摘要
为增加湛江地区的优良牧草品种,对引自云南省肉牛和牧草研究中心的五个品种的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)进行了引种试验,在发芽及苗期生长情况、产量、营养成分、生长速度、鲜干比及茎叶比、越冬率和越夏率、脯氨酸含量动态变化、不同部位脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量等指标方面进行了测定比较分析,同时对引种后成功越夏的三个品种和当地优良同科牧草柱花草(热研2号)在瞬时净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs),胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)及部分光合生理生态指标的日动态进行了比较试验分析,结果表明:
1.各参试品种三得利和富特两个品种的萌发出苗时间较早,富特在苗期的生长表现最好,播种后一周齐苗,生长比较整齐,三得利和阿尔冈金次之,然后是环峡南,威克田比较缓慢整齐度较差,都能达到理想的盖度(85%以上)。
2.干草产量在越夏前富特﹥三得利﹥阿尔冈金﹥威克田﹥环峡南;越夏后富特﹥三得利﹥阿尔冈金。
3.在营养成分方面五个品种不同程度的存在差异,综合分析富特和三得利的品质和营养较其他品种优。
4.五个品种在不同时期的生长速度变化较大,在越夏前富特生长速度最快平均生长速度达到1.48 cm/d,其次是三得利平均速度达到1.24 cm/d;富特在越夏前后的生长速度均明显大于其他品种。
5.鲜干比和茎叶比的测定结果显示富特的鲜干比最大为25.64%,阿尔冈金次之为23.28%,环峡南的鲜干比最小为18.88%;茎叶比在56.24%~67.38%,最大的是富特,阿尔冈金次之,最小的是环峡南。富特和阿尔冈金具有较高的叶量收获能力和较高的推广价值,同时说明这两个品种具有较好的品质。
6.越冬率和越夏率测定结果显示引种的五个紫花苜蓿品种均能在湛江地区越冬,越冬率均达到95%以上,三得利和富特两个品种达到了100%;环峡南和威克田两个品种不能在湛江地区越夏,在盛夏死亡,富特、三得利及阿尔冈金均能越夏,越夏率分别是富特67.50%,三得利72.60%,阿尔冈金56.00%。三得利和富特适应湛江地区炎热条件的能力较强。
7.脯氨酸含量的变化就整个测定时期来看,所有品种中游离脯氨酸的含量是呈单峰曲线变化,游离脯氨酸量的积累与苜蓿的耐热性存在正相关性,游离脯氨酸积累量大的品种耐热性能较强。品种之间比较,富特的脯氨酸含量积累最高。
8.不同品种的叶绿素含量测定分析结果表明五个引种品种在不同的时期的叶片叶绿素含量有明显的变化,环峡南和威克田两个品种不能耐受高温天气,在六月份死亡,在枯死之前的两次测定结果可以看出这两个品种的叶绿素含量变化较其他三个品种的变化量大,就能越夏的三个品种三得利、富特和阿尔冈金来讲,在整个测定过程中他们的叶片叶绿素含量变化基本一致,近似“V”字形变化。
就种间比较来看,在供试的五个品种中富特的抗逆能力最强,其叶绿素含量一直保持最高水平,且它的变化量最小为0.7273 mg/g,阿尔冈金的变化量最大为1.8769 mg/g。环峡南和凉山光叶两个品种表现最差,但前期生长看,其抗病性也不差,主要是不能耐受高温天气,所以在六月份死亡。
9.引种后成功越夏的三个品种和当地优良同科牧草柱花草(热研2号)在部分光合生理方面测定比较后发现:引种的三个品种中富特的光合生理能力最强,三得利次之,说明富特和三得利对当地环境的适应性较强。
The introduction test was carried out on five varieties of alfalfa from Yunnan Province of beef cattle and forage research center to increase the fine grass species in Zhanjiang. We measured and compared rmination ratio and seedling growth, yield, nutrient composition, growth rate, yield, hay/green grass ratio and stem/leaf ratio, and winter overing rate and summer surviver rate, dynamic changes of proline content, proline content in different parts, such as chlorophyll content. Meanwhile, instantaneous net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) and some photosynthetic eco-physiological indicators of successful introduction of the three varieties of summer and the local Stylosanthes pasture Tongke excellent (cv.Reyan 2) tin were compared.The results showed that:
1. The germination time of Sanditi and Futel is earlier than three other varieties. The growth of Futel on seedling stage is best. Sanditi and Algonquin are better than Central South Gap, and Wick Tin is the worst.
2. The hay production order of five varieties before summer suriviver is Futel> Sanditi > Algonquin > Wick Tin)> Central South Gap; After summer suriviver, Futel> Sanditi > Algonquin.
3. There is some difference on nutrient composition of five varieties. After comprehensiving analysis, we found than the quality and nutrient of Futel and Sanditi is better than others.
4. The growth rate of five varieties changed greatly at different times. Before summer suriviver, an average growth rate of Futel can reach 1.48 cm/d, followed by Sanditi 1.24 cm /d; No matter before or after summer suriviver, the growth rate of Futel were significantly higher than other varieties.
