对比语言学理论下的英汉姓名多维对比
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摘要
对比语言学以结构主义理论框架为基础,重视语言结构形式的对比,却忽视了语言是文化的载体,割裂了思维与语言的关系。其奠基人拉多虽然提出了“文化对比”的概念,但这方面的实践却一直陷入于静态的语言结构形式对比的描写里。二十世纪八十年代初,跨文化的语言对比研究在我国得到了迅速发展。其中多维对比说的出现把语言与文化的关系研究引向了更深的层面。它认为跨文化的对比应包括三个不同的但又相互联系的三个侧面,即语言结构对比、思维意识对比和文化心理对比。
本文的主要特点就是运用上述对比语言学的多维对比理念,进行英、汉姓名的对比研究。姓名研究是语言学的一个分支,在研究的早期阶段,研究者主要把它当作一种纯语言现象来研究,而本文的研究有意突破传统的局限,采用多维对比方式的把研究的范围从语言学扩大到社会、心理、历史、文学、文化、宗教等方面。
本文的主要研究内容是英语姓名和汉语姓名的异同。首先,本文明确了“姓名”这一常用词在英语和汉语专名学中的确切含义,尤其是对复杂的古代汉语姓名体系进行了梳理。其次,本文用很大的篇幅从多个角度对英语和汉语姓名进行了比较：①语言结构方面的差异,英语名在姓前、汉语姓在名前的结构特征是受西方个人主义和东方集体主义价值观的影响；②历史演变的差异,历史上英语是先有名后有姓,而汉语是最先有姓,随后出现了名,这是因为西方姓名的运用主要是为了区分个人,当出现太多重名现象后人们才增加姓的部分；而东方则赋予了姓名更多地社会意义,通过人的姓名,要传递出他的家族背景。③比较姓名的来源,发现在这一点上有惊人的相似,很多都是直接取材自于人们生活的自然环境。④探讨了具有特殊含义的姓名在文学作品中的巧妙运用。⑤从文化角度阐释了姓名折射出的社会心理。⑥性别歧视,无论是在西方还是在东方,人名中都存在着对女性的歧视。
Name study is a branch of linguistics. At the early stage, linguists treated it as a pure language phenomenon. This dissertation intends to break up the limitations from old traditions, employing the latest contrastive linguistics theories to make a multi-dimensional study on English names and Chinese names, covering a wide range of the origin, historical development, category, constitution, naming features, literature, culture and sexism.
In this thesis, the author makes comparative studies on the similarities and differences in Chinese and English personal names and their cultural connotation. The comparisons are made in the structure of Chinese and English personal names, the origin of Chinese and English family names, naming customs of Chinese and English names and the cultural connotation reflected in the literary works. These reveal the influence of deep-going cultural connotation and different social cultures on Chinese and English names.The culture generality in Chinese and English culture leads to the similarities in the different name systems of Chinese and English, for example, worship of names, totems, consciousness of root-seeking, psychological suggestion, sex difference of culture.The different cultural connotation, for example, the ancestral idea, hierarchy, group orientation, the pursuit of aesthetic and the assimilation of Han culture are all reflected in Chinese names, while the religion, individualism orientation and emphasis of personality are also reflected in English names.
The study of comparison of English and Chinese names and their cultural connotation can help us to have a better understanding of Chinese and English people and their cultures.
本文的主要特点就是运用上述对比语言学的多维对比理念,进行英、汉姓名的对比研究。姓名研究是语言学的一个分支,在研究的早期阶段,研究者主要把它当作一种纯语言现象来研究,而本文的研究有意突破传统的局限,采用多维对比方式的把研究的范围从语言学扩大到社会、心理、历史、文学、文化、宗教等方面。
本文的主要研究内容是英语姓名和汉语姓名的异同。首先,本文明确了“姓名”这一常用词在英语和汉语专名学中的确切含义,尤其是对复杂的古代汉语姓名体系进行了梳理。其次,本文用很大的篇幅从多个角度对英语和汉语姓名进行了比较：①语言结构方面的差异,英语名在姓前、汉语姓在名前的结构特征是受西方个人主义和东方集体主义价值观的影响；②历史演变的差异,历史上英语是先有名后有姓,而汉语是最先有姓,随后出现了名,这是因为西方姓名的运用主要是为了区分个人,当出现太多重名现象后人们才增加姓的部分；而东方则赋予了姓名更多地社会意义,通过人的姓名,要传递出他的家族背景。③比较姓名的来源,发现在这一点上有惊人的相似,很多都是直接取材自于人们生活的自然环境。④探讨了具有特殊含义的姓名在文学作品中的巧妙运用。⑤从文化角度阐释了姓名折射出的社会心理。⑥性别歧视,无论是在西方还是在东方,人名中都存在着对女性的歧视。
Name study is a branch of linguistics. At the early stage, linguists treated it as a pure language phenomenon. This dissertation intends to break up the limitations from old traditions, employing the latest contrastive linguistics theories to make a multi-dimensional study on English names and Chinese names, covering a wide range of the origin, historical development, category, constitution, naming features, literature, culture and sexism.
