约瑟夫·张伯伦帝国思想及其表现
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摘要
约瑟夫?张伯伦是维多利亚晚期著名的政治家、改革家、宣传鼓动家,也是英国当时所有政治家当中最富有代表性、最具有影响力的人物之一。他突出体现了那个时代最重要和最具特征的思想:坚定不移地相信英国民主制度的优点,虽然反对社会革命可又热心于社会改革;怀有强烈的帝国情结,坚信大不列颠民族负有治理世界的伟大历史使命。
张伯伦帝国思想包括五个方面:一、帝国伦理思想:宣扬种族优越论和责任使命说。二、帝国殖民思想:主张殖民扩张和充分利用殖民地。三、帝国建设思想:主张加强英帝国内部联系,建立帝国联邦。四、帝国经济思想:主张进行关税改革,实行帝国内部特惠关税。五、帝国外交思想:张伯伦主张结盟,尝试改变英国长期奉行的光荣孤立外交政策,以维护英国的世界地位。约瑟夫?张伯伦帝国思想主要表现在:反对爱尔兰自治法案;扩张英国殖民势力范围:派军抢占苏丹、西非广大地区,主导英布战争;召集帝国殖民地会议,推动帝国联邦建设;倡导帝国内部特惠关税,发动关税改革运动;与德、美进行结盟谈判。
作为一个实用主义政治家,张伯伦帝国思想兼收并蓄,与时俱进。张伯伦帝国思想主要体现在其帝国行为实践之中,其帝国思想指导其帝国行为,其帝国行为实践是其帝国思想的重要源泉,又进一步验证了其帝国思想,二者水乳交融,相辅相成,互为一体。约瑟夫?张伯伦在英帝国历史上占有重要地位,其帝国思想行为影响巨大深远,考察张伯伦帝国思想行为有助于我们进一步认清英帝国发展演变及对其帝国主义本质的把握和研究。
Joseph Chamberlain is one of famous politician, reformer and propagandist in late Victorian, he among the most representative and influential politicians of that era. He embodies the most important and characteristic thought of that era that is he firmly believes the merits of English democratic system. Although he opposes social revolution he positively supports social reform. He has the strong feeling of imperialism and firmly believe Great Britain race have the great duty that govern the world.
Chamberlain’s imperial thought includes five aspects. Firstly, the imperial ethics thought, he publicizes race superior theory and the responsibility and mission view. Secondly, the imperial colonizes thought, he advocates expanse colonies and full use of the colonies. Thirdly, the imperial construction thought, he considers strengthen the relations of the Empire and call for found Empire Federation. Fourthly, the imperial economical thought, he advocates tariff reform and lay claim to preferential tariff between the Empire. Fifthly, the imperial diplomatic thought, he attempt to change the policy of Glorious Isolation that British followed long time and seek allies with other countries to maintain Britain world position. Chamberlain’s imperial thought embodies opposing Ireland Autonomous Bill. He expanded the sphere of Britain’s colony and influence, he dispatched troops seized the general areas of Sudan and West Africa, lead the war between Britain and Boer countries. He convenes the empire colonies conference, impels the empire federation construction. He initiates the empire interior preferential tariff, starts the tariff reform movement. He carries on the negotiations with Germany and America to form an alliance.
As a pragmatic statesman, Chamberlain’s imperial thought swallowing anything and everything uncritically and keeping pace with the times. Chamberlain’s imperial thought mainly manifests at his imperial behaviors and practices, his imperial thought instructions his imperial behaviors, his imperial behaviors and practices is important fountainhead of his imperial thought, Also further confirms his imperial thought. The two are in perfect harmony and complement one another, that is a body mutually. Joseph Chamberlain has very important position in the Empire history. His imperial thought and behaviors have considerable and profound influence. Inspecting Chamberlain’s imperial thought and behaviors will helpful us further clearly recognize the British empire development evolution and study its imperialism essence.