5. The results of green and dry grass ratio and stem/leaf ratio showed that the dry grass ratio of Futel is the largest for 25.64% , followed by Algonquin for 23.28%. The green and dry grass ratio of South Central Gorge is smallest for18.88%.The stem/leaf ratio was between 56.24%~67.38%. Futel is the largest, followed by Algonquin and South Central Gorge is smallest. Note Algonquin and Futel leaves have a high capacity and a higher harvest to promote the value, at the same time these two varieties have good quality.
6. The results of winter overing rate and summer surviver rate show that the five alfalfa varieties of introduction are able to overwinter in Zhanjiang, winter rates are more than 95%, Sanditi and Futel were 100%; Central South Gap and Wick Tin can not over-summering in Zhanjiang, which is dead in the summer. Futel, Sanditi and Algonquin are able to over-summering, summer surviver rate are Futel 67.50, Sanditi 72.60%, Algonquin 56.00%. Futel and Sanditi were better adapt ability to hot conditions in Zhanjiang.
7. The changes in proline content measured on the whole time, the changed of free proline of all varieties were the single-peak curve. The free proline accumulation and heat-resistant of alfalfa are existences relevance.
8. The results of chlorophyll content measurement of different varieties showed that they are changes significantly in the leaf chlorophyll content at different times, Central-South Gap Wick Tin two varieties can not tolerate high temperatures, which was died in June, their changes of chlorophyll content than the other three varieties larger before the dead , After summer suriviver of the three species Sanditi, Futel and Algonquin, the chlorophyll content changes determination in the whole process, similar to "V" shape change.
On comparisons between species in the five varieties tested in the ability to withstand adversity Futel the strongest, and its chlorophyll content remained the highest level, and changes is 0.7273 mg/g, Algonquin's largest on the changes to 1.8769 mg/g. Central South Gap and Wick Tin were worst,but they resistance are not bad on the time of early growth, they were died in June 2008,the maily reason is not tolerate high temperature.
9. After the three varieties of successful summer suriviver and the local fine Tongke Stylosanthes pasture (cv.Reyan 2) in the determination of some comparative aspects of photosynthetic physiology and found: the three varieties of Introduction of Futel photosynthetic physiology was most, followed by Sanditi ,the result of that Futel and Futel is strong on the local environment in zhanjiang.
引文
[1]耿华珠,吴永敷,曹致中,等.中国苜蓿[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995.
[2]马其东,叶建敏.紫花苜蓿栽培管理技术[J].中国奶牛,2001,(2):23-24.
[3]岳常彦,郭金龙,王洪水.种植牧草改良盐碱地和油污地[J].山东畜牧兽医,2001,(6):49-50.
[4]张少华,张敦新,张银会,等.论陇东紫花苜蓿的产业化[J].草业科学,2000,17(2):19-22.
[5]阎旭东,翟玉柱,朱志明,等.八个苜蓿品种的耐盐性分析[A].见:刘小京,刘孟雨主编.盐生植物利用与区域农业可持续发展[C].北京:气象出版社,2002.275-277.
[6]马晖玲,卢欣石,曹致中,等.紫花苜蓿不同栽培品种植株再生的研究[J].草业学报,2004,13(6):99-105.
[7]李向林,万里强.苜蓿青贮技术研究进展[J].草业学报,2005,14(2):9-15.
[8]陈又新.豆科植物根瘤菌-固氮体系在西部大开发中的作用[J].草地学报2004,12(1):1-2.
[9]石元春.走出治沙与退耕中的误区[J].草地学报,2004,12(2):83-86
[10]柴凤久,刘崇生,罗新义等.苜蓿引种筛选试验初报[J].草业科学,2005,22(4):36-39.
[11]谢善松,王宗寿.22个紫花苜蓿品种在闽北红壤山地试验初报[J].当代畜牧,2004(9):25-27.
[12]焦亮,李阳春,魏臻武等.10个紫花苜蓿品种比较试验[J].草原与草坪,2006(5):21-25.
[13]蔡海霞,杨浩哲,王跃卿等.多品种紫花苜蓿豫西地区引种比较试验[J].草原与饲料,2004,24(4):45-48.
[14]王成章,田玮,杨雨鑫等.国内外10种紫花苜蓿引种试验研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2004,32(3):28-32.
[15]辛宗绪,杨九廷,揣国利等.辽宁省西部地区紫花苜蓿引种筛选试验研究[J].安徽农学通报,2007,13(18):150-151.
[16]徐怀忠,杨自平,先晨钟.苜蓿引种试验研究[J].草业科学,2005,22(4):47-52.
[17]姜润潇,伍维高,黄丽银等.三峡库区苜蓿品种比较试验初报[J].草业科学,2004,21(2):17-21.
[18]刘辉,杨加付.温州地区紫花苜蓿引种初报[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(21):5529-5530.
[19]孟季蒙,尹君亮.新疆紫花苜蓿引种筛选研究[J].草原与草坪,2006(2):59-61.
[20]马美蓉,李进军,徐苏凌等.浙西红壤区苜蓿引种初报[J].家畜生态学报,2005,26(4):85-88.
[21]林丽秀,白史且,张新全等.中国南方紫花苜蓿引种适应性研究进展[J].安徽农业科学, 2007,35(23):7159-7161.
