系学习对运动员学习成效之影响,以更好地提升台湾大专院校甲组体育运动队的训练水平。本研究欲达成以下几项具体的目的:一是结合交易成本理论与领导者-成员交换理论观点,建构一个整合性的关系学习模式,即发展关系学习、关系信任与运动学习成效构念间关系之理论架构。二是确认在运动员与团队关系中,如何促进关系学习、影响关系学习和关系信任的因素,以及关系学习与关系信任对关系绩效所产生的影响效果。三是探讨关系学习与关系信任对运动学习成效的影响中,是否受到关系学习与关系信任互动效果的影响。四是根据综合研究结果,提出具体建议,以提供教练在实际训练时的参考,从而提高整体训练效果,达成体育团队的竞技目标。
基于上述相关理论及研究目的,本研究以社会交换理论视阈下的运动员学习成效问题为研究议题,首先采用量化推导理论研究架构,以台湾地区11所院校的甲组体育运动队为研究样本,通过问卷调查并以结构方程模式(SEM)验证所建立的模式之配适度,以及研究之假说关系。其次,采用质性研究中半结构性访谈( semistructured interviews) ,分别对8位球队教练与队员进行深度访谈,以补充定量研究的不足。
研究结果显示:(1)「资产专属性」、「内部复杂性」、「环境不确定性」、「沟通」与「承诺」正向影响「关系学习」在本研究中获得支持。
(2)「资产专属性」、「沟通」与「知觉满意度」正向影响「关系信任」均获得支持;「行为不确定性」负向影响「关系信任」,「承诺」与「依赖」正向影响「关系信任」则未获得支持。
(3)本研究无论在「关系学习正向影响关系绩效」、「关系信任正向影响关系绩效」与「关系信任正向影响关系学习」的验证结果,均获得支持。
(4)本研究假设「信任程度越高会降低关系学习对关系绩效的正向效果」之验证结果,并未获得支持。
(5)「沟通」除了正向影响「关系学习」与「关系信任」外,亦正向影响「关系绩效」,因此,良好的沟通可以提升伙伴间的关系绩效。
研究得出的主要认识是:在寻求运动队竞争优势中,学习理论扮演重要的角色。学习的现象不仅在体育运动队组织内,也是体育运动队组织间的现象。因此,发展竞争优势的关系学习,是致力于创造体育运动队差异化优势与优越的关系利益之重要方法。
Because most Taiwan athletes' peak stage is when they are in college, except that a minority of top players goes into Taiwan Tsoying Sports Training Center, most of them receive their training in college teams. During players' golden period, whether they can identify with teams and have the attitude of commitment into teams seems particularly important. Especially in recent years, not only among teams but also among players, the competition is becoming more and more severe. Teams have begun to think over new strategies to strengthen their competitive advantages. Therefore, this study starts from different perspectives to explore the influence of relationship trust and relationship learning on sports learning effect by Leader-Member Exchange Theory and Transaction Cost Theory of Social Exchange Theory. The research objectives include : (1) to construct an integrated structure between relationship learning/trust and sports learning effect by combining theories of transaction cost and leader-member exchange; (2) to identify how to enhance relationship learning and factors that influence relationship learning/trust as well as the impact of relationship learning/trust on relationship performance in the relationship between players and teams; (3) to explore whether the impact of relationship learning/trust on sports learning effect will be influenced by the interaction between relationship learning and relationship trust. (4)According to the above research outcome, this study proposes specific suggestions for reference by coaches in their practical training to promote overall training effect and accomplish teams' athletics goals.
Based on the above theories and objectives, this research the athlete who exchanges under the theory apparent threshold by the society studies the result question is the object of study, first uses the quantification inferential reasoning fundamental research construction, as studies the sample take Taiwan area 11 colleges' and universities' starting team sports Sports .TeamStructural Equation Model (SEM) was used to verify the fitness of the model established and the relationship of hypotheses. Secondly, semi-structured interviews of qualitative research were used to perform in-depth interviews with 8 coaches and players.
According to the foregoing empirical findings, this study received the following implications: (1) The positive impact of "asset specificity", "internal complexity", "environmental uncertainty", "communication" and "commitment" on "relationship learning" holds. (2) Positive impact of "asset specificity", "communication" and "perception satisfaction degree" on "relationship trust" receives support. The positive impact of "behavioral uncertainty" on "relationship trust" as well as positive impact of "commitment" and "dependence" on "relationship trust" receives no support. (3) The verification results of "relationship learning positively influencing relationship performance", "relationship trust positively influencing relationship performance" and "relationship trust positively influencing relationship learning" are all supported in this study. (4) The verification result of assuming "higher level of trust will reduce the positive effect of relationship learning on relationship performance" in this study is not supported. (5) Besides the positive impact upon "relationship learning" and "relationship trust", "communication" also positively impacts "relationship performance". Therefore sound communication can promote the "relationship performance" among partners.