张伯伦帝国思想包括五个方面:一、帝国伦理思想:宣扬种族优越论和责任使命说。二、帝国殖民思想:主张殖民扩张和充分利用殖民地。三、帝国建设思想:主张加强英帝国内部联系,建立帝国联邦。四、帝国经济思想:主张进行关税改革,实行帝国内部特惠关税。五、帝国外交思想:张伯伦主张结盟,尝试改变英国长期奉行的光荣孤立外交政策,以维护英国的世界地位。约瑟夫?张伯伦帝国思想主要表现在:反对爱尔兰自治法案;扩张英国殖民势力范围:派军抢占苏丹、西非广大地区,主导英布战争;召集帝国殖民地会议,推动帝国联邦建设;倡导帝国内部特惠关税,发动关税改革运动;与德、美进行结盟谈判。
作为一个实用主义政治家,张伯伦帝国思想兼收并蓄,与时俱进。张伯伦帝国思想主要体现在其帝国行为实践之中,其帝国思想指导其帝国行为,其帝国行为实践是其帝国思想的重要源泉,又进一步验证了其帝国思想,二者水乳交融,相辅相成,互为一体。约瑟夫?张伯伦在英帝国历史上占有重要地位,其帝国思想行为影响巨大深远,考察张伯伦帝国思想行为有助于我们进一步认清英帝国发展演变及对其帝国主义本质的把握和研究。
Joseph Chamberlain is one of famous politician, reformer and propagandist in late Victorian, he among the most representative and influential politicians of that era. He embodies the most important and characteristic thought of that era that is he firmly believes the merits of English democratic system. Although he opposes social revolution he positively supports social reform. He has the strong feeling of imperialism and firmly believe Great Britain race have the great duty that govern the world.
Chamberlain’s imperial thought includes five aspects. Firstly, the imperial ethics thought, he publicizes race superior theory and the responsibility and mission view. Secondly, the imperial colonizes thought, he advocates expanse colonies and full use of the colonies. Thirdly, the imperial construction thought, he considers strengthen the relations of the Empire and call for found Empire Federation. Fourthly, the imperial economical thought, he advocates tariff reform and lay claim to preferential tariff between the Empire. Fifthly, the imperial diplomatic thought, he attempt to change the policy of Glorious Isolation that British followed long time and seek allies with other countries to maintain Britain world position. Chamberlain’s imperial thought embodies opposing Ireland Autonomous Bill. He expanded the sphere of Britain’s colony and influence, he dispatched troops seized the general areas of Sudan and West Africa, lead the war between Britain and Boer countries. He convenes the empire colonies conference, impels the empire federation construction. He initiates the empire interior preferential tariff, starts the tariff reform movement. He carries on the negotiations with Germany and America to form an alliance.
As a pragmatic statesman, Chamberlain’s imperial thought swallowing anything and everything uncritically and keeping pace with the times. Chamberlain’s imperial thought mainly manifests at his imperial behaviors and practices, his imperial thought instructions his imperial behaviors, his imperial behaviors and practices is important fountainhead of his imperial thought, Also further confirms his imperial thought. The two are in perfect harmony and complement one another, that is a body mutually. Joseph Chamberlain has very important position in the Empire history. His imperial thought and behaviors have considerable and profound influence. Inspecting Chamberlain’s imperial thought and behaviors will helpful us further clearly recognize the British empire development evolution and study its imperialism essence.
引文
① Winston S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries,The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1937, p.61.
① Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, P.24.
② Charles W .Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, P. 66.
① Charles W. Boyd(ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p. 35.
① Michael Bentley, Lord Salisbury’s World-Conservative Environments in Late-Victorian Britain, The Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 237.
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》姚曾廙译,商务印书馆, 1963 年版,第 27 页。
② Michael Balfour, Britain and Joseph Chamberlain, George Allen & Unwin(Publishers) Ltd, London, 1985. P.118.
③ A. P. Thornton, The Imperial Idea And Its Enemies-A study in British Power, Macmillan, London,1959. p.48.
① Michael Balfour, Britain and Joseph Chamberlain, P. 181.
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② Michael Balfour,Britain and Joseph Chamberlain, George Allen & Unwin(Publishers) Ltd, London, 1985, P.213.
③ Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, P. 322.
④ Michael Balfour, Britain and Joseph Chamberlain, P.236.
① Charles W. Boyd (ed.) , Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p. 365.