[22]林永生,柯碧南,罗旭辉,等.个紫花首蓓品种在福州地区适应性试验初报[J].福建农业学报,2005,20(增刊):121-124.
[23]田玮,杨雨鑫,徐峰,等.紫花苜蓿品种引种筛选的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2003,37(1):90-93.
[24]欧阳延生,李翔宏,叶华,等.14个牧草品种在南昌地区引种试验[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(5):18-22.
[25]戚志强,傅反生,胡跃高,等.18个紫花苜蓿育种材料在苏南丘陵区的适应性比较[J].草业科学,2006,23(3):35-38.
[26]李志华,沈益新,刘信宝,等.几个紫花苜蓿品种在南京地区的生产性能和品质表现[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(1):36-39.
[27]孙宗玖,阿不来提,石定燧,等.牧草引种试验研究初报[J].新疆农业科学,2003,40(5):283-286.
[28]李梅,杨艳萍,李伟,等.银川地区紫花苜蓿引种试验初报[J].黑龙江生态工程职业学院学报,2007,20(6):19-21.
[29]中国农业百科全书畜牧业卷[M].北京:农业出版社,1996.394-418.
[30]刘荣堂.草坪有害生物及其防治[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004:8.
[31]耿华珠.中国苜蓿[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:116-138.
[32]罗旭辉,应朝阳,方金梅.闽北22个紫花苜蓿品系引种筛选试验初报[J].福建畜牧兽医,2004(26):4.
[33]周泽英,班镁光,冯振宇,等.都匀地区牧草引种试验报告[J].贵州畜牧兽医,2003,27(2):37.
[34]田德贵,卢克俊,张素华,等.紫花苜蓿引种试验研究[J].四川草原,2003(5):19-20.
[35]何光武.苜蓿的秋眠系统与种植利用[J].四川草原,2003(4):37-38.
[36]刘海波,玉永雄.紫花苜蓿根腐病研究进展[J].草原与草坪,2006,3(16):3-6.
[37]NYVALL R F.Field crop disease handbook[M].NewYork:New York Press,1989.
[38]ERWIN D C.Root rot of alfalfa caused by phytophthora cryptogea[J].Phytopathology,1954,44:700-704.
[39]袁庆华,张文淑.苜蓿种质材料对蓟马抗性的研究[J].植物保护,2006,32(1):85-87.
[40]李敏权,柴兆祥,李金花,等.紫花苜蓿品种白粉病田间抗病性评价[J].草业科学,2002,4(4):40-42.
[41]邢会琴.苜蓿品种对白粉病抗性及其机理的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2003.
[42]潘亚清,史淑芝.植物的诱导抗病性研究进展[J].植物保护学,2005(8):17.
[43]张碧波,廖林正.植物抗病基因工程研究[J].重庆文理学院学报:自然科学版,2006,3(5):1.
[44]顾振芳,王卫青,朱爱萍,朱晓敏,何欢乐,潘俊松,蔡润·黄瓜对霜霉病的抗性与叶绿素含量、气孔密度的相关性[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版), 2004(4): 381-384.
[45]胥爱玲,张亚平,佘长夫.黄瓜抗病性与叶绿素含量的关系及遗传性研究[J].新疆农业科学, 1995(1): 23-26.
[46]刘会宁,朱建强,万幼新.几个欧亚种葡萄品种对霜霉病的抗性鉴定[J].上海农业学报, 2001(3): 64-67.
[47]金珠,匡晶,洪法水.马成仓.马齿苋抗霜霉病的生理基础研究[J].淮北煤师院学报, 1999(3): 55-59.
[48]徐秉良,李敏权,郁继华,邢会琴.苜蓿对白粉病抗性与叶绿素含量的关系[J].草业科学, 2005(4): 72-74.
[49]陈企村.关于小麦白粉病的抗性鉴定技术[J].宁夏农学院学报, 1996(2): 88-90.
[50]林晓萍.白粉病侵染对苜蓿叶片叶绿素含量的影响[J].甘肃农业科技, 2005(7): 63-64.
[51]齐国辉,张林平,杨文利,卢秀茹,李春立.丛枝菌根真菌对重茬银杏生长及抗病性的影响[J].河北林果研究, 2003(1): 58-61.
[52]沈喜海.施用钛多收对黄瓜产量、品质和抗病性的影响(简报)[J].河北职业技术师范学院学报, 1999(4): 70-71.
[53]王荣,李冠,李燕.诱抗剂对彩色棉花一些抗病相关生化物质的影响[J].棉花学报, 2005(2): 107-111.
[54]申屠文月,陈秉初,张纯大,袁灵芝·多效唑对高羊茅草坪草耐热性的影响[J].园艺学报, 2006(1): 172-174.
[55]毛秀杰,陈臻,徐秉良.叶绿素含量与草坪草对叶枯病抗病性的关系[J].草原与草坪, 2005(2): 59-61.
[56]李俊龙,王槐三.务花黑麦草x苇状茅属间杂种及其后代抗旱耐热性的研究[J].中国草地,1996,(l):39-41.
[57]贾志宽主编.农业系统工程[M].西安:世界图书出版公司,1992.