In this thesis, the author makes comparative studies on the similarities and differences in Chinese and English personal names and their cultural connotation. The comparisons are made in the structure of Chinese and English personal names, the origin of Chinese and English family names, naming customs of Chinese and English names and the cultural connotation reflected in the literary works. These reveal the influence of deep-going cultural connotation and different social cultures on Chinese and English names.The culture generality in Chinese and English culture leads to the similarities in the different name systems of Chinese and English, for example, worship of names, totems, consciousness of root-seeking, psychological suggestion, sex difference of culture.The different cultural connotation, for example, the ancestral idea, hierarchy, group orientation, the pursuit of aesthetic and the assimilation of Han culture are all reflected in Chinese names, while the religion, individualism orientation and emphasis of personality are also reflected in English names.
The study of comparison of English and Chinese names and their cultural connotation can help us to have a better understanding of Chinese and English people and their cultures.
引文
[1]Zhang, Y.Q. (2006). A study of Chinese non-official names from a cultural-anthropological perspective. Beijing Language and Culture University:Unpublished MA thesis.
[2]Whorf, B.L. quoted from杨自俭.简论对比语言学中的几个问题[J].青岛海洋大学学报(社会科学版),1999(2)
[3]Lado, Robert.quoted from杨自俭.简论对比语言学中的几个问题[J].青岛海洋大学学报(社会科学版),1999(2)
[4]张雨江.跨文化的对比语言学浅论[J].云南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1998(2)
[5]Zhang, H.M. (2006). A comparative study between English and Chinese names in traditional naming practice(pp.5). Ocean University of China:Unpublished MA thesis.
[6]Ren Rui. (2004). A Comparative Study of Chinese & English Names From a Cross-Cultural Communication Perspective. Soochow University:Unpublished MA thesis.
[7]楼光庆.从姓名看社会和文化[J].外语教学与研究,1985(3)
[8]Longman Dictinary of Contemporary English (New Edition) Essex:Pearson Education,2003.
[9]Dunkling, Leslie Alan.(1991).The Guinness Book of Names. Guinness Publishing.
[10]Li H.L., He Y.& SUN Y.B.(2006). A Comparative Study of Sexism in the Chinese and American English Languages and Cultures. Sino-Us English Teaching, Volume3,2(2)
[11]Reaney, P.H.(1967). The Origin of English Surnames. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
[12]Stewart, George R.(1979). American Given Names:Their Origin and History in the Context of English Language. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[13]Jin, Y. (2006). A Cross-cultural Study of Chinese and English Names. Sino-Us English Teaching, Volume4,11(1)
[14]左丘明.左传·隐公八年[M]长沙：岳麓书社,1995(694)
[15]郑樵.通志·氏族略[M]北京：中华书局,1995(132)
Caldwell, Randolph.(1989). The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Dolan, J.R.(1972). English Ancestral Names[M]. New York:Clarkson N. Potter, Inc.
Dunkling, Leslie Alan.(1991).The Guinness Book ofNames[M].Guinness Publishing.
E. Eichler, G. Hilty,H. Loffler,H. Steger & L. Zgusta.(1996). Name Studies[J].An International Handbook of Onomastics, (2).
Hook,J. N.(1982).Family Names:How Our Surnames Came to America[M].New York:Macmillan Publishing Co.Inc.
Jin Y. (2006). A Cross-cultural Study of Chinese and English Names[J].Sino-Us English Teaching, Volume 4,11(1).
Klein, Shelley.(1990). The Concise Dictionary of Surname [M],Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Li H.L., He Y.& SUN Y.B.(2006).A Comparative Study of Sexism in the Chinese and American English Languages and Cultures[J].Sino-Us English Teaching, Volume 3,2(2).
Lieberson, Stanley and Bell,E.O.(1992).Children's First Names:An Empirical Study of Social Taste[J]. American Journal of Sociology.
Morgan, Lewis H.(1997). Ancient Society[M].Beijing:Commercial Press.
Patrick Hanks.(1998).A Dictionary of First Name [M],Oxford:Oxford Paperback Reference.
Patrick Hanks, Flavia Hodges(1993).A Dictionary of Surname [M],Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Percy H. Reaney.(1987). A Dictionary of English Surname [M], Oxford:Oxford Paperback Reference.
Reaney, P.H.(1967). The Origin of English Surnames[M].London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Stewart, George R.(1979).American Given Names:Their Origin and History in the Context of English Language[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Zhang, H.M. (2006). A comparative study between English and Chinese names in traditional naming practice. Ocean University of China:Unpublished MA thesis.
