二战后德国赔偿问题研究
摘要
德国在第二次世界大战中战败,战后必须为军事上的失败及战争中的罪行支付赔偿。战后德国赔偿从1945年开始,至今尚未结束。按照时间顺序,本文分3章对3个阶段的战后德国赔偿进行论述：占领时期的赔偿、冷战期间联邦德国的赔偿和德国重新统一后的赔偿。对比占领时期和联邦德国时期的赔偿可以看出,战后德国经历了从“被动赔偿”向“主动赔偿”的转变。占领时期德国在盟国的强制下支付赔偿,联邦德国则是主动向战争受害者支付赔偿。
第二次世界大战期间盟国就开始讨论制订战后德国赔偿政策,美国、英国和苏联政府内部都制订了相关方案。雅尔塔到波茨坦会议对德国赔偿问题做出了决议,三大国代表为此进行了激烈争论。雅尔塔会议确定了德国以实物支付赔偿的原则,波茨坦会议确定了“分区赔偿”原则。1946年以后美国与苏联终结了在赔偿事务上的合作。1945至1953年占领时期东德与西德的赔偿政策差别很大。苏联在东德大规模拆迁工业设备和提取工业产品作为赔偿,严重削弱了东德地区的工业实力。美国则在1946年以后大幅度削减西德赔偿计划,扶植西德工业复兴。
联邦德国建立后,阿登纳政府为了重建德国在国际社会的声望,积极对以色列和犹太人世界进行赔偿。1952年德以签订《卢森堡条约》,联邦德国从1952至1966年向以色列和犹太人世界支付了34.5亿马克赔偿,对以色列经济发展起到了重要作用。根据《卢森堡条约》的规定,联邦德国在1956年颁布《联邦赔偿法》,对二战中的受害者进行赔偿。这是人类历史上第一次有战败国制订法律保障战争受害者获取赔偿的权利。犹太人世界还组织起来向一些使用过犹太劳工的德国企业发起赔偿诉讼,一些德国企业在国内外压力下向犹太劳工支付了赔偿,如IG法本、克虏伯、西门子、奔驰、大众公司等。
德国重新统一和冷战结束后,大量东欧地区的二战劳工向德国发起了赔偿诉讼。2000年联邦德国政府和企业共同出资建立了“纪念、责任与未来”基金会,2001至2007年有100多万名中欧和东欧地区的二战劳工得到赔偿。
德国通过持续性的赔偿展示了反思战争和承担战争罪责的勇气与决心,大大改善了德国的国际形象,为德国重返西方世界消除了道德上的障碍。战后德国赔偿还对东亚战争受害者向日本索取赔偿有一定借鉴意义。
Germany was defeat in World WarⅡ, and must make reparation for the military failure and war crimes after the war. Post-war Germany reparation began in 1945, and has not ended yet. In chronological order, three stages of post-war German reparations were researched in this thesis in 3 Chapters:reparation in occupation period, the federal republic of Germany's compensation during the Cold War, the compensation after the reunification of Germany. From the contrast between occupation period and federal republic of Germany can be seen, that Post-war Germany reparation has changed from "passive reparation" to "active reparation". Reparation in occupation period was mandatory by the Allies force, but the federal republic of Germany has taken the initiative to pay compensation to victims of the war.
During World War II allies began to discuss the formulation of post-war Germany reparations policy. The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union had developed related programs within the government. Allies made resolution about Germany reparation in Yalta and Potsdam Conference, and the three powers representatives had a heated debate to this end. In Yalta Conference established the principle of payment of reparations in kind, and then in Potsdam Conference determined the "zonal reparations" principle. After 1946, the United States and the Soviet Union put an end to cooperation in reparation affairs. From 1945 to 1953, there is a big difference between East Germany and West Germany's reparation policies. The Soviet Union made large-scale demolition of industrial equipment and extraction of industrial products in East Germany as reparation, and it seriously weakened the East German region's industrial strength. After 1946 the United States made a significant reduction in West Germany reparations scheme, and supported West Germany industry revival.
After the establishment of the federal republic of Germany, the Adenauer government actively compensated Israel and the Jewish world in order to rebuild Germany's reputation in the international community. The federal republic of Germany and Israel signed "Luxembourg Treaty" in 1952. Federal Republic of Germany paid 3.45 billion marks reparation from 1952 to 1966 to Israel and the Jewish world, and these reparations played an important role for the economic development of Israel. According to the provisions of the "Luxembourg Treaty" the Federal Republic of Germany issued in 1956 "The Federal Indemnification Law", and compensates the victims of World WarⅡ. This is the first time in human history, that a defeated country enacted laws to protect the rights of war victims to obtain compensation. Jewish world initiated actions to a number of German companies for reparation, who used Jewish workers during World WarⅡ. Some German companies paid reparations to the Jewish workers, such as IG Farben, Krupp, Siemens, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, etc.
After German reunification and the end of the cold war, a large number of World WarⅡlabors in Eastern Europe launched compensation litigation against Germany. In 2000, the federal government and the enterprises in Germany jointly established the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation. From 2001 to 2007 more than 100 million World WarⅡlabors in Central and Eastern Europe received compensations.
