黄土高原紫花苜蓿自毒效应的初步研究
|
摘要
紫花苜蓿是发展草地畜牧业,提高农业系统稳定性,增加农民收入的重要优良牧草。苜蓿存在的自毒效应直接影响了草地再次建植,并关系到草地的持续性和产量的稳定。随着紫花苜蓿在我国种植面积的发展扩大,有关其自毒性的相关研究受到了一定的关注。为确定黄土高原紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)的自毒效应及其对苜蓿早期生长的影响。本研究在甘肃庆阳、定西2地采集陇东紫花苜蓿根际土壤、植株,制备水浸液,用培养皿纸上发芽法进行发芽生物测试,获得下列结果:
(1)庆阳(黑垆土)5年苜蓿土壤水浸液(500 g干土/L)对苜蓿发芽率无显著抑制,但芽长和根长分别比对照显著降低67%和75%,胚芽、胚根短而粗,受抑显著。而同浓度下,小麦、萝卜发芽率、胚芽和胚根长度与对照相比无显著降低,表明该条件下存在苜蓿自毒效应。自毒物质以抑制胚芽和胚根的生长来影响植株健康,而对发芽率影响甚微。低浓度(50 g干土/L)下苜蓿土壤水浸液处理,表现出对受体苜蓿胚芽和胚根生长的促进。
(2)庆阳紫花苜蓿自毒效应与生长年龄有关,5年苜蓿土壤水浸液的自毒效应强于3年苜蓿土壤,9年苜蓿土壤自毒性有所减弱。而定西(黄绵土)苜蓿土壤水浸液无明显自毒性表现。研究结果对西北紫花苜蓿再建植和苜蓿与小麦等作物的轮作具有一定的参考价值。
(3)庆阳6年和10年苜蓿地翻耕休闲1个月后,土壤水浸液处理的苜蓿种子发芽率、胚芽长、胚根长均高于翻耕前。其中翻耕后的胚芽长和胚根长显著地高于翻耕前,说明翻耕有利于降低自毒性。
(4)苜蓿植株水浸液浓度大于20 g DM/L时,试验所测各项生长指标均显著受到抑制。在高浓度造成苜蓿胚芽、胚根的腐烂变质,甚至苜蓿种子的死亡。
(5)不同生长部位苜蓿水浸液对苜蓿萌发存在抑制自毒作用,说明苜蓿体内存在的水溶性自毒物质。不同部位水浸物对苜蓿萌发抑制的程度不尽相同,以花水浸液的抑制作用最强,其次为叶。管理上建议在盛花期前刈割苜蓿,以减少花凋落物的积累,从而降低对苜蓿新生苗的抑制作用。苜蓿植株水浸液对苜蓿胚芽、胚根的抑制效应强于对发芽率,即胚根比胚芽对苜蓿水浸物更为敏感,庆阳取样4-6年陇东苜蓿植株水浸液的自毒作用最强,可通过轮作克服存在的自毒作用。
(5)紫花苜蓿的自毒性在植株水浸液中比土壤水浸液中表现强烈,植株释放、腐烂积累的自毒性物质,在土壤中有所缓冲,自毒性在源、库中表现的强度不同。
Alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)is an important forage for developing grassland animal husbandry,improving agricultural system stability and increasing the income of the farmers.The autotoxicity effects of alfalfa affected the re-establishment of pasture which relates to the persistence and the stability of grass production.With the expansion of China's alfalfa acreage,the related research on autotoxicity of alfalfa holds certain importance.In order to study the existence of autotoxicity of alfalfa on Loess Plateau in Gansu and the autotoxicity effects of the germination of seeds,alfalfa rhizospheric soils and plants from different stands were collected form Qiangyang and Dingxi on the Loess Plateau,Gansu.The aqueous extracts from,soils and plants on seed germination were investigated by filter paper method.
1)The aqueous extracts from 5-year alfalfa soil from Qingyang had no siginificant inhibition to alfalfa seed germination,but the shoot length and radicle length significantly lower than the control's 67%and 75%respectively.The aqueous extracts made the shoot and radicle Short and thick,significantly inhibited.At the same concentration,the germination rate,the shoot and the radicle length of wheat and radish,when compared with the control without a significant reduction,showed obvious effects of autotoxicity.It was found that water-soluble materials of autotoxicity by inhibiting the growth of shoot and radicle to influence the plant health.The results showed aqueous extracts from alfalfa soil in low concentration(50gDM/ml)treatment promoted the growth of alfalfa seedlings.