[58]尚庄茂,五光耀.蔬菜抗热性的鉴定方法[J].中国蔬菜,1996:(5):49-51
[59]由继红,杨文杰,李淑云.不同品种紫花首稽抗寒性的研究[J].东北师大学报自然科学版,1995,2:102-105.
[60]董俊.西部地区首楷产业化发展的战略思考(续)[J],饲料广角,2001,(11):28-29.
[61]李向林,万里强.苜蓿青贮技术研究进展[J].草业学报,2005,14(2):9-15
[62]高振生,谢雪菊苜蓿根系内源激素变化的研究[C].畜牧业及畜产品加工研究进展,1996:441.
[63]张建行,李鸿详美国的苜蓿产业(二)[J].中国乳业,2002,(6):36-39.
[64]Zbigniew Bodzon.Inheritance of spontaneous long peduncle mutation in alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)[J].Plant Breeding&Seed Sci.1998,42(1):3-10.
[65]黄文惠,苏加楷,张玉发,等译.牧草——草地农业科学[M].北京:农业出版社,1989.78-79.
[66]D.H.Heinrichs著.白永和译.根蘖型苜蓿的伸展范围的研究[J].牧草与饲料.1993(4):51~53.
[67]White,Larry M;J R Wight 1984 Forage yield and quality of dryland grasses and legumes[J]. Journal of Range Management,37(3):233-236.
[68]Sandson,Matt A.W F Wedin 1989 Phenological stage and herbage quality relationships in temperate grasses and legumes[J].Agronomy Journal,81:864-869.
[69]耿华珠.中国苜蓿.北京:中国农业出版社,1995.
[70]Borreani G;M E Valente;P GPeiretti;A Canale and A Ciotti,1996 Evolution of growth estability characteristics,nutritional values,and yield in the first and second of lucerne cu Equipe and Boreal In:ParenteG,Frame J and Orsi S(eds)Grassland and Land Use Systems Proceedings of the 16th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation,Grado,Italy 383-387.
[71]Lioveras,J;J Ferran;A Alvarez;L Torres,1998 Harvest management effects on alfalfa. (Medicago sativa L)production and quality in Mediterranean areas[J].Grass and Forage Science, 53(1):88-92.
[72]Anderson W.A.1988.Alfalfa harvest review[J].Diary-Herd-Manage,25(5):36-37.
[73]白玉龙乌艳红韩晓华.紫花苜蓿株龄与其营养成分关系的研究[J].草业科学,1999,16(1)18:21
[74]韩路.不同苜蓿品种的生产性能分析及评价西北农林科技大学2002届硕士论文,2002.
[75]Morrison I.M.1991.Changes in the biodegradability of ryegrass and legume fibbers by chemical and biological pretrements[J].Sci-Food-Agric,54(4):521-533.
[76]Lees G.L.1984.Cutide and cell wall thickness:relation to mechanical strength of whole leaves and isolates cells from some forage legumes.Crop-Sci,24:1077-1081.
[77]王庆锁.苜蓿生长和营养物质动态研究[J].草地学报,2004,12(4)264-267.
[78]Kehr W.R,R.C.Sorensen,J.C.Burton.1979.Field performance of 12 strains of Rhizobium on 4 alfalfa varieties.Rep-Alfalfa Improve-Conf.July(26th):25.
[79]许令妊.几种紫花首楷营养物质含量动态的研究[J].中国草原,1982,(3):14-23.
[80]杨恩忠,蒋瑞芬.不同刈割期对苜蓿饲用品质的影响[J].草地与饲料,1986,(2):35-37.
[81]Nordkvist E.P.,A.Man.1986.Changes during growth in anatomical and chemical composition and in-vitro degradability of Lucerne[J].Sci-Food-Agric,37:1-7.
[82]江玉林,卢欣石中国苜蓿品种营养价值评定[J].草业科学,1995:12(2),25.
[83]李梅,冯仰廉,李胜利不同粗饲料在瘤胃持续模拟装置中挥发性脂肪酸产生量及比例的研究[J].饲料研究,1999:(2),11-12.
[84]任莉,张力,芦志刚绵羊常用蛋白质饲料在瘤胃的降解特性[J].饲料工业,1999:20(10),37-38.
[85]B.Alarcon Zuniga,P.Scott,K.J.Moore Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Winter Hardiness Metabolites inAutotetraploid alfalfa(M.sativa)[C]Molecular breeding of forage and turf/ Developments in plant breedings,2004:97-104.
[86]Rier,J.P.,Sood,V.K.,Whitaker,A.Effect of an Ozone Injury Retardant Chemical on Isozyme Profiles from alfalfaCallus in vitro~Journal article[M]1983:1-7.
[87]Maureira.IJ,Ortega,F,Campos.Population structure and combining ability of diverse Medicago sativagermplasms[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2004,109(4):775-782.
[88]Riday H;Brummer EC.Morphological variation of Medicago sativa subsp falcata genotypes and theirhybrid progeny[J].Euphytica,2004,138(1):1-12.
[89]Vandemark GJ;Barker BM;Hughes TJ.Heritability of resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches races 1 and 2 in alfalfa[J].Euphytica,2004,136(1):45-50.
