功能翻译理论视角下英文电影片名汉译的研究
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摘要
随着中国改革开放和国际间文化交流的深入,影视翻译逐渐成为一个新兴领域,得到了一些翻译研究者的关注。据有关资料记载：国内大规模的影视翻译开始于20世纪80年代的改革开放时期。作为影视翻译研究中的一个重要领域—电影片名翻译的研究,也是近年来刚刚兴起的,国内外研究的专著很少,没有得到太多的重视,而且在电影片名翻译的领域中还存在着一名多译的混乱的现象,致使观众看了以后不知所云感到困惑,也导致了电影市场的混乱局面。一些学者也针对此现象作过讨论,但没有提出具体的理论来解决此问题。因此,作者认为对电影片名翻译作一番研究还是很有必要的。
本文试从功能对等翻译理论来对英文电影片名的汉译进行考察研究与探讨,并试着为此问题找到一个解决的方法。由于电影具有艺术性、娱乐性和大众性等特点,其次观众的社会心理、审美情感和文化取向以及接受能力因素都直接或间接地影响着译者对电影片名的翻译,所以英文电影片名汉译应该以中国电影观众的感受为重点,以观众的审美期待和文化心理为出点,以观众是否理解接受乃至喜欢为主要衡量标准,应该充分考虑到影响译者择翻译策略的因素。全文共分六章：第一章是引言,提出了本文所要研究的问题,介绍了研究的背景,研究的目的和研究意义。第二章回顾了电影片名的翻译现状。本章以美国好莱坞奥斯卡获奖电影作为电影产业的代表,介绍了从译者的角度和美学接受角度电影片名的翻译的现状,并指出了电影片名汉译的一些问题。第三章是全文的理论框架部分,重点介绍了功能对等理论和最贴近自然理论指导下电影片名翻译以及读者和观众对于电影片名翻译的影响。第四章提出了本文的研究问题、研究方法并说明了有关数据收集的相关问题；第五章对英文电影片名汉语译名进行共时和历时的比较分析,发现电影票房、观众的社会心理、审美情感和文化取向以及译者的品味和审美因素都直接或间接地影响着电影片名的翻译。第六章对全文进行了总结概括,并指出了其局限性以及需要进一步研究的方面。
With the influence of China's policy of reformation and opening and international cultural exchanges, film translation is becoming a new study field which attracts some translators'attention. It is reported that a large scale of film translations in our country can be traced back to 1980s (the reform and open period). Film title's translation, as an important field of film translation, is also arisen in recent years so that there are few monographs about it at home and abroad and only several chapters in some monographs have some study on it. Thus study on this field is few. This thesis carries on the inspection to study and discuss the English film titles'Chinese translation from a comprehensive point of view. Through the inspection we find that because the films own the characteristics of aesthetic and entertainment and public, so the audience's social psychology, the esthetic emotion and cultural orientation are the factors which all affect the English film titles'the translation directly or indirectly. In other words, the translators should pay more attention to Chinese audiences' feelings, aesthetic expectation and cultural psychology during the translation. Whether the audience understand the translated titles and accept them should be the main weight standard and during the translation the translators should consider fully about the factors which will affect the translation methodologies. At last the thesis proposes the problems existing in the translation of English films'titles for a long time and provides some methods to solve the problems that there are many translated names for a film exist in the translation.
In this age of globalization, in the development of culture, movies play an increasingly critical role as culture media. Title is the sign of movie, as well as the first impression on audience. The film will be much less attractive with a inaccurately translated name. The study of English film title translation began in 1990s. Great achievements were made in the research of English movie translation, but deficiency still exists. Film title translation is still in its initial stage, which means the further study has a great prospect. Eugene Nida's theory of "functional equivalence" can serve as the theoretical basis of English film title translation, and it provides guidance to the translation. The essence of the theory of "functional equivalence" is that translator should not rigidly adhere to the language structure or form correspondence, but rather place emphasis on the meaning and spirit of the original. Translators should use proper translating skills. Because of the divergence between Chinese and English language, Chinese audience on various levels of English, and lack of understanding of western culture, translators should flexibly handle the differences and conflicts of languages in order to avoid cultural misunderstanding. On the basis of original title, translator can add some cultural information, or emphasize the story's meaning and spirit regardless of the language structure.