2)There was found to be a relationship between the autotoxMty of alfalfa from Qingyang and alfalfa age.In the Qingyang region,the inhibition of the aqueous extracts from alfalfa soil could be arranged as:5-year alfalfa soil,3-year alfalfa soil and 9-year alfalfa soil.The results could be used to guide alfalfa re-establishment and wheat-alfalfa rotation,on the Loess Plateau.
3)The germination,shoot length and radicle length from soil extracts under after tillage fallowing one month were higher than that samples from before tillage.This showed that tillage can dilute the level of autotoxicity,effectively reducing the autotoxicity. 4).When the concentration of aqueous extracts from alfalfa plants is greater than 20g DM/ L,It was found that the indicators at plant growth were significantly inhibited.In high concentrations,aqueous extracts caused shoot and radicle degeneration,or even the death of alfalfa seed.The aqueous extracts from different alfalfa plant parts had inhibitive effects on germination and seedling growth.Alfalfa plants contain water-soluble material of autotoxicity.Extracts from alfalfa flowers had the strongest inhibition effect on seed germination and seedling growth,followed by extracts from alfalfa leaves.For better management it is proposed that harvesting before the flowering period,to reduce the accumulation of flower litter,thereby reducing the effect of alfalfa to new seedlings.Shoot and radicle elongation of alfalfa were inhibited more than germination was by alfalfa extracted solution.Aqueous extracts from Qingyang 4-6 year stands had the most inhibitory effects to shoot length compared with the aqueous extract from Qingyang 10 year stand.For 4-6 year stand alfalfa;rotation should be adopted to overcome the autotoxicity effects.
5)The effects of the aqueous from soil and plant,on germination,shoot length and radicle length showed the same trend.This indicated the materials of autotoxicity exist the sink -source relations.The autotoxicity of the aqueos extrats from the alfalfa plants performed more strongly than those from the alfalfa soil.The materials released from alfalfa plants and the accumulation of rotting toxic substances were buffered in the soil.
(1)庆阳(黑垆土)5年苜蓿土壤水浸液(500 g干土/L)对苜蓿发芽率无显著抑制,但芽长和根长分别比对照显著降低67%和75%,胚芽、胚根短而粗,受抑显著。而同浓度下,小麦、萝卜发芽率、胚芽和胚根长度与对照相比无显著降低,表明该条件下存在苜蓿自毒效应。自毒物质以抑制胚芽和胚根的生长来影响植株健康,而对发芽率影响甚微。低浓度(50 g干土/L)下苜蓿土壤水浸液处理,表现出对受体苜蓿胚芽和胚根生长的促进。
(2)庆阳紫花苜蓿自毒效应与生长年龄有关,5年苜蓿土壤水浸液的自毒效应强于3年苜蓿土壤,9年苜蓿土壤自毒性有所减弱。而定西(黄绵土)苜蓿土壤水浸液无明显自毒性表现。研究结果对西北紫花苜蓿再建植和苜蓿与小麦等作物的轮作具有一定的参考价值。
(3)庆阳6年和10年苜蓿地翻耕休闲1个月后,土壤水浸液处理的苜蓿种子发芽率、胚芽长、胚根长均高于翻耕前。其中翻耕后的胚芽长和胚根长显著地高于翻耕前,说明翻耕有利于降低自毒性。
(4)苜蓿植株水浸液浓度大于20 g DM/L时,试验所测各项生长指标均显著受到抑制。在高浓度造成苜蓿胚芽、胚根的腐烂变质,甚至苜蓿种子的死亡。
(5)不同生长部位苜蓿水浸液对苜蓿萌发存在抑制自毒作用,说明苜蓿体内存在的水溶性自毒物质。不同部位水浸物对苜蓿萌发抑制的程度不尽相同,以花水浸液的抑制作用最强,其次为叶。管理上建议在盛花期前刈割苜蓿,以减少花凋落物的积累,从而降低对苜蓿新生苗的抑制作用。苜蓿植株水浸液对苜蓿胚芽、胚根的抑制效应强于对发芽率,即胚根比胚芽对苜蓿水浸物更为敏感,庆阳取样4-6年陇东苜蓿植株水浸液的自毒作用最强,可通过轮作克服存在的自毒作用。
(5)紫花苜蓿的自毒性在植株水浸液中比土壤水浸液中表现强烈,植株释放、腐烂积累的自毒性物质,在土壤中有所缓冲,自毒性在源、库中表现的强度不同。
Alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)is an important forage for developing grassland animal husbandry,improving agricultural system stability and increasing the income of the farmers.The autotoxicity effects of alfalfa affected the re-establishment of pasture which relates to the persistence and the stability of grass production.With the expansion of China's alfalfa acreage,the related research on autotoxicity of alfalfa holds certain importance.In order to study the existence of autotoxicity of alfalfa on Loess Plateau in Gansu and the autotoxicity effects of the germination of seeds,alfalfa rhizospheric soils and plants from different stands were collected form Qiangyang and Dingxi on the Loess Plateau,Gansu.The aqueous extracts from,soils and plants on seed germination were investigated by filter paper method.
