摘要
对比语言学以结构主义理论框架为基础,重视语言结构形式的对比,却忽视了语言是文化的载体,割裂了思维与语言的关系。其奠基人拉多虽然提出了“文化对比”的概念,但这方面的实践却一直陷入于静态的语言结构形式对比的描写里。二十世纪八十年代初,跨文化的语言对比研究在我国得到了迅速发展。其中多维对比说的出现把语言与文化的关系研究引向了更深的层面。它认为跨文化的对比应包括三个不同的但又相互联系的三个侧面,即语言结构对比、思维意识对比和文化心理对比。
本文的主要特点就是运用上述对比语言学的多维对比理念,进行英、汉姓名的对比研究。姓名研究是语言学的一个分支,在研究的早期阶段,研究者主要把它当作一种纯语言现象来研究,而本文的研究有意突破传统的局限,采用多维对比方式的把研究的范围从语言学扩大到社会、心理、历史、文学、文化、宗教等方面。
本文的主要研究内容是英语姓名和汉语姓名的异同。首先,本文明确了“姓名”这一常用词在英语和汉语专名学中的确切含义,尤其是对复杂的古代汉语姓名体系进行了梳理。其次,本文用很大的篇幅从多个角度对英语和汉语姓名进行了比较:①语言结构方面的差异,英语名在姓前、汉语姓在名前的结构特征是受西方个人主义和东方集体主义价值观的影响;②历史演变的差异,历史上英语是先有名后有姓,而汉语是最先有姓,随后出现了名,这是因为西方姓名的运用主要是为了区分个人,当出现太多重名现象后人们才增加姓的部分;而东方则赋予了姓名更多地社会意义,通过人的姓名,要传递出他的家族背景。③比较姓名的来源,发现在这一点上有惊人的相似,很多都是直接取材自于人们生活的自然环境。④探讨了具有特殊含义的姓名在文学作品中的巧妙运用。⑤从文化角度阐释了姓名折射出的社会心理。⑥性别歧视,无论是在西方还是在东方,人名中都存在着对女性的歧视。
Name study is a branch of linguistics. At the early stage, linguists treated it as a pure language phenomenon. This dissertation intends to break up the limitations from old traditions, employing the latest contrastive linguistics theories to make a multi-dimensional study on English names and Chinese names, covering a wide range of the origin, historical development, category, constitution, naming features, literature, culture and sexism.
In this thesis, the author makes comparative studies on the similarities and differences in Chinese and English personal names and their cultural connotation. The comparisons are made in the structure of Chinese and English personal names, the origin of Chinese and English family names, naming customs of Chinese and English names and the cultural connotation reflected in the literary works. These reveal the influence of deep-going cultural connotation and different social cultures on Chinese and English names.The culture generality in Chinese and English culture leads to the similarities in the different name systems of Chinese and English, for example, worship of names, totems, consciousness of root-seeking, psychological suggestion, sex difference of culture.The different cultural connotation, for example, the ancestral idea, hierarchy, group orientation, the pursuit of aesthetic and the assimilation of Han culture are all reflected in Chinese names, while the religion, individualism orientation and emphasis of personality are also reflected in English names.
The study of comparison of English and Chinese names and their cultural connotation can help us to have a better understanding of Chinese and English people and their cultures.
引文
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