Zhang, Y.Q. (2006). A study of Chinese non-official names from a cultural-anthropological perspective. Beijing Language and Culture University:Unpublished MA thesis.
程裕祯.中国文化要略[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2007
戴卫平.英国人姓名与英国文化[J].四川外国语学院学报,2000(4)
丁山.姓与氏[J].新建设,1951(6)
杜学增.中英(英语国家)文化习俗比较[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1999
付国伟.英汉姓名比较及其文化内涵[J].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006(5)
高永晨,任瑞.中英姓氏差异中的文化蕴涵[J].天津外国语学院学报,2003(11)
顾嘉祖主编.语言与文化.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2002
关立勋.中国文化杂说卷七[M].北京：北京燕山出版社,1997
洪文瀚.英汉语姓名应用共性新说[J].四川外国语学院学报,1998(1)
黄维合.英语姓名与文化.山东师大外国语学报,2001(1)
黄文山.对于《中国古代社会的图腾文化》之我见[J].新社会科学季刊,1934(1)
贾卫国.英语姓氏的演变与社会文化因素的作用[J].外语学刊,1999(3)
贾卫国.语言、姓氏与文化[J].山洞外语教学,1998(4)
李慎廉等.英语姓名词典[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2008
李忠华.英汉姓氏初探[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(9)
林忠.英汉对比语言学在我国的最新发展[J].中国民航飞行学院学报,2007(5)
牛道生.英美国家姓名文化内涵和历史渊源初探[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),1996(1)
潘文国,谭慧敏.对比语言学：历史与哲学思考[M].上海：上海教育出版社,2006
饶严彬.从文化维度理论看英汉姓名的异同[J].湖南广播电视大学学报,2007(1)
申巧锋.由东西方姓名看其文化之异同[J].沧桑,2006(5)
王菊泉,郑立信.近十年我国英汉对比研究回顾[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2004(11)
吴乘权.纲鉴易知录[M].北京：中华书局,1960
许慎.说文解字[M].北京：中华书局,1998
杨自俭.简论对比语言学中的几个问题[J].青岛海洋大学学报(社会科学版),1999(2)
杨自俭.再议英汉对比研究的几个问题[J].福建外语,2000(4)
杨自俭.再谈“两张皮”问题[J].外语与外语教学,2001(10)
应邵.风俗通义[M].北京：中华书局,1981
张秋云.英汉两种语言中的姓名文化理念[J]吉林工程技术师范学院学报(教育研究版),2004(2)
张荣建.英语名字和命名方式的理据：性别、种族和文化分析[J].天津外国语学院学报,2002(1)
张雨江跨文化的对比语言学浅论[J].云南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1998(2)
曾奇.中英姓名的文化差异[J].湖北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2005(3)
郑述谱.从历史比较语言学到对比语言学[J].外语学刊,2001(4)
周海中.英语姓名论[J].中山大学学报,1992(1)
朱娥.中英姓名对女性的歧视及其破除[J].昭通师范高等专科学校学报,2005(6)
朱晓刚.英语姓名简史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1992
[2]Whorf, B.L. quoted from杨自俭.简论对比语言学中的几个问题[J].青岛海洋大学学报(社会科学版),1999(2)
[3]Lado, Robert.quoted from杨自俭.简论对比语言学中的几个问题[J].青岛海洋大学学报(社会科学版),1999(2)
[4]张雨江.跨文化的对比语言学浅论[J].云南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1998(2)
[5]Zhang, H.M. (2006). A comparative study between English and Chinese names in traditional naming practice(pp.5). Ocean University of China:Unpublished MA thesis.
[6]Ren Rui. (2004). A Comparative Study of Chinese & English Names From a Cross-Cultural Communication Perspective. Soochow University:Unpublished MA thesis.
[7]楼光庆.从姓名看社会和文化[J].外语教学与研究,1985(3)
[8]Longman Dictinary of Contemporary English (New Edition) Essex:Pearson Education,2003.
[9]Dunkling, Leslie Alan.(1991).The Guinness Book of Names. Guinness Publishing.
[10]Li H.L., He Y.& SUN Y.B.(2006). A Comparative Study of Sexism in the Chinese and American English Languages and Cultures. Sino-Us English Teaching, Volume3,2(2)
[11]Reaney, P.H.(1967). The Origin of English Surnames. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
[12]Stewart, George R.(1979). American Given Names:Their Origin and History in the Context of English Language. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[13]Jin, Y. (2006). A Cross-cultural Study of Chinese and English Names. Sino-Us English Teaching, Volume4,11(1)
[14]左丘明.左传·隐公八年[M]长沙：岳麓书社,1995(694)
[15]郑樵.通志·氏族略[M]北京：中华书局,1995(132)
Caldwell, Randolph.(1989). The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Dolan, J.R.(1972). English Ancestral Names[M]. New York:Clarkson N. Potter, Inc.