1)The aqueous extracts from 5-year alfalfa soil from Qingyang had no siginificant inhibition to alfalfa seed germination,but the shoot length and radicle length significantly lower than the control's 67%and 75%respectively.The aqueous extracts made the shoot and radicle Short and thick,significantly inhibited.At the same concentration,the germination rate,the shoot and the radicle length of wheat and radish,when compared with the control without a significant reduction,showed obvious effects of autotoxicity.It was found that water-soluble materials of autotoxicity by inhibiting the growth of shoot and radicle to influence the plant health.The results showed aqueous extracts from alfalfa soil in low concentration(50gDM/ml)treatment promoted the growth of alfalfa seedlings.
2)There was found to be a relationship between the autotoxMty of alfalfa from Qingyang and alfalfa age.In the Qingyang region,the inhibition of the aqueous extracts from alfalfa soil could be arranged as:5-year alfalfa soil,3-year alfalfa soil and 9-year alfalfa soil.The results could be used to guide alfalfa re-establishment and wheat-alfalfa rotation,on the Loess Plateau.
3)The germination,shoot length and radicle length from soil extracts under after tillage fallowing one month were higher than that samples from before tillage.This showed that tillage can dilute the level of autotoxicity,effectively reducing the autotoxicity. 4).When the concentration of aqueous extracts from alfalfa plants is greater than 20g DM/ L,It was found that the indicators at plant growth were significantly inhibited.In high concentrations,aqueous extracts caused shoot and radicle degeneration,or even the death of alfalfa seed.The aqueous extracts from different alfalfa plant parts had inhibitive effects on germination and seedling growth.Alfalfa plants contain water-soluble material of autotoxicity.Extracts from alfalfa flowers had the strongest inhibition effect on seed germination and seedling growth,followed by extracts from alfalfa leaves.For better management it is proposed that harvesting before the flowering period,to reduce the accumulation of flower litter,thereby reducing the effect of alfalfa to new seedlings.Shoot and radicle elongation of alfalfa were inhibited more than germination was by alfalfa extracted solution.Aqueous extracts from Qingyang 4-6 year stands had the most inhibitory effects to shoot length compared with the aqueous extract from Qingyang 10 year stand.For 4-6 year stand alfalfa;rotation should be adopted to overcome the autotoxicity effects.
5)The effects of the aqueous from soil and plant,on germination,shoot length and radicle length showed the same trend.This indicated the materials of autotoxicity exist the sink -source relations.The autotoxicity of the aqueos extrats from the alfalfa plants performed more strongly than those from the alfalfa soil.The materials released from alfalfa plants and the accumulation of rotting toxic substances were buffered in the soil.
引文
1.白朴,张国平,王元辉.作物生化它感现象及其应用展望[J].上海农业学报,2002,18(4):21-25.
2.柴强,黄高宝.根系分泌物在不同播种模式中的化感效应[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(2):163-167.
3.柴强,黄高宝.植物化感作用的机理、影响因素及应用潜力[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(3):509-515.
4.车晋滇.苜蓿栽培与病虫草害防治[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.171-172.
5.郭兰萍,黄璐琦,蒋有绪,陈保冬,朱永官,曾燕,付桂芳,付梅红.苍术根茎及根际土水提物生物活性研究及化感物质的鉴定[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):528-536.
6.郭晓霞,沈益新,李志华.几种豆科牧草地上部水浸提液对稗草种子和幼苗的化感效应[J].草地学报,2006,14(4):356-358.
7.郭彦军,韩建国,徐恢仲,张家骅.不同前茬对混播草地建植初期的影响[J].草地学报,2007,15(1):82-88.
8.胡飞,孔垂华,徐效华.水稻化感材料抑草作用及其机制[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(8):1160-1165.
9.胡跃高,曾昭海,程霞,戚志强,朱万斌.苜蓿自毒性的研究进展及其前景[J].草原与草坪,2001,95(4):9-12.
10.鞠会艳,韩丽梅,王树起,等.连作大豆根分泌物对根腐病病原菌的化感作用[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(6):723-727.
11.孔垂华,胡飞.植物化感相生相克作用及其应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
12.孔垂华,徐涛,胡飞,黄寿山.环境胁迫下植物的化感作用及其诱导机制[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):849-854.