Germany shows through continuous reparation his courage and determination to reflect and take the war crimes. Reparations have greatly improved the international image of Germany, and eliminate the moral barriers for Germany to return to the Western world. Germany reparations after World WarⅡhave also some reference for the East Asian war victims to claim compensation from Japan.
第二次世界大战期间盟国就开始讨论制订战后德国赔偿政策,美国、英国和苏联政府内部都制订了相关方案。雅尔塔到波茨坦会议对德国赔偿问题做出了决议,三大国代表为此进行了激烈争论。雅尔塔会议确定了德国以实物支付赔偿的原则,波茨坦会议确定了“分区赔偿”原则。1946年以后美国与苏联终结了在赔偿事务上的合作。1945至1953年占领时期东德与西德的赔偿政策差别很大。苏联在东德大规模拆迁工业设备和提取工业产品作为赔偿,严重削弱了东德地区的工业实力。美国则在1946年以后大幅度削减西德赔偿计划,扶植西德工业复兴。
联邦德国建立后,阿登纳政府为了重建德国在国际社会的声望,积极对以色列和犹太人世界进行赔偿。1952年德以签订《卢森堡条约》,联邦德国从1952至1966年向以色列和犹太人世界支付了34.5亿马克赔偿,对以色列经济发展起到了重要作用。根据《卢森堡条约》的规定,联邦德国在1956年颁布《联邦赔偿法》,对二战中的受害者进行赔偿。这是人类历史上第一次有战败国制订法律保障战争受害者获取赔偿的权利。犹太人世界还组织起来向一些使用过犹太劳工的德国企业发起赔偿诉讼,一些德国企业在国内外压力下向犹太劳工支付了赔偿,如IG法本、克虏伯、西门子、奔驰、大众公司等。
德国重新统一和冷战结束后,大量东欧地区的二战劳工向德国发起了赔偿诉讼。2000年联邦德国政府和企业共同出资建立了“纪念、责任与未来”基金会,2001至2007年有100多万名中欧和东欧地区的二战劳工得到赔偿。
德国通过持续性的赔偿展示了反思战争和承担战争罪责的勇气与决心,大大改善了德国的国际形象,为德国重返西方世界消除了道德上的障碍。战后德国赔偿还对东亚战争受害者向日本索取赔偿有一定借鉴意义。
Germany was defeat in World WarⅡ, and must make reparation for the military failure and war crimes after the war. Post-war Germany reparation began in 1945, and has not ended yet. In chronological order, three stages of post-war German reparations were researched in this thesis in 3 Chapters:reparation in occupation period, the federal republic of Germany's compensation during the Cold War, the compensation after the reunification of Germany. From the contrast between occupation period and federal republic of Germany can be seen, that Post-war Germany reparation has changed from "passive reparation" to "active reparation". Reparation in occupation period was mandatory by the Allies force, but the federal republic of Germany has taken the initiative to pay compensation to victims of the war.
During World War II allies began to discuss the formulation of post-war Germany reparations policy. The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union had developed related programs within the government. Allies made resolution about Germany reparation in Yalta and Potsdam Conference, and the three powers representatives had a heated debate to this end. In Yalta Conference established the principle of payment of reparations in kind, and then in Potsdam Conference determined the "zonal reparations" principle. After 1946, the United States and the Soviet Union put an end to cooperation in reparation affairs. From 1945 to 1953, there is a big difference between East Germany and West Germany's reparation policies. The Soviet Union made large-scale demolition of industrial equipment and extraction of industrial products in East Germany as reparation, and it seriously weakened the East German region's industrial strength. After 1946 the United States made a significant reduction in West Germany reparations scheme, and supported West Germany industry revival.
After the establishment of the federal republic of Germany, the Adenauer government actively compensated Israel and the Jewish world in order to rebuild Germany's reputation in the international community. The federal republic of Germany and Israel signed "Luxembourg Treaty" in 1952. Federal Republic of Germany paid 3.45 billion marks reparation from 1952 to 1966 to Israel and the Jewish world, and these reparations played an important role for the economic development of Israel. According to the provisions of the "Luxembourg Treaty" the Federal Republic of Germany issued in 1956 "The Federal Indemnification Law", and compensates the victims of World WarⅡ. This is the first time in human history, that a defeated country enacted laws to protect the rights of war victims to obtain compensation. Jewish world initiated actions to a number of German companies for reparation, who used Jewish workers during World WarⅡ. Some German companies paid reparations to the Jewish workers, such as IG Farben, Krupp, Siemens, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, etc.
After German reunification and the end of the cold war, a large number of World WarⅡlabors in Eastern Europe launched compensation litigation against Germany. In 2000, the federal government and the enterprises in Germany jointly established the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation. From 2001 to 2007 more than 100 million World WarⅡlabors in Central and Eastern Europe received compensations.
Germany shows through continuous reparation his courage and determination to reflect and take the war crimes. Reparations have greatly improved the international image of Germany, and eliminate the moral barriers for Germany to return to the Western world. Germany reparations after World WarⅡhave also some reference for the East Asian war victims to claim compensation from Japan.
引文
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