Implications derived from the present study are that learning theory plays imperative role in seeking competitive advantage in sports teams. Learning exists within sports teams, and among sports teams as well. Thus, to achieve competitive advantage by relationship learning is proved to be effective in creating differential advantage and developing excellent relationship in sports teams.
基于上述相关理论及研究目的,本研究以社会交换理论视阈下的运动员学习成效问题为研究议题,首先采用量化推导理论研究架构,以台湾地区11所院校的甲组体育运动队为研究样本,通过问卷调查并以结构方程模式(SEM)验证所建立的模式之配适度,以及研究之假说关系。其次,采用质性研究中半结构性访谈( semistructured interviews) ,分别对8位球队教练与队员进行深度访谈,以补充定量研究的不足。
研究结果显示:(1)「资产专属性」、「内部复杂性」、「环境不确定性」、「沟通」与「承诺」正向影响「关系学习」在本研究中获得支持。
(2)「资产专属性」、「沟通」与「知觉满意度」正向影响「关系信任」均获得支持;「行为不确定性」负向影响「关系信任」,「承诺」与「依赖」正向影响「关系信任」则未获得支持。
(3)本研究无论在「关系学习正向影响关系绩效」、「关系信任正向影响关系绩效」与「关系信任正向影响关系学习」的验证结果,均获得支持。
(4)本研究假设「信任程度越高会降低关系学习对关系绩效的正向效果」之验证结果,并未获得支持。
(5)「沟通」除了正向影响「关系学习」与「关系信任」外,亦正向影响「关系绩效」,因此,良好的沟通可以提升伙伴间的关系绩效。
研究得出的主要认识是:在寻求运动队竞争优势中,学习理论扮演重要的角色。学习的现象不仅在体育运动队组织内,也是体育运动队组织间的现象。因此,发展竞争优势的关系学习,是致力于创造体育运动队差异化优势与优越的关系利益之重要方法。
Because most Taiwan athletes' peak stage is when they are in college, except that a minority of top players goes into Taiwan Tsoying Sports Training Center, most of them receive their training in college teams. During players' golden period, whether they can identify with teams and have the attitude of commitment into teams seems particularly important. Especially in recent years, not only among teams but also among players, the competition is becoming more and more severe. Teams have begun to think over new strategies to strengthen their competitive advantages. Therefore, this study starts from different perspectives to explore the influence of relationship trust and relationship learning on sports learning effect by Leader-Member Exchange Theory and Transaction Cost Theory of Social Exchange Theory. The research objectives include : (1) to construct an integrated structure between relationship learning/trust and sports learning effect by combining theories of transaction cost and leader-member exchange; (2) to identify how to enhance relationship learning and factors that influence relationship learning/trust as well as the impact of relationship learning/trust on relationship performance in the relationship between players and teams; (3) to explore whether the impact of relationship learning/trust on sports learning effect will be influenced by the interaction between relationship learning and relationship trust. (4)According to the above research outcome, this study proposes specific suggestions for reference by coaches in their practical training to promote overall training effect and accomplish teams' athletics goals.
Based on the above theories and objectives, this research the athlete who exchanges under the theory apparent threshold by the society studies the result question is the object of study, first uses the quantification inferential reasoning fundamental research construction, as studies the sample take Taiwan area 11 colleges' and universities' starting team sports Sports .TeamStructural Equation Model (SEM) was used to verify the fitness of the model established and the relationship of hypotheses. Secondly, semi-structured interviews of qualitative research were used to perform in-depth interviews with 8 coaches and players.
According to the foregoing empirical findings, this study received the following implications: (1) The positive impact of "asset specificity", "internal complexity", "environmental uncertainty", "communication" and "commitment" on "relationship learning" holds. (2) Positive impact of "asset specificity", "communication" and "perception satisfaction degree" on "relationship trust" receives support. The positive impact of "behavioral uncertainty" on "relationship trust" as well as positive impact of "commitment" and "dependence" on "relationship trust" receives no support. (3) The verification results of "relationship learning positively influencing relationship performance", "relationship trust positively influencing relationship performance" and "relationship trust positively influencing relationship learning" are all supported in this study. (4) The verification result of assuming "higher level of trust will reduce the positive effect of relationship learning on relationship performance" in this study is not supported. (5) Besides the positive impact upon "relationship learning" and "relationship trust", "communication" also positively impacts "relationship performance". Therefore sound communication can promote the "relationship performance" among partners.
Implications derived from the present study are that learning theory plays imperative role in seeking competitive advantage in sports teams. Learning exists within sports teams, and among sports teams as well. Thus, to achieve competitive advantage by relationship learning is proved to be effective in creating differential advantage and developing excellent relationship in sports teams.
引文
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