13.孔垂华,徐效华,梁文举,等.环境胁迫下植物的化感作用及其诱导机制[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):849-854.
14.寇建村,杨文权,张雪莲,贾志宽,韩清芳.苜蓿根际土壤水提液化感作用的研究[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(12):2502-2506.
15.李彦斌,刘建国,谷冬艳.植物化感自毒作用及其在农业中的应用[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(增刊):347-350.
16.李玉占,梁文举,姜勇.苜蓿根际土壤化感潜力的初步研究[J].土壤通报,2004,35(6):776-779.
17.李玉占,梁文举,姜勇.苜蓿化感作用研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):186-191.
18.李志华,沈益新,倪建华,赵玲玲.豆科牧草化感作用初探[J].草业科学,2002,28(8):28-31.
19.李志华,沈益新.不同品种紫花苜蓿冬季再生草化感作用的研究[J].草业学报,2006,15(4):1-3.
20.李志华,沈益新.不同品种紫花苜蓿根水浸提液化感效应的研究[J].中国草地,2005,27(4):39-46.
21.梁文举,张晓坷,姜勇,等.根分泌的化感物质及其对土壤生物产生的影响[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(3):331-337.
22.林文雄,何华勤,董章杭.不同环境下水稻对受体植物化感作用的动态遗传研究[J].作物学报,2004,30(4):348-353.
23.林文雄,熊君,周军建,邱龙,沈荔花,李振方,陈慧,郝慧荣,陈婷,林瑞余,何海斌,梁义元.化感植物根际生物学特性研究现状与展望[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(4):1-10.
24.刘方明,李玉占,王俊庭.苜蓿对免耕玉米田杂草萌发和生长影响的研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2004,20(4):297-299.
25.刘秀凤.化感物质对土壤硝化作用的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(2):60-62.
26.卢成,曾昭海,王维,胡跃高.紫花苜蓿对九种杂草的化感作用[J].中国草地学报,2007,28(5):42-45.
27.吕卫光,张春兰,袁飞,等.化感物质抑制连作黄瓜生长的作用机理[J].中国农业科学[J],2002,35(1):106-109.
28.罗侠,潘存德,黄闽敏,刘翠玲.天山云杉凋落物提取液对种子萌发和幼苗生长的自毒作用[J].新疆农业科学,2006,43(1):1-5.
29.彭少麟,邵华.化感作用的研究意义及发展前景[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(5):780-786.
30.施月红,谷文祥.生化他感作用研究中的生物测定方法[J].生态科学,1998,17(1):84-89.
31.王芳,王敬国.茄子秸秆水提物自毒作用初探[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(2):51-54.
32.王建勋,杨青川,曹致中,郭文山,等.紫花苜蓿再生特性及再生性状相关性研究[J].草地学报,2007,15(5):423-114.
33.王建勋,杨青川,曹致中,郭文山,康俊梅,张东红.紫花苜蓿再生特性及再生性状相关性研究[J].草地学报,2007,15(5):424-430.
34.王进闯,潘开文,吴宁,罗鹏,李富华.花椒品种间化感效应的差异[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1592-1598.
35.邬彩霞,李志华,沈益新.豆科牧草水浸提液的酚酸物质含量及化感潜力[J].草地学报,2007,15(5):401-406.
36.熊明彪,何建平,宋光煌.根分泌物对根际微生物生态分布的影响[J].土壤通报,2002,33(2):145-149.
37.熊明彪,何建平,宋光煜.根系分泌物对根际微生物生态分布的影响[J].土壤通报,2002,23(2):145-148.
38.徐正浩,郭得平,余柳青,等.水稻化感物质抑草作用机理的分子生物学研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):829-833.
39.徐正浩,何勇,王一平.不同水层和密度条件下化感作用水稻对无芒稗的干扰控制作用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(9).1580-1584.
40.闫龙凤,杨青川,韩建国.苜蓿的自毒性研究进展[J].四川草原,2005,111(2):14-19.
41.杨广超,吕卫光,沈其荣,张春兰.西瓜的自毒作用研究Ⅰ.西瓜根、茎、叶的水和酒精 浸提液对其种子发芽的影响[J].上海农业学报,2004,20(3):82-85.
42.杨广超,吕卫光,朱静,等.西瓜根、茎、叶水浸提液对西瓜种子萌发及幼苗中酶活性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(1):46-51.
43.杨恒山,曹敏建,范富,张庆国,孙德智.紫花苜蓿生长年限对土壤理化性状的影响[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(6):29-33.