[90]Sulc RM,Johnson KD,Sheaffer CC.Forage quality of potato leafhopper resistant and susceptible alfalfa cultivars[J].Agronomy Journal,2004,96(2):337-343.
[91]Hall MH,Nelson CJ,Coutts JH Effect of seeding rate on alfalfa stand longevity[J].Agronomy Journal,2004,96(3):717-722.
[92]Wang,H,Hwang,SF,Chang.Assessing resistance to spring black stem and leaf spot of alfalfa caused byPhoma spp.[J].Canadian journal of plant science,2004,84(1):311-317.
[93]Reinaldo de Paula Ferreira.Adaptability and stability of alfalfa cultivars in relation to differentyielding dates[J].Ciencia Rural,2004,34(1):265-269.
[94]Kalengamaliro NE,Cunningham SM,Volenec JJ.Growth,sugar accumulation,and dark respiration of suspension cell culturesderived from contrasting alfalfa cultivars[J].International Journal of Dairy Technology,2003,72(2):173-171.
[95]Bouton JH,Gates RN.Grazing-tolerant alfalfa cultivars perform well under rotational stocking andhay management[J].Agronomy Journal,2003,95(6):1461-1464.
[96]Bertrand A,Castonguay Y.Plant adaptations to overwintering stresses and implications of climatechange[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,2003,81(12):1145-1152.
[97]Chen F,Duran AL,Blount JW Profiling phenolic metabolites in transgenic alfalfa modified in ligninbiosynthesis[J].Phytochemistry,2003,64(5):1013-1021.
[98]Cunningham SM,Nadeau P,Castonguay Y Raffinose and stachyose accumulation,galactinol synthase expression,andwinter injury of contrasting alfalfa germplasms[J].Crop Science, 2003, 43(2):562-570.
[99]Hendrickson JR;Berdahl JD.Survival of 16 alfalfa populations space planted into a grassland[J].Journal of Range Management,2003,56(3):260-265.
[100]王加启,冯仰廉瘤胃持续模拟技术的研究[J].动物营养学报,1995:7(1),29-35.
[101]孟庆翔,高仲元,M.S.KRTLERY稀释率对于活体外瘤胃发酵和微生物生长效率的影响[J]动物营养学报,1999:11(1),10~16.
[102]Komprda T,Homolka P;Harazim J Influence of chemical,enzymatic and phytogenic ensiling preparations on digestibility,degradability and PDI and NEL content of lucerne and red clover[J]. Animal Feed Science&Technology,1996,61(14):325-334.
[103]Mick Lane Iowa elevators test NIRS grain analysis--protein,oil and starch premiums will be possible[J].Soybean Digest,1996,56(2):104-105.
[104]Park RS,Agnew RE,Gordon FJ,Steen RWJ The use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS).on undried samples of grass silage to predict chemical composition and digestibility parameters[J]Animal Feed Science&Technology,1998,72(1-2):155-167.
[105]Jung HG,Mertens DR,Buxton DR Forage quality variation among maize inbreds:in vitro fiber digestion kinetics and prediction with NIRS[J].Crop Science,1998,38(1):205-210.
[106]Walker JW,Clark DH,McCoy SD Fecal NIRS for predicting percent leafy spurge in diets [J].Journalof Range Management,1998,51(4):450-455.
[107]Guzman JL,Garrido A.Use of NIRS to estimate the improvement in digestibility after ammonia treatment of cereal straws[J].Animal Feed Science&Technology,1996,57(1-2):149-157.
[108]Kempen T van;Bodin JC;van Kempen T.Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS)appears to be superior to nitrogen-based regression as a rapid tool in predicting the poultry digestible amino acid content of commonly used feedstuffs[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1998,76(1-2):139-147.
[109]Mika,V.,Kohoutek,A.,Smital,F.,Nerusil Index of negative action of phenols(IANP)and its prediction in meadow plants using spectroscopy in near infrared region(NIRS)[J].Rostlinna Vyroba UZPI(Czech Republic),1998,44(12):561-564.
[110]Boever JL de,Cottyn BG,Vanacker JM.Potential of solubility,enzymatic methods and NIRS topredict in situ rumen escape protein[J].Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science,1997,45(2):291-306.
[111]郭孝.苇状羊茅生产性能的综合研究[J].草业科学,1998,15(2):24-26.
[112]苏加楷.10个苜蓿品种产草量比较试验报告[J]牧草与饲料,1988,(2):11-15.
[113]咎林森.渭北早源杨家垅实验分区牧草引种试验研究[J]牧草与饲料,1990,(4)38-42.
[114]Matt.A.S and Wedin.W.F 1988 cell wall composition of alfalfa stems at similar morphological stages and chronological age during spring growth and summer re-growth[J] CroP sci,28:342-347.
[115]Akin.D.E alld E.L.Robinson 1982 structure of leaves and stems of arrow leaf alld crimson clovers as related to in vitro digestibility[J]CroP sci,22:24-29.
[116]Kephert.K.D 1993 alfalfa stem architecture effect on forage quality〔C〕ProceedingtheⅫinternational Grass land congress,431-432.
[117]吴景海.禾本科牧草品种引种试验报告[J].牧草与饲料,1988,(4):30-35
[118]曹致中主编.优质苜蓿栽培与利用.中国农业出版社.2002.