The structure of the thesis is organized in the following way. Chapter one is mainly about introduction, including the background, purposes and significance of the research. Chapter Two reviews the situation of film title translation and its research so far. Taking the Hollywood films, most of which were honored Oscar, as example, this chapter introduces the film title's translation from the translator and anesthetic's perspective. It also points out the English films'Chinese translated titles'existing problems. Chapter Three lays the theoretical frame work for the whole thesis. Functional equivalence theory and closest natural equivalence theory are being emphasized. The author proposes that the factors of reader and audience could affect film title's translation. Chapter Four puts forwards the research questions, research methodology as well as the process of data collection of this study. Chapter Five analyzes English-Chinese film title translation from diachronic and synchronic perspectives and finds the characteristics of aesthetic and entertainment and public, so the audience's social psychology, the esthetic emotion and cultural orientation are the factors which all affect the English film titles'the translation directly or indirectly. Chapter Six is the conclusion, giving the summary of the whole thesis and points out the limitations of the present study and the suggestions for the further researches.
本文试从功能对等翻译理论来对英文电影片名的汉译进行考察研究与探讨,并试着为此问题找到一个解决的方法。由于电影具有艺术性、娱乐性和大众性等特点,其次观众的社会心理、审美情感和文化取向以及接受能力因素都直接或间接地影响着译者对电影片名的翻译,所以英文电影片名汉译应该以中国电影观众的感受为重点,以观众的审美期待和文化心理为出点,以观众是否理解接受乃至喜欢为主要衡量标准,应该充分考虑到影响译者择翻译策略的因素。全文共分六章：第一章是引言,提出了本文所要研究的问题,介绍了研究的背景,研究的目的和研究意义。第二章回顾了电影片名的翻译现状。本章以美国好莱坞奥斯卡获奖电影作为电影产业的代表,介绍了从译者的角度和美学接受角度电影片名的翻译的现状,并指出了电影片名汉译的一些问题。第三章是全文的理论框架部分,重点介绍了功能对等理论和最贴近自然理论指导下电影片名翻译以及读者和观众对于电影片名翻译的影响。第四章提出了本文的研究问题、研究方法并说明了有关数据收集的相关问题；第五章对英文电影片名汉语译名进行共时和历时的比较分析,发现电影票房、观众的社会心理、审美情感和文化取向以及译者的品味和审美因素都直接或间接地影响着电影片名的翻译。第六章对全文进行了总结概括,并指出了其局限性以及需要进一步研究的方面。
With the influence of China's policy of reformation and opening and international cultural exchanges, film translation is becoming a new study field which attracts some translators'attention. It is reported that a large scale of film translations in our country can be traced back to 1980s (the reform and open period). Film title's translation, as an important field of film translation, is also arisen in recent years so that there are few monographs about it at home and abroad and only several chapters in some monographs have some study on it. Thus study on this field is few. This thesis carries on the inspection to study and discuss the English film titles'Chinese translation from a comprehensive point of view. Through the inspection we find that because the films own the characteristics of aesthetic and entertainment and public, so the audience's social psychology, the esthetic emotion and cultural orientation are the factors which all affect the English film titles'the translation directly or indirectly. In other words, the translators should pay more attention to Chinese audiences' feelings, aesthetic expectation and cultural psychology during the translation. Whether the audience understand the translated titles and accept them should be the main weight standard and during the translation the translators should consider fully about the factors which will affect the translation methodologies. At last the thesis proposes the problems existing in the translation of English films'titles for a long time and provides some methods to solve the problems that there are many translated names for a film exist in the translation.
In this age of globalization, in the development of culture, movies play an increasingly critical role as culture media. Title is the sign of movie, as well as the first impression on audience. The film will be much less attractive with a inaccurately translated name. The study of English film title translation began in 1990s. Great achievements were made in the research of English movie translation, but deficiency still exists. Film title translation is still in its initial stage, which means the further study has a great prospect. Eugene Nida's theory of "functional equivalence" can serve as the theoretical basis of English film title translation, and it provides guidance to the translation. The essence of the theory of "functional equivalence" is that translator should not rigidly adhere to the language structure or form correspondence, but rather place emphasis on the meaning and spirit of the original. Translators should use proper translating skills. Because of the divergence between Chinese and English language, Chinese audience on various levels of English, and lack of understanding of western culture, translators should flexibly handle the differences and conflicts of languages in order to avoid cultural misunderstanding. On the basis of original title, translator can add some cultural information, or emphasize the story's meaning and spirit regardless of the language structure.