44.杨思存,霍岭,王建成.秸秆还田的生化它感效应初步研究[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(1):52-56.
45.叶居新,何池全,陈少风.石菖蒲的克藻效应[J].植物生态学报,1999,23(4):379-384.
46.喻景权,松井久佳,等.豌豆根系分泌物自毒作用的研究[J].园艺学报,1999,26(3):175-179.
47.袁莉,鲁为华,于磊.紫花苜蓿生长前期各部位提取液对种子萌发的自毒作用[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(5):111-114.
48.张淑香,高子勤.连作障碍与根际微生态系统Ⅱ.根系分泌物与酚酸物质[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):152-156.
49.张晓玲,潘振刚,周晓锋,倪吾钟.自毒作用与连作障碍[J].土壤通报,2007,38(4):781-786.
50.甄文超,曹克强,代丽,张学英.连作草莓根系分泌物自毒作用的模拟研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):828-832.
51.周少川,孔垂华,李宏,等.水稻品种化感特性与农艺性状的关系[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(4):737-739.
52.朱晓红,王朋,梁文举,姜勇,臧树良.苜蓿化感作用初步研究[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(3):128-130.
53.邹丽芸.西瓜根系分泌物对西瓜植株生长的自毒作用[J].福建农业科技,2005,4:30-32.
54.Chon S.U.,Kim J.D.Biological activity and quantification of suspected allelochemicals from alfalfa plant parts,Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,2002,188(4):281-285
55. Chon.S.U., Nelson C. J., Coutts J. H. Physiological assessment and path coefficient analysis to improve evaluation of alfalfa autotoxicity[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2003,29(11):2413-2424
56. Chung I M, Miller D A. Allelopathic influence of nine forage grass extracts on germination and seedling growth of alfalfa[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1995, 81:161-112.
57. Chung I M, Miller D A. Differences in autoxicity amongseven alfalfa cultivars[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1995, 87:596-600.
58. Chung I M, Miller D A. Effect of alfalfa plant and soil extracts on germinnation and growth of alfalfa[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1995, 87:762-767.
59. Chung I M, Miller D A. Natural herbicide potential of alfalfa residue on selected weed species[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1995, 87:920-925.
60. Cosgrove D R, Undersander D. Seeding alfalfa fields back into alfalfa[J]. Focus on Forage,2003,54:1-2.
61. Darrell A, Miller D A, Allelopathic effects of alfalfa[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1989, (39):1059-1072.
62. Dornbos D L Jr, Spencer G F, Miller R W. Medicarpin delays alfalfa seed germination and seeding growth[J]. Crop Science, 1990,30:162-166.
63. Einhelling F A, Eckrich P C. Interactions of temperature and ferulic acid stress on grain sorghum and soybeans[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1984,10:161-170.
64. Fisher N H, Williamson G B, Weidenhamer J D. In research of allelopathy in Florida scrub:The role of terpenoids[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1994,20:1355-1380.
65. Guenzi W D, Kher W R, Calla T M. Water-soluble phototoxic substances in alfalfa forage: Variation with variety, cutting year, and stage of growth[J], Agronomy Journal, 1964, 56:499-500.
66. Hall M H, Henderlong P R. Alfalfa autoxic fraction characterization and initial separation[J]. 1989, Crop Science, 29:425-428.
67. Hedge R S, Miller D A. Concentration dependency and stage of crop growth in alfalfa autotoxicity[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1992, 84:940-946.
68. Heged R S, Miller D A. Allelopathy and autotoxicity in alfalfa: Characterization and effects of preceding crops and residue in corporation[J]. Crop Science, 1990, 30:1255-1259.
69. Jennings J A, Nelson C J. Influence of soil texture on alfalfa autotoxicity [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1998,90:54-58.
70. Jennings J A, Nelson J C. Rotation interval and pesticide effects on establishment of alfalfa after alfalfa[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2002, 94:786-791.
71. Jennings J. Impact of soil texture on alfalfa autotoxicity [J]. 24th alfalfa symposium, 1994,(6):55-61.
72. Jennings J. Understanding autotoxicity of alfalfa. 1999. Proc.WI Forage Council 25th Forage Production and Use Symposium. 2001,110-116.
73. Marchaim U, Birk Y, Dovrat A, Berman T. Kinetics of the inhibition of cotton seeds germination by lucerne saponins[J]. Plant and Cell Physiology, 1975,16:857-864.
74. Miller D A. Allelopathy in forage crop systems[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1996, 88:854-859.