[119]王成章,许向阳,杨雨鑫.不同紫花苜蓿品种引种试验研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2002,30(3):29-31
[120]Kephert.K.D 1993 alfalfa stem architecture effect on forage quality〔C〕Proceeding theⅶinternational Grass land congress,431-432.
[121]赵忠.高寒牧区栽培毛苕子多次割生产性能的研究[J].草业科学,1998,16(5):27-29
[122]Feltner.K.C,and M.A.Massengale 1965 influence of temperature and harvest management on growth level of carbohydrates in the roots and survival of alfalfa.CroP sci,5:585-588.
[123]King singer E.F.and Hopdins H.1961.Carbohydrate content of underground parts of grasses as effected by clipping[J].Range management,14(1):135.
[124]赵明萌.年内多次刈割对牧草贮藏养分的影响[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1999,20(1):13-16.
[125]许志信.牧草再生与贮藏碳水化合物含量变化关系的研究[J].草业学报,1993,2(4):.13-18
[126]Mckell C.M.eta.1966.Yield survival and carbohydrate reserve of hard grass inrelation to herbage removal[J].Range management,9(2):35-38.
[127]耿华珠等编.中国苜蓿.北京:中国农业出版社,1981.
[128]曹致中.苜蓿多刘试验报告[J].牧草与饲料,1992,(3):25-27.
[129]孟昭仪.苜蓿品种引种鉴定及推广应用的研究(1979-1986),中国国际草业发展大会论文集. [130陶玲.甘肃省紫花苜蓿地方类型抗早性的综合评判,草业学报,1998,7(2):57-61.
[131]阎旭东,李桂荣,孔德平.早作条件下几个苜蓿品种适应性鉴定,中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(4):37-38.
[132]高宁16种(品种)寒地型草坪草抗旱性及评定方法初探,八一农学院学报,1995,18(1):68-71.
[133]马宗仁,陈宝书.甘肃地方苜蓿品种地理性分布与抗早性关系的研究,甘肃农业大学学报,1993,10(6):6-8.
[134]董俊.西部地区首楷产业化发展的战略思考(续)[J],饲料广角,2001,(11):28-29.
[135]陶玲.甘肃省紫花苜蓿地方类型抗旱等级分类的研究,草业科学,1998,巧(6):7-10.
[136]上官周平.水分胁迫对小麦光合作用的影响及其抗旱性的关系[J].西北植物学报1990,10(l):1-7.
[137]中国农业科学院畜牧所饲料室.苜蓿的科学与技术[M].104一109.
[138]NelsonC.J,K.H.Assay,D.A.Slepe.1977.Mechanisms of canopy development of Eall Fescue genotypes[J].Crop-Sci,17:449-452.
[139]Bendtson.C Falk.S.O Larsson S The after effect of water stress on transpiration rate and changes in abscisci and content of young wheat plants[J]physiology plant,1977.,41:149-154.
[140]Bielorai.H Hopmans PAM Recovery of leaf water potential transpiration and photosynthesis of cotton during irrigation cycles Agron[J],1995,67:629-632.
[141]ARP W.J Effect of source-sink relations on photosynthesis acclimation to elevated CO2.Cell environment,1991,14:869-875.
[142]张其德.CO2加富对紫花苜蓿光合作用原初光能转换的影响[J].植物学报,1996,38(1):63-71.
[143]项斌.紫花苜蓿对CO2倍增的反应:生态生理研究和模型模拟[J].植物学报,1996,38(1):77-82.
[144]杜占池.冰草叶片光合速率与生态因子的关系[J]草地学报,1999,3:20-27.
[145]Carlson G.E.,R.H.Hart,and R.B.Pearce.1970.Overcoming barriers to higher forage yield through breeding for physiological and morphological characteristics.INT. Grassland congr,proc.11th:248-251.
[146]Sheridan K.P.1966.Intraspecific variation in apparent net photosynthesis of seven crop species.Ph.D.Dissertation.Pennsy vania State University.Diss.Abstr.27:3742.
[147]Chatterton N.J.1973.Product inhibition of photosynthesis in alfalfa leaves as related to secific leaf weight.Crop-sci,13:284-285.
[148]张其德.CO2加富对紫花苜蓿光合作用原初光能转换的影响[J].植物学报,1996,38(1):63-71.
[149]赵可夫.作物抗旱生理北京农业出版社1990.
[150]汤章程.植物对环境的适应和环境资源的利用[J].植物生理学通讯,1994,30(6):1-5.
[151]山仑.我国西北地区植物水分研究与旱地农业增产[J].植物生理学通讯,1983,5:7-10.
[152]杜占池.土壤水分充足条件下羊草和大针茅光合作用午间降低的原因[J].植物生态学与地植物学报,1989,13(2):106-113.
[153]杜占池.刈割对羊草光合特性影响的研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学报,1989,13(4):367-371.
[154]高辉远.北疆平原荒漠区不同生长型芦苇叶片水势、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的研究[J].中国草地,1995,5:60-66.