Dunkling, Leslie Alan.(1991).The Guinness Book ofNames[M].Guinness Publishing.
E. Eichler, G. Hilty,H. Loffler,H. Steger & L. Zgusta.(1996). Name Studies[J].An International Handbook of Onomastics, (2).
Hook,J. N.(1982).Family Names:How Our Surnames Came to America[M].New York:Macmillan Publishing Co.Inc.
Jin Y. (2006). A Cross-cultural Study of Chinese and English Names[J].Sino-Us English Teaching, Volume 4,11(1).
Klein, Shelley.(1990). The Concise Dictionary of Surname [M],Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Li H.L., He Y.& SUN Y.B.(2006).A Comparative Study of Sexism in the Chinese and American English Languages and Cultures[J].Sino-Us English Teaching, Volume 3,2(2).
Lieberson, Stanley and Bell,E.O.(1992).Children's First Names:An Empirical Study of Social Taste[J]. American Journal of Sociology.
Morgan, Lewis H.(1997). Ancient Society[M].Beijing:Commercial Press.
Patrick Hanks.(1998).A Dictionary of First Name [M],Oxford:Oxford Paperback Reference.
Patrick Hanks, Flavia Hodges(1993).A Dictionary of Surname [M],Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Percy H. Reaney.(1987). A Dictionary of English Surname [M], Oxford:Oxford Paperback Reference.
Reaney, P.H.(1967). The Origin of English Surnames[M].London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Stewart, George R.(1979).American Given Names:Their Origin and History in the Context of English Language[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Zhang, H.M. (2006). A comparative study between English and Chinese names in traditional naming practice. Ocean University of China:Unpublished MA thesis.
Zhang, Y.Q. (2006). A study of Chinese non-official names from a cultural-anthropological perspective. Beijing Language and Culture University:Unpublished MA thesis.
程裕祯.中国文化要略[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2007
戴卫平.英国人姓名与英国文化[J].四川外国语学院学报,2000(4)
丁山.姓与氏[J].新建设,1951(6)
杜学增.中英(英语国家)文化习俗比较[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1999
付国伟.英汉姓名比较及其文化内涵[J].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006(5)
高永晨,任瑞.中英姓氏差异中的文化蕴涵[J].天津外国语学院学报,2003(11)
顾嘉祖主编.语言与文化.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2002
关立勋.中国文化杂说卷七[M].北京：北京燕山出版社,1997
洪文瀚.英汉语姓名应用共性新说[J].四川外国语学院学报,1998(1)
黄维合.英语姓名与文化.山东师大外国语学报,2001(1)
黄文山.对于《中国古代社会的图腾文化》之我见[J].新社会科学季刊,1934(1)
贾卫国.英语姓氏的演变与社会文化因素的作用[J].外语学刊,1999(3)
贾卫国.语言、姓氏与文化[J].山洞外语教学,1998(4)
李慎廉等.英语姓名词典[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2008
李忠华.英汉姓氏初探[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(9)
林忠.英汉对比语言学在我国的最新发展[J].中国民航飞行学院学报,2007(5)
牛道生.英美国家姓名文化内涵和历史渊源初探[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),1996(1)
潘文国,谭慧敏.对比语言学：历史与哲学思考[M].上海：上海教育出版社,2006
饶严彬.从文化维度理论看英汉姓名的异同[J].湖南广播电视大学学报,2007(1)
申巧锋.由东西方姓名看其文化之异同[J].沧桑,2006(5)
王菊泉,郑立信.近十年我国英汉对比研究回顾[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2004(11)
吴乘权.纲鉴易知录[M].北京：中华书局,1960
许慎.说文解字[M].北京：中华书局,1998
杨自俭.简论对比语言学中的几个问题[J].青岛海洋大学学报(社会科学版),1999(2)
杨自俭.再议英汉对比研究的几个问题[J].福建外语,2000(4)
杨自俭.再谈“两张皮”问题[J].外语与外语教学,2001(10)
应邵.风俗通义[M].北京：中华书局,1981
张秋云.英汉两种语言中的姓名文化理念[J]吉林工程技术师范学院学报(教育研究版),2004(2)
张荣建.英语名字和命名方式的理据：性别、种族和文化分析[J].天津外国语学院学报,2002(1)
张雨江跨文化的对比语言学浅论[J].云南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1998(2)
曾奇.中英姓名的文化差异[J].湖北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2005(3)
郑述谱.从历史比较语言学到对比语言学[J].外语学刊,2001(4)
周海中.英语姓名论[J].中山大学学报,1992(1)
朱娥.中英姓名对女性的歧视及其破除[J].昭通师范高等专科学校学报,2005(6)
朱晓刚.英语姓名简史[M].北京：商务印书馆,1992