75. Nelson J C. Alleloopathy in cropping systems [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1996, 88:853.
76. Nielson K F, Cuddy T, Woods W. The influence of extracts of some crops and soil residues on germination and growth[J]. Plant Science, 1960,40:188-197.
77. Oueslati O., Hammouda M. B., Ghorbal M. H., Guezzah M., Kremer R. J. Barley autotoxicity as influenced by varietal and seasonal variation Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,2005,191(4):249-254
78. Qasem J R. Allelopathic effect of Salvia syriaca I.(Syrian sage) in wheat[J]. Weed Research, 1985,25:47-52.
79. Seguina P, Sheaffer C C, Schmitt M A, RusselleM P, Randall G W, Petersonb P R,. Hoverstad T R,. Quiring S R, Swanson D R. Alfalfa autotoxicity:Effects of reseeding delay,original stand age,and cultivar[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2002, 94:775-778.
80. Seigler D S. Chemistry and mechanisms of allelopathic interactions[J]. Agronomy Journal,1996,88:876-885.
81.Tesar M B.Delayed seeding of alfalfa avoids autoxicity after plowing or glyphosate treatment of established stands[J].Agronomy Journal,1993,85:256-263.
82.Webster G R,Khan S U,Moor A W.Poor growth of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)on some Alberta soils[J].Agronomy Journal,1967,59:37-41.
83.Weston L A.Utilization of allelopathy for weed management in agroecosystems[J],Agronomy Journal,1996,88:860-866.
84.Xuan T.D.,Tsuzuki E.Varietal differences in allelopathic potential of alfalfa varietal differences in allelopathic potential of alfalfa.Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,2002,188(1):2-7
2.柴强,黄高宝.根系分泌物在不同播种模式中的化感效应[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(2):163-167.
3.柴强,黄高宝.植物化感作用的机理、影响因素及应用潜力[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(3):509-515.
4.车晋滇.苜蓿栽培与病虫草害防治[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.171-172.
5.郭兰萍,黄璐琦,蒋有绪,陈保冬,朱永官,曾燕,付桂芳,付梅红.苍术根茎及根际土水提物生物活性研究及化感物质的鉴定[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):528-536.
6.郭晓霞,沈益新,李志华.几种豆科牧草地上部水浸提液对稗草种子和幼苗的化感效应[J].草地学报,2006,14(4):356-358.
7.郭彦军,韩建国,徐恢仲,张家骅.不同前茬对混播草地建植初期的影响[J].草地学报,2007,15(1):82-88.
8.胡飞,孔垂华,徐效华.水稻化感材料抑草作用及其机制[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(8):1160-1165.
9.胡跃高,曾昭海,程霞,戚志强,朱万斌.苜蓿自毒性的研究进展及其前景[J].草原与草坪,2001,95(4):9-12.
10.鞠会艳,韩丽梅,王树起,等.连作大豆根分泌物对根腐病病原菌的化感作用[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(6):723-727.
11.孔垂华,胡飞.植物化感相生相克作用及其应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
12.孔垂华,徐涛,胡飞,黄寿山.环境胁迫下植物的化感作用及其诱导机制[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):849-854.
13.孔垂华,徐效华,梁文举,等.环境胁迫下植物的化感作用及其诱导机制[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):849-854.
14.寇建村,杨文权,张雪莲,贾志宽,韩清芳.苜蓿根际土壤水提液化感作用的研究[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(12):2502-2506.
15.李彦斌,刘建国,谷冬艳.植物化感自毒作用及其在农业中的应用[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(增刊):347-350.
16.李玉占,梁文举,姜勇.苜蓿根际土壤化感潜力的初步研究[J].土壤通报,2004,35(6):776-779.
17.李玉占,梁文举,姜勇.苜蓿化感作用研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):186-191.
18.李志华,沈益新,倪建华,赵玲玲.豆科牧草化感作用初探[J].草业科学,2002,28(8):28-31.
19.李志华,沈益新.不同品种紫花苜蓿冬季再生草化感作用的研究[J].草业学报,2006,15(4):1-3.
20.李志华,沈益新.不同品种紫花苜蓿根水浸提液化感效应的研究[J].中国草地,2005,27(4):39-46.
21.梁文举,张晓坷,姜勇,等.根分泌的化感物质及其对土壤生物产生的影响[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(3):331-337.
22.林文雄,何华勤,董章杭.不同环境下水稻对受体植物化感作用的动态遗传研究[J].作物学报,2004,30(4):348-353.
23.林文雄,熊君,周军建,邱龙,沈荔花,李振方,陈慧,郝慧荣,陈婷,林瑞余,何海斌,梁义元.化感植物根际生物学特性研究现状与展望[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(4):1-10.