[155]山仑,陈培元.旱地农业生理生态基础[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.12-13,159-202
[156]王会肖,刘昌明.作物水分利用效率的内涵和研究进展[J].科学进展,2000,11(1):991-04.
[157]韵珠,王凤仙,黄元仿.土壤水分和养分利用效率几种定义的比较[J].土壤通报,2000,3(4):150-155.
[158]新元,刘孟雨,刘晓楠,等.冀中平原缺水盐渍区冬小麦耗水量与水分利用效率的试验研究[A].北京:科学出版社,1992.
[159]由懋正,王会肖.华北平原冬小麦水分利用效率效益研究[A].许越先,刘昌明,J.沙和伟.农业用水有效性研究[C].北京:科学出版社,1992.
[160]杨涛,梁宗锁,薛吉全,等.土壤干旱不同玉米品种水分利用效率差异的生理学原因[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(2):68-71.
[161]胡顺军,宋郁东,周宏飞,等.塔里木盆地棉花水分利用效率试验研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(3):66-70.
[162]惠红霞,许兴,李树华等.不同春小麦品种(系)光合生理特性差异研究[J].甘肃农业科技,2003,1:19-21.
[163]万素梅,胡建宏,胡守林,等.不同紫花苜蓿品种水分利用效率研究[J].西北农业学报,2004,13(2):133-137.
[164]SheafferC,Marten GAlfalfa harvest management strategies for the 1990s[J].CroPs and Soils,1987,39:6-8.
[165]Chatterton N.J.1973.Product inhibition of photosynthesis in alfalfa leaves as related to secific leaf weight[J].Crop-sci,13:284-285.
[166]Hubick.K.T Farquhar.G.D Carbon isotope discrimination and ratio of carbon gained to water lost in barley plant cell environment[J],1989,12:795-804.
[167]萧浪涛,王三根.植物生理学试验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005:221-223.
[168]萧浪涛,王三根.植物生理学试验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005:110-113.
[169]杨青川,孙彦,苏家楷,等.紫花苜蓿耐盐育种及耐盐遗传[J].中国草地,23(1):59-61.
[170]石凤翎,吴永敷,乌兰巴特尔,等.不同环境条件下紫花苜蓿种子产量及质量性状的研究[J].中国草地,2000,(3):34-38.
[171]柴凤久,刘崇生,罗新义等.苜蓿引种筛选试验初报[J].草业科学22卷4期36-39
[172]李志华,沈益新,刘信宝等.几个紫花苜蓿品种在南京地区的生产性能和品质表现[J].中国草地学报, 2006, 28(1):36-40.
[173]李忠杰,曹永强,牛登林.宁夏固原地区苜蓿病虫害的发展趋势及防治对策[J].草业科学,2002,19(9):58-60.
[174]韩清芳,贾志宽.紫花苜蓿种植资源评价与筛选[M].杨凌西北农林科技大学出版社,2004.8.
[175]杜桂娟,六晓宏,侯志研.紫花苜蓿品种比较与性状分析初报[J].草业科学,2005,(9):45-48.
[176]尹明芳.炸片型马铃薯大西洋的栽培技术[J].云南农业,2006(2):15.
[177]汤章城1逆境条件下植物脯氨酸的积累及其可能的意义[J ]1植物生理学通讯,1984 , (1) :152-211.
[178]汤章城,吴亚华,王育启1游离脯氨酸与高粱苗的抗旱性[J ]1植物生理学通讯,1986 ,(3) :292-311.
[179]卢青.植物耐盐性的分子生物学研究进展[J ]1生物学杂志,2000 , (4) :92-111.
[180]刘祖祺,张石城1植物抗性生理学[M]1北京:中国农业出版社,19941.
[181]高战武.紫花苜蓿对复合盐碱胁迫的适应性响应[D].东北师范大学,2006.
[182]杨秀娟.紫花苜蓿抗寒性评价及其对秋冬季节低温适应性[D].北京:北京林业大学,2006.
[183]兰金娜.苜蓿苗期对苜蓿斑蚜刺吸胁迫的生理防御机制研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2007.
[184]林晓萍.白粉病侵染对苜蓿叶片叶绿素含量的影响[J].甘肃农业科技,2005,(7):63-65.
[185]于强,王天铎。C3植物光合作用日变化的模拟[J].大气科学,1998,22(6):865-880.
[186]潘瑞炽.植物生理学.北京:高等教育出版社.
[187]Cowan I.R.Stonmatal behavior and environment[J].Adv .Bot.Res,1977,4:117-228.
[188]Qiang Yu,Jiandong Liu,yongqiang Zhang.Simulation of rice biomass accumulation by an extended logistic model including influence of meteorological factors[J],international Journal of Biometeorology,2002,46(4):181-191.
[189]李美茹,王以柔,刘鸿先,等。光照强度调控4种亚热带森林植物叶片的抗氧化能力[J].植物生态学报,2001,25,460-464.
[190]于强,王天铎.Physiological responses of C3 plant leaf to environmental factors based on conbined photosynthesis, trabspiration and stomatal conductance model[J].植物学报,1998,40(8);740-754.
[191]柴凤久,刘崇生,罗新义等.苜蓿引种筛选试验初报[J].草业科学22卷4期36-39
[192]李志华,沈益新,刘信宝等.几个紫花苜蓿品种在南京地区的生产性能和品质表现[J].中国草地学报, 2006, 28(1):36-40.