② 《马克思恩格斯选集》第 2 卷,北京人民出版社,1972 年, 第 67 页。
① N. Murrell Marris, Joseph Chamberlain- The Man and the Statesman, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1964, P. 379.
① J. L. Garvin, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, London, 1932, p. 287.
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》,姚曾廙译,商务印书馆, 1963 年版,第 203 页。
② Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p.71.
① Lady F. Balfour, Ne Obliviscaris (Vol.2), Macmillan, 1930, P.270.
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》,姚曾廙译,商务印书馆, 1963 年版,第 120 页。
② Morley,Cobden, vol.1 Macmillan, 1852, p.230
③ 乔治?康尼瓦尔?刘易斯:《各属国的政府》,转引自马里欧特著:《现代英国》,第 324 页。
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》,姚曾廙译,商务印书馆, 1963 年版,第 124 页。
② T.R. Gourvish and Alan O’Day, Later Victorian Britain ,1867-1900,Macmillan Education,1988,P.165.
③ Becker, Disraeli Features Talks , Macmillan ,1903, p.530.
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》,姚曾廙译,商务印书馆,1963 年版,第 134 页。
① Charles W. Boyd (ed.) , Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p.171.
① Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p.283.
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① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》,姚曾廙译,商务印书馆,1963 年版,第 208 页。
① Charles W. Boyd (ed.) , Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches,London,1914,P.292.
① Colin Cooke and Denzil Batchelor, Winston S. Churchill’s Maxims and Reflection, Macmillan ,1974, P64.
① Charles W. Boyd(ed.) , Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches,London,1914, p.433.
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① Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, P.24.
② Charles W .Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, P. 66.
① Charles W. Boyd(ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p. 35.
① Michael Bentley, Lord Salisbury’s World-Conservative Environments in Late-Victorian Britain, The Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 237.
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》姚曾廙译,商务印书馆, 1963 年版,第 27 页。
② Michael Balfour, Britain and Joseph Chamberlain, George Allen & Unwin(Publishers) Ltd, London, 1985. P.118.
③ A. P. Thornton, The Imperial Idea And Its Enemies-A study in British Power, Macmillan, London,1959. p.48.
① Michael Balfour, Britain and Joseph Chamberlain, P. 181.
① 汉娜?鄂兰:《帝国主义》,蔡英文译,联经出版事业公司,民国 71 年 2 月版,第 1 页。
② Michael Balfour,Britain and Joseph Chamberlain, George Allen & Unwin(Publishers) Ltd, London, 1985, P.213.
③ Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, P. 322.
④ Michael Balfour, Britain and Joseph Chamberlain, P.236.
① Charles W. Boyd (ed.) , Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p. 365.
② 《马克思恩格斯选集》第 2 卷,北京人民出版社,1972 年, 第 67 页。
① N. Murrell Marris, Joseph Chamberlain- The Man and the Statesman, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1964, P. 379.
① J. L. Garvin, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, London, 1932, p. 287.
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》,姚曾廙译,商务印书馆, 1963 年版,第 203 页。
② Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p.71.
① Lady F. Balfour, Ne Obliviscaris (Vol.2), Macmillan, 1930, P.270.
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》,姚曾廙译,商务印书馆, 1963 年版,第 120 页。
② Morley,Cobden, vol.1 Macmillan, 1852, p.230
③ 乔治?康尼瓦尔?刘易斯:《各属国的政府》,转引自马里欧特著:《现代英国》,第 324 页。
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》,姚曾廙译,商务印书馆, 1963 年版,第 124 页。
② T.R. Gourvish and Alan O’Day, Later Victorian Britain ,1867-1900,Macmillan Education,1988,P.165.
③ Becker, Disraeli Features Talks , Macmillan ,1903, p.530.
① 马里欧特著:《现代英国》,姚曾廙译,商务印书馆,1963 年版,第 134 页。
① Charles W. Boyd (ed.) , Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p.171.
① Charles W. Boyd (ed.), Mr. Chamberlain’ s Speeches, London, 1914, p.283.
① 王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》第 3 卷,世界知识出版社,1995 年版,第 329 页。
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