文化语境与翻译——《儒林外史》英译本研究
|
摘要
语境是词义的唯一决定者，没有语境就没有词义。由于语境和翻译都与语言紧密相关，语境在翻译中起着举足轻重的地位。各种语言中的不同文化形成了不同的文化语境。本论文从文化语境入手，与文化交流相结合，并以中国古典小说《儒林外史》及其英译本为题材，探讨如何在译文的忠实性和可接受性之间求得平衡，即在两种文化语境的转换中，进行翻译理论与实践的探索。文章就文化差异给翻译带来的一系列困难提出解决方法，以期达到文化交流与文学欣赏的最佳效果。
Context is the sole determiner of meaning without which meaning does not exist. Since both context and translation are closely connected with language, context plays an important role in translation. There are different cultural contexts in different languages. Starting from cultural contexts and considering cultural exchange, this paper studies how to balance between faithfulness and acceptability in transforming -two cultural contexts. Examples are cited from a Chinese classical novel Ru Lin Wai Shi and its English version. Some methods are put forward to solve the difficulties brought by cultural differences in order to get the best effect in cultural exchange and literary appreciation.
Context is the sole determiner of meaning without which meaning does not exist. Since both context and translation are closely connected with language, context plays an important role in translation. There are different cultural contexts in different languages. Starting from cultural contexts and considering cultural exchange, this paper studies how to balance between faithfulness and acceptability in transforming -two cultural contexts. Examples are cited from a Chinese classical novel Ru Lin Wai Shi and its English version. Some methods are put forward to solve the difficulties brought by cultural differences in order to get the best effect in cultural exchange and literary appreciation.
引文
1 The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Human Culture, Vol. Ⅷ. Chicago: Encyclopadia Britannica, Inc. 1982, p.1151.
2 Liu Runqing, Stephen R. Magee, Zhao Tong, Yan Xiaotian, ed. Readings in Linguistics: Seventy-five Years since Saussure, Vol. Ⅱ. Beijing: Mapping Press, 1988, p. 66.
3 Liu Runqing Ibid. p. 86.
4 Dell H. Hymes. Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. London: Tavistock Publications Limited, 1977, p.10.
5 Edward. Burnett Tylor. Primitive Culture. London: John Marray, 1871, p. 1
6 现代汉语词典，北京：商务印书馆，1992，p．257．
7 现代汉语词典 Ibid．p．1227．
8 Susan Bassnett-Mcguire. Translation Studies. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1980, p.14.
9 J. C. Catford. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 98.
10 J. C. Catford Ibid. p. 99.
11 Eugene. A. Nida & William D. Reyburn. Meaning Acorss Cultures. Maryknoll of N.Y.: Orbis Book, 1981, p. 27-28.
12 包惠南．文化语境与语言翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001，p．111．
13 转引周方珠．英汉翻译原理．合肥：安徽大学出版社，1997，p．24．
14 周方珠 Ibid．，p．13．
15 转引郑声滔．翻译与文化交流．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1996，p．47．
16 郑声滔 Ibid．p．47．
17 Eugene A. Nida. Toward a Science of Translating. Leidan: E. J. Brill, 1964, p. 183.
18 Peter Newmark. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon, 1982, p. 128.
19 Eugene A. Nida, Translating Meaning. California: English Language Institute, 1982, p. 11.
[1] Bassnett-McGuire Susan. Translation Studies. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1980．
[2] Catford J. C.. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965．
[3] Gudykunst W. B & Kim Y. Y., ed. Readings on Communicating with Strangers: An approach to Intercultural Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1992．
[4] Gutt Ernst-August, Translation and Relevance. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Limited, 1991．
[5] Human Culture. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. VIII. Chicago: Encyclopadia Britannica, Inc. 1982．
[6] Hymes Dell H.. Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. London: Tavistock Publications Limited, 1977．
[7] Jin Di & Nida Eugene. On translation. Beijing: China Translation Publishing House, 1984．
[8] Liu Runqing, R. Magee Stephen, Zhao Tong, Yan Xiaotian, ed. Readings in Linguistics: Seventy-five Years since Saussure, Vol. II. Beijing: Mapping Press, 1988．
[9] Newmark Peter, Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Institute of English, 1981．
[10] Nida Eugene A. Language, Culture and Translating. Hu Hehaote: Inner Mongolia University Press, 1998
[11] Nida Eugene.A.. & Reyburn William D.. Meaning Acorss Cultures. Maryknoll of N.Y.:Orbis Book, 1981．
[12] Nida Eugene. Toward A Science of Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964．
[13] Nida Eugene A., Translating Meaning. California: English Language Institute, 1982．
[14] Snell-Hornby Mary, Zuzana Jettmarova and Klaus Kaindl, ed. Translation as Intercultural Communication. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995．
[15] Tylor Burnett Edward. Primitive Culture. London: John Marray, 1871．
[16] Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang. The Scholars. Changsha:Hunan Literature and Art Press, 1996．
[17] 包惠南．文化语境与语言翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001年.