24.刘方明,李玉占,王俊庭.苜蓿对免耕玉米田杂草萌发和生长影响的研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2004,20(4):297-299.
25.刘秀凤.化感物质对土壤硝化作用的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(2):60-62.
26.卢成,曾昭海,王维,胡跃高.紫花苜蓿对九种杂草的化感作用[J].中国草地学报,2007,28(5):42-45.
27.吕卫光,张春兰,袁飞,等.化感物质抑制连作黄瓜生长的作用机理[J].中国农业科学[J],2002,35(1):106-109.
28.罗侠,潘存德,黄闽敏,刘翠玲.天山云杉凋落物提取液对种子萌发和幼苗生长的自毒作用[J].新疆农业科学,2006,43(1):1-5.
29.彭少麟,邵华.化感作用的研究意义及发展前景[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(5):780-786.
30.施月红,谷文祥.生化他感作用研究中的生物测定方法[J].生态科学,1998,17(1):84-89.
31.王芳,王敬国.茄子秸秆水提物自毒作用初探[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(2):51-54.
32.王建勋,杨青川,曹致中,郭文山,等.紫花苜蓿再生特性及再生性状相关性研究[J].草地学报,2007,15(5):423-114.
33.王建勋,杨青川,曹致中,郭文山,康俊梅,张东红.紫花苜蓿再生特性及再生性状相关性研究[J].草地学报,2007,15(5):424-430.
34.王进闯,潘开文,吴宁,罗鹏,李富华.花椒品种间化感效应的差异[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1592-1598.
35.邬彩霞,李志华,沈益新.豆科牧草水浸提液的酚酸物质含量及化感潜力[J].草地学报,2007,15(5):401-406.
36.熊明彪,何建平,宋光煌.根分泌物对根际微生物生态分布的影响[J].土壤通报,2002,33(2):145-149.
37.熊明彪,何建平,宋光煜.根系分泌物对根际微生物生态分布的影响[J].土壤通报,2002,23(2):145-148.
38.徐正浩,郭得平,余柳青,等.水稻化感物质抑草作用机理的分子生物学研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):829-833.
39.徐正浩,何勇,王一平.不同水层和密度条件下化感作用水稻对无芒稗的干扰控制作用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(9).1580-1584.
40.闫龙凤,杨青川,韩建国.苜蓿的自毒性研究进展[J].四川草原,2005,111(2):14-19.
41.杨广超,吕卫光,沈其荣,张春兰.西瓜的自毒作用研究Ⅰ.西瓜根、茎、叶的水和酒精 浸提液对其种子发芽的影响[J].上海农业学报,2004,20(3):82-85.
42.杨广超,吕卫光,朱静,等.西瓜根、茎、叶水浸提液对西瓜种子萌发及幼苗中酶活性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(1):46-51.
43.杨恒山,曹敏建,范富,张庆国,孙德智.紫花苜蓿生长年限对土壤理化性状的影响[J].中国草地学报,2006,28(6):29-33.
44.杨思存,霍岭,王建成.秸秆还田的生化它感效应初步研究[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(1):52-56.
45.叶居新,何池全,陈少风.石菖蒲的克藻效应[J].植物生态学报,1999,23(4):379-384.
46.喻景权,松井久佳,等.豌豆根系分泌物自毒作用的研究[J].园艺学报,1999,26(3):175-179.
47.袁莉,鲁为华,于磊.紫花苜蓿生长前期各部位提取液对种子萌发的自毒作用[J].中国草地学报,2007,29(5):111-114.
48.张淑香,高子勤.连作障碍与根际微生态系统Ⅱ.根系分泌物与酚酸物质[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):152-156.
49.张晓玲,潘振刚,周晓锋,倪吾钟.自毒作用与连作障碍[J].土壤通报,2007,38(4):781-786.
50.甄文超,曹克强,代丽,张学英.连作草莓根系分泌物自毒作用的模拟研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):828-832.
51.周少川,孔垂华,李宏,等.水稻品种化感特性与农艺性状的关系[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(4):737-739.
52.朱晓红,王朋,梁文举,姜勇,臧树良.苜蓿化感作用初步研究[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(3):128-130.
53.邹丽芸.西瓜根系分泌物对西瓜植株生长的自毒作用[J].福建农业科技,2005,4:30-32.
54.Chon S.U.,Kim J.D.Biological activity and quantification of suspected allelochemicals from alfalfa plant parts,Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,2002,188(4):281-285
55. Chon.S.U., Nelson C. J., Coutts J. H. Physiological assessment and path coefficient analysis to improve evaluation of alfalfa autotoxicity[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2003,29(11):2413-2424
56. Chung I M, Miller D A. Allelopathic influence of nine forage grass extracts on germination and seedling growth of alfalfa[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1995, 81:161-112.