The structure of the thesis is organized in the following way. Chapter one is mainly about introduction, including the background, purposes and significance of the research. Chapter Two reviews the situation of film title translation and its research so far. Taking the Hollywood films, most of which were honored Oscar, as example, this chapter introduces the film title's translation from the translator and anesthetic's perspective. It also points out the English films'Chinese translated titles'existing problems. Chapter Three lays the theoretical frame work for the whole thesis. Functional equivalence theory and closest natural equivalence theory are being emphasized. The author proposes that the factors of reader and audience could affect film title's translation. Chapter Four puts forwards the research questions, research methodology as well as the process of data collection of this study. Chapter Five analyzes English-Chinese film title translation from diachronic and synchronic perspectives and finds the characteristics of aesthetic and entertainment and public, so the audience's social psychology, the esthetic emotion and cultural orientation are the factors which all affect the English film titles'the translation directly or indirectly. Chapter Six is the conclusion, giving the summary of the whole thesis and points out the limitations of the present study and the suggestions for the further researches.
引文
[1]Baker, Mona & Kirsten Malmkjear. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [A]. London and New York:Routledge,1998.
[2]Bassnett,S.&Lefevere,A. Constructing Cultures:Essays on Literary Translation[C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[3]Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation [M]. London:Oxford University Press.1965.
[4]Fawcell,P. Translation & Language[M]. Manchester:St. Jerome Publishing,1977.
[5]Gentler,E. Cotemporary Translation Theories [M]. London and New York:Routledge, 1993.
[6]Gutt, E. Translation and Relevance [M]. Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1991.
[7]Haiti. "The New Encyclopedia Britannica:Macropedia:Knowledge in Depth"[J]. Chicago: Author 2002(13):401-430.
[8]Hatim, Bassil & Mason, Ian. Discourse and Translator [M]. Long man Group UK Limited,1990.
[9]Hawkins,Dell.et.A. Consumer Behavior-Building Marketing Strategy [M].Boston:Irwin McGraw-Hill, (1998).
[10]Kelly,L.G. The True Interpreter:A History of Translation Theory and Practice in the West [M] Oxford:Blackwell.1979.
[11]Mark,S.& Moira,C. Dictionary of Translation Studies [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[12]Mary,S H. Translation Studies:An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[13]Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies:Theories and Applications [M]. London and New York:Routledge,2001.
[14]Nida, Eugene A.& Charles Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation [M] Leiden: Brill,1969.
[15]Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating [M]. Leiden:E.J. Brill,1964.
[16]Nida, E. A. Language, Culture, and Translating [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993.
[17]Newmark,P. A Textbook of Translation [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[18]Newmark,P. Approached to Translation [M].UK:Prentice Hall.1988
[19]Nord,C. Translation as a Purposeful Activity--Functionalist Approaches Explained [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.1991.
[20]Nord, C. Translation as A Purposeful Action [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[21]Pearsall, J. The New Oxford Dictionary of English [Z]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2003.
[22]Poehhaeker, Franz. "Simultaneous interpreting:A Functional Perspective"[J] Hermes, Journal of Linguistics,1995(3) 82-86.
[23]Reiss, Katharina and Vemeer, Hans. J. Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation [M].Tubingen:Niemeyer,1984.
[25]Reiss, K. Translation Criticism:Potentials and Limitations [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2005.
[26]Shuttleworth, M & Cowie, M. Dictionary of Translation Studies [Z]. Manchester St. Jerome,1997.
[27]Shuttleworth, Mark and Cowie, Moira. Dictionary of Translation Studies [M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[28]Snell--Homby, Mary. Translating Studies:An Integrated Approach [M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2003.
[29]Steiner, George. After Babel [M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1975.
[30]Toury,G.. In Search of a Theory of Translation [M] Tel Aviv:Porter Institute for Poetics & Semiotics,1980.
[31]Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[32]Venuti,L.. The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation [M]. London: Routledge,1995.
[32]Vermeer,H.J. "What Does It Mean to Translate?"[J]. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics,1987(2):25-33.
[33]WiIss,W. The Science of Translation:Problems and Methods [M] Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[34]Yule,G. Pragmatics [M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
[35]卞建华,崔永禄.功能主义目的论在中国的引进、应用与研究(1987-2005)[J].解放军外国语学院学报2006(9)：22—28.
[36]包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
[37]毕耕.关于电影片名翻译的几个问题[J].河南：中州大学学报1999(2)：31-32.
[38]崔金枝.英语电影片名汉泽探微[J].贵州：电影评介2006(20)：26-27.
[39]陈小慰.翻译功能理论的启示—对某些翻译方法的新思考[J].中国翻译2000(4)：35-37.
[40]陈陵娣.中外电影译名中的“信、达、雅”[J].山东：艺术学苑2008(13)：15-16.
[41]蔡东东.当代英美电影鉴赏[M].北京：外文出版社,2000.
[42]柴梅萍.电影翻译中文化意象的重构、修润与转换[J].苏州大学学报2001(4)：91-94.