[18] 邓炎昌．刘润清．语言与文化．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999年．
[19] 郭建中．翻译中的文化因素——归化与异化．郭建中编．文化与翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000年．
[20] 何自然编著．语用学与英语学习．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1995年．
[21] 胡文仲．跨文化交际学概论．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999年．
[22] 黄忠廉．翻译本质论．武汉：华中师范大学出版社，2000年．
[23] 刘宓庆．当代翻译理论．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999年．
[24] 刘宓庆．文化翻译论纲．武汉：湖北教育出版社，1999年．
[25] 穆雷译．翻译的语言学理论．北京：旅游出版社，1991年．
[26] 王佐良．翻译：思考与试笔．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1990年．
[27] 魏以达．在译与不译之间．四川外语学院学报．1998，(3)：PP104-107
[28] 吴义诚．文化语境与语篇翻译．华南理工大学学报(自然科学版)．1997 (2)：PP80-83．
[29] 西槙光正．语境研究论文集．北京：北京语言学院出版社，1992．
[30] 徐丹．语言的可译性与不可译性再探．深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版)．1993，(1)：PP92—99．
[31] 张谷若译．德伯家的苔丝．北京：人民文学出版社，1984年．
[32] 郑声滔．翻译与文化交流．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1996．
[33] 周方珠．英汉翻译原理．合肥：安徽大学出版社，1997年．
[34] 左飙．论文化的可译性．上海科技翻译．1999，(2)：PP1—6．
2 Liu Runqing, Stephen R. Magee, Zhao Tong, Yan Xiaotian, ed. Readings in Linguistics: Seventy-five Years since Saussure, Vol. Ⅱ. Beijing: Mapping Press, 1988, p. 66.
3 Liu Runqing Ibid. p. 86.
4 Dell H. Hymes. Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. London: Tavistock Publications Limited, 1977, p.10.
5 Edward. Burnett Tylor. Primitive Culture. London: John Marray, 1871, p. 1
6 现代汉语词典，北京：商务印书馆，1992，p．257．
7 现代汉语词典 Ibid．p．1227．
8 Susan Bassnett-Mcguire. Translation Studies. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1980, p.14.
9 J. C. Catford. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 98.
10 J. C. Catford Ibid. p. 99.
11 Eugene. A. Nida & William D. Reyburn. Meaning Acorss Cultures. Maryknoll of N.Y.: Orbis Book, 1981, p. 27-28.
12 包惠南．文化语境与语言翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001，p．111．
13 转引周方珠．英汉翻译原理．合肥：安徽大学出版社，1997，p．24．
14 周方珠 Ibid．，p．13．
15 转引郑声滔．翻译与文化交流．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1996，p．47．
16 郑声滔 Ibid．p．47．
17 Eugene A. Nida. Toward a Science of Translating. Leidan: E. J. Brill, 1964, p. 183.
18 Peter Newmark. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon, 1982, p. 128.
19 Eugene A. Nida, Translating Meaning. California: English Language Institute, 1982, p. 11.
[1] Bassnett-McGuire Susan. Translation Studies. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1980．
[2] Catford J. C.. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965．
[3] Gudykunst W. B & Kim Y. Y., ed. Readings on Communicating with Strangers: An approach to Intercultural Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1992．
[4] Gutt Ernst-August, Translation and Relevance. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Limited, 1991．
[5] Human Culture. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. VIII. Chicago: Encyclopadia Britannica, Inc. 1982．
[6] Hymes Dell H.. Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. London: Tavistock Publications Limited, 1977．
[7] Jin Di & Nida Eugene. On translation. Beijing: China Translation Publishing House, 1984．
[8] Liu Runqing, R. Magee Stephen, Zhao Tong, Yan Xiaotian, ed. Readings in Linguistics: Seventy-five Years since Saussure, Vol. II. Beijing: Mapping Press, 1988．
[9] Newmark Peter, Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Institute of English, 1981．
[10] Nida Eugene A. Language, Culture and Translating. Hu Hehaote: Inner Mongolia University Press, 1998
[11] Nida Eugene.A.. & Reyburn William D.. Meaning Acorss Cultures. Maryknoll of N.Y.:Orbis Book, 1981．
[12] Nida Eugene. Toward A Science of Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964．
[13] Nida Eugene A., Translating Meaning. California: English Language Institute, 1982．
[14] Snell-Hornby Mary, Zuzana Jettmarova and Klaus Kaindl, ed. Translation as Intercultural Communication. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995．
[15] Tylor Burnett Edward. Primitive Culture. London: John Marray, 1871．
[16] Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang. The Scholars. Changsha:Hunan Literature and Art Press, 1996．
[17] 包惠南．文化语境与语言翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001年.
[18] 邓炎昌．刘润清．语言与文化．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999年．
[19] 郭建中．翻译中的文化因素——归化与异化．郭建中编．文化与翻译．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000年．
[20] 何自然编著．语用学与英语学习．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1995年．
[21] 胡文仲．跨文化交际学概论．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999年．
[22] 黄忠廉．翻译本质论．武汉：华中师范大学出版社，2000年．
[23] 刘宓庆．当代翻译理论．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999年．
[24] 刘宓庆．文化翻译论纲．武汉：湖北教育出版社，1999年．
[25] 穆雷译．翻译的语言学理论．北京：旅游出版社，1991年．
[26] 王佐良．翻译：思考与试笔．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1990年．
[27] 魏以达．在译与不译之间．四川外语学院学报．1998，(3)：PP104-107
[28] 吴义诚．文化语境与语篇翻译．华南理工大学学报(自然科学版)．1997 (2)：PP80-83．
[29] 西槙光正．语境研究论文集．北京：北京语言学院出版社，1992．
[30] 徐丹．语言的可译性与不可译性再探．深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版)．1993，(1)：PP92—99．
[31] 张谷若译．德伯家的苔丝．北京：人民文学出版社，1984年．
[32] 郑声滔．翻译与文化交流．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1996．
[33] 周方珠．英汉翻译原理．合肥：安徽大学出版社，1997年．
[34] 左飙．论文化的可译性．上海科技翻译．1999，(2)：PP1—6．