57. Chung I M, Miller D A. Differences in autoxicity amongseven alfalfa cultivars[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1995, 87:596-600.
58. Chung I M, Miller D A. Effect of alfalfa plant and soil extracts on germinnation and growth of alfalfa[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1995, 87:762-767.
59. Chung I M, Miller D A. Natural herbicide potential of alfalfa residue on selected weed species[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1995, 87:920-925.
60. Cosgrove D R, Undersander D. Seeding alfalfa fields back into alfalfa[J]. Focus on Forage,2003,54:1-2.
61. Darrell A, Miller D A, Allelopathic effects of alfalfa[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1989, (39):1059-1072.
62. Dornbos D L Jr, Spencer G F, Miller R W. Medicarpin delays alfalfa seed germination and seeding growth[J]. Crop Science, 1990,30:162-166.
63. Einhelling F A, Eckrich P C. Interactions of temperature and ferulic acid stress on grain sorghum and soybeans[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1984,10:161-170.
64. Fisher N H, Williamson G B, Weidenhamer J D. In research of allelopathy in Florida scrub:The role of terpenoids[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1994,20:1355-1380.
65. Guenzi W D, Kher W R, Calla T M. Water-soluble phototoxic substances in alfalfa forage: Variation with variety, cutting year, and stage of growth[J], Agronomy Journal, 1964, 56:499-500.
66. Hall M H, Henderlong P R. Alfalfa autoxic fraction characterization and initial separation[J]. 1989, Crop Science, 29:425-428.
67. Hedge R S, Miller D A. Concentration dependency and stage of crop growth in alfalfa autotoxicity[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1992, 84:940-946.
68. Heged R S, Miller D A. Allelopathy and autotoxicity in alfalfa: Characterization and effects of preceding crops and residue in corporation[J]. Crop Science, 1990, 30:1255-1259.
69. Jennings J A, Nelson C J. Influence of soil texture on alfalfa autotoxicity [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1998,90:54-58.
70. Jennings J A, Nelson J C. Rotation interval and pesticide effects on establishment of alfalfa after alfalfa[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2002, 94:786-791.
71. Jennings J. Impact of soil texture on alfalfa autotoxicity [J]. 24th alfalfa symposium, 1994,(6):55-61.
72. Jennings J. Understanding autotoxicity of alfalfa. 1999. Proc.WI Forage Council 25th Forage Production and Use Symposium. 2001,110-116.
73. Marchaim U, Birk Y, Dovrat A, Berman T. Kinetics of the inhibition of cotton seeds germination by lucerne saponins[J]. Plant and Cell Physiology, 1975,16:857-864.
74. Miller D A. Allelopathy in forage crop systems[J]. Agronomy Journal, 1996, 88:854-859.
75. Nelson J C. Alleloopathy in cropping systems [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1996, 88:853.
76. Nielson K F, Cuddy T, Woods W. The influence of extracts of some crops and soil residues on germination and growth[J]. Plant Science, 1960,40:188-197.
77. Oueslati O., Hammouda M. B., Ghorbal M. H., Guezzah M., Kremer R. J. Barley autotoxicity as influenced by varietal and seasonal variation Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,2005,191(4):249-254
78. Qasem J R. Allelopathic effect of Salvia syriaca I.(Syrian sage) in wheat[J]. Weed Research, 1985,25:47-52.
79. Seguina P, Sheaffer C C, Schmitt M A, RusselleM P, Randall G W, Petersonb P R,. Hoverstad T R,. Quiring S R, Swanson D R. Alfalfa autotoxicity:Effects of reseeding delay,original stand age,and cultivar[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2002, 94:775-778.
80. Seigler D S. Chemistry and mechanisms of allelopathic interactions[J]. Agronomy Journal,1996,88:876-885.
81.Tesar M B.Delayed seeding of alfalfa avoids autoxicity after plowing or glyphosate treatment of established stands[J].Agronomy Journal,1993,85:256-263.
82.Webster G R,Khan S U,Moor A W.Poor growth of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)on some Alberta soils[J].Agronomy Journal,1967,59:37-41.
83.Weston L A.Utilization of allelopathy for weed management in agroecosystems[J],Agronomy Journal,1996,88:860-866.
84.Xuan T.D.,Tsuzuki E.Varietal differences in allelopathic potential of alfalfa varietal differences in allelopathic potential of alfalfa.Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,2002,188(1):2-7