[193]李忠杰,曹永强,牛登林.宁夏固原地区苜蓿病虫害的发展趋势及防治对策[J].草业科学,2002,19(9):58-60.
[194]韩清芳,贾志宽.紫花苜蓿种植资源评价与筛选[M].杨凌西北农林科技大学出版社,2004.8. [195 ]杜桂娟,六晓宏,侯志研.紫花苜蓿品种比较与性状分析初报[J].草业科学,2005,(9):45-48.
[196]尹明芳.炸片型马铃薯大西洋的栽培技术[J].云南农业,2006(2):15.
[197]王宝山,侯福林,刘萍,等.植物生理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:285.
[198]利容千,王建波.植物逆境细胞及生理学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002:86.
[199]马晓娣,彭惠茹,汪矛,等.作物耐热性的评价[J].植物学通报,2004,21(4):411-418.
[200]周人纲.高温锻炼对小麦细胞膜热稳定性的影响[J].华北农业大学学报,1993,8(3):33-37.
[201]SAFAA A H, GLENN W T.Effect of temperature regimes on hotosynthesis,respiration and Growth[J].Alfalfa Proc Okla Acad Sci,1990,70:1-4.
[202]ESECHIE H A,MARDI-M O,SOUKHAROUNA M.Influende of temperature on yield and chemical composition of Alfalfa cv.buraimi at first flower[J].Crop Research Hisar,2002,23(3):549-555.
[203]李崇伟.不同苜蓿品种抗逆性研究及评价[D].杨陵:西北农林科技大学,2002.
[204]刘明秀.12个紫花苜蓿品种在川西南湿热区的生产性能及生态适应性初步研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2005.
[205]BARTA A L Response of fiele grown alfalfa to root waterlogging and shoot of roots[J]. Agron J,1998,80:889-892.
[206]李宜,杨铁民.紫花苜蓿对季节性下湿地适应性的观察[J].天津农业大学学报,1991(1):18-19.
[207]BARTA A L,SULC R M.Inreraction between waterlogging injury and irradiance level in Alfalfa[J].Crop Sci,2002,42(5):1529-1534.
[208]安渊,陈凡毅,王俊.半秋眠和非秋眠紫花苜蓿品种耐涝性能研究[J].中国草地,2004,26(4):31-36.
[209]刘瑞峰.紫花苜蓿在川西南湿热区引种适应性及生产性能综合评价[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2006.
[210]刘祖祺,张石城1植物抗性生理学[M]1北京:中国农业出版社,19941.
[211]许大全,沈允钢。光合作用的限制因素。见:余叔文,汤章城编。植物生理学和分子生物学(第2版)。北京:科学出版社,1999,262-276.
[212]于强,王天铎。C3植物光合作用日变化的模拟[J].大气科学,1998,22(6):865-880.
[213]CooPerJ.Pand,D.Wilson.Variationin Photosyn the tieratein lolium Int.Grass[J」. congr.Proe.l一’h.esurfers,parodies,queensland,Australia,1970,512-527.
[214]CarlsonG.E.,R.H.Hart,andR.B.Pearce.Over coming barriersto highel forage yield Through breeding for Physiologieal and morPhologieal charaeteri stics[J].INTGrassland eongr,Proe,1970,1lth:248-253.
[215]SheridanK.P.Intras Peeifievariation in a PP arentnet Photosyn the sisofseveneroP P eeiesl[C].1)h.D.Dissertation.Penns) vania State University.Diss.Abstr,1966,27:37-42.
[216]朱兴远.红豆草和紫花苜蓿营养价值动态研究总结[J].中国草业科学,1988,5(3):31-35,61.
[217]高辉远.北驱平原荒漠区不同生长型芦苇叶片水势、蒸腾速率及水分利用率的研究[J].中国草地,1995,5:60一66.
[218]孟林,张国芳,赵风华等.不同水分条件下紫花苜蓿光合与蒸腾特性研究「A].中国草学会六届二次会议暨国际学术研讨会论文集[C],2004,540-543.
[219]陈一鹗,刘康.渭北旱塬紫花苜蓿的蒸腾强度与水量平衡研究.水土保持通报,1990,6:108~112.
[220]Fischer R A,Turner N C.Plant productivity in the arid and semiarid zones.Ann.Rev.Plant Physiol,1978,29:227-317.
[221]刘金祥,麦嘉玲.CO2浓度增强对沿阶草光合特性的影响.中国草地,2004,26(3):13-18.
[222]温达志等.四种禾本科牧草植物光合特性的初步研究.热带亚热带植物学报,2001,增刊:59-66.
[223]沈康.中国农业百科全书·生物学卷分册—植物生理生化.北京:农业出版社,1990,20.
[224]Cowan I.R.Stonmatal behavior and environment[J].Adv .Bot.Res,1977,4:117-28.
[225]Qiang Yu,Jiandong Liu,yongqiang Zhang.Simulation of rice biomass accumulation by an extended logistic model including influence of meteorological factors[J],international Journal of Biometeorology,2002,46(4):181-191.