[43]陈宏薇.新实用汉译英教程[M].武汉：湖北教育出版社,1996.
[44]陈福康.中国译学理论史稿[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[45]邓龙.关联理论对英文电影片名翻译的论释[J].长春：电影文学,2008(10)：30-32.
[46]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1989.
[47]贺莺.电影片名的翻译理论和方法[J].陕西：外语教学2001(1)：13-14.
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[2]Bassnett,S.&Lefevere,A. Constructing Cultures:Essays on Literary Translation[C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[3]Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation [M]. London:Oxford University Press.1965.
[4]Fawcell,P. Translation & Language[M]. Manchester:St. Jerome Publishing,1977.
[5]Gentler,E. Cotemporary Translation Theories [M]. London and New York:Routledge, 1993.
[6]Gutt, E. Translation and Relevance [M]. Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1991.
[7]Haiti. "The New Encyclopedia Britannica:Macropedia:Knowledge in Depth"[J]. Chicago: Author 2002(13):401-430.
[8]Hatim, Bassil & Mason, Ian. Discourse and Translator [M]. Long man Group UK Limited,1990.
[9]Hawkins,Dell.et.A. Consumer Behavior-Building Marketing Strategy [M].Boston:Irwin McGraw-Hill, (1998).
[10]Kelly,L.G. The True Interpreter:A History of Translation Theory and Practice in the West [M] Oxford:Blackwell.1979.
[11]Mark,S.& Moira,C. Dictionary of Translation Studies [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[12]Mary,S H. Translation Studies:An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[13]Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies:Theories and Applications [M]. London and New York:Routledge,2001.
[14]Nida, Eugene A.& Charles Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation [M] Leiden: Brill,1969.
[15]Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating [M]. Leiden:E.J. Brill,1964.
[16]Nida, E. A. Language, Culture, and Translating [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993.
[17]Newmark,P. A Textbook of Translation [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[18]Newmark,P. Approached to Translation [M].UK:Prentice Hall.1988
[19]Nord,C. Translation as a Purposeful Activity--Functionalist Approaches Explained [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.1991.
[20]Nord, C. Translation as A Purposeful Action [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[21]Pearsall, J. The New Oxford Dictionary of English [Z]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2003.
[22]Poehhaeker, Franz. "Simultaneous interpreting:A Functional Perspective"[J] Hermes, Journal of Linguistics,1995(3) 82-86.
[23]Reiss, Katharina and Vemeer, Hans. J. Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation [M].Tubingen:Niemeyer,1984.
[25]Reiss, K. Translation Criticism:Potentials and Limitations [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2005.
[26]Shuttleworth, M & Cowie, M. Dictionary of Translation Studies [Z]. Manchester St. Jerome,1997.
[27]Shuttleworth, Mark and Cowie, Moira. Dictionary of Translation Studies [M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[28]Snell--Homby, Mary. Translating Studies:An Integrated Approach [M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2003.
[29]Steiner, George. After Babel [M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1975.
[30]Toury,G.. In Search of a Theory of Translation [M] Tel Aviv:Porter Institute for Poetics & Semiotics,1980.
[31]Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[32]Venuti,L.. The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation [M]. London: Routledge,1995.
[32]Vermeer,H.J. "What Does It Mean to Translate?"[J]. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics,1987(2):25-33.
[33]WiIss,W. The Science of Translation:Problems and Methods [M] Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[34]Yule,G. Pragmatics [M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
[35]卞建华,崔永禄.功能主义目的论在中国的引进、应用与研究(1987-2005)[J].解放军外国语学院学报2006(9)：22—28.
[36]包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
[37]毕耕.关于电影片名翻译的几个问题[J].河南：中州大学学报1999(2)：31-32.
[38]崔金枝.英语电影片名汉泽探微[J].贵州：电影评介2006(20)：26-27.
[39]陈小慰.翻译功能理论的启示—对某些翻译方法的新思考[J].中国翻译2000(4)：35-37.
[40]陈陵娣.中外电影译名中的“信、达、雅”[J].山东：艺术学苑2008(13)：15-16.
[41]蔡东东.当代英美电影鉴赏[M].北京：外文出版社,2000.
[42]柴梅萍.电影翻译中文化意象的重构、修润与转换[J].苏州大学学报2001(4)：91-94.
[43]陈宏薇.新实用汉译英教程[M].武汉：湖北教育出版社,1996.
[44]陈福康.中国译学理论史稿[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[45]邓龙.关联理论对英文电影片名翻译的论释[J].长春：电影文学,2008(10)：30-32.
[46]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1989.
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