社会文化框架下的名字和命名的研究
摘要
人名是人类社会中指代每一个具体成员的符号。作为语言的重要组成部分之一,姓名在人们的交往中有着举足轻重的作用和地位。一个人只有取得名字,才能取得其社会存在的标志。名字也是一个人区别于其他人的一种符号。名字在人类社会交往中不可或缺的作用实际是语言这一特殊社会现象作为交际工具的表现之一而已。
名字既要区分个体,又要整合文化(服从和“复制”文化),在指称具体的人的同时表达各种文化概念,这就是它的特殊性所在。
名字是经过选择得来的,具有特定的文化意蕴。姓名与所指对象之间的关系,也不仅仅局限于指称某个社会个体或者某个群体。这是因为,它一方面可以在宏观上直接或间接地反映社会的变迁,另一方面可以在微观层面上反映乃至参与调整社会成员之间的关系。
索绪尔指出,人类语言可以分为涉及语言本身结构系统的内部语言学和涉及语言与民族、文化、地理、历史等方面的关系的外部语言学(高名凯,1980:128)。姓名研究同时涉及“内部语言学”和“外部语言学”,既要涉及“结构”也要涉及“意义”。需要特别指出的是,姓名具有双重结构和双重意义。姓名的双重结构包括相应语言的结构和相应文化的结构这两个部分。姓名一方面要服从语言规律,遵循语言使用的习惯,一方面还要适应社会、历史和文化的发展。姓名的双重意义包括特定语言本身的意义和社会文化意义。这里所说的“语言本身的意义”指语音、语法、语义等狭义语言学的内容,具体又表现为姓名能指和所指的结构性对立;“社会文化意义”指和整个社区的历史和生活联系在一起的价值。
在日常交往中,姓名常用作称呼语。称呼语是在人们在谈话时用来指称彼此关系名称的词语是说话者用来维持与听话整个之间某种社会关系的一种手段,并反映说话者之间的社会关系和社会地位。作为语言符号姓名只表示指称对象。在言语交际中指称对象是其本质功能。但它有时会标示情感等,呈现出功能偏离。我们知道,指称同一个人的姓名称呼有很多种形式。姓名称呼的选择受一定因素的制约。名字除了其指称作用外,还有其深层含义即非指称功能。
本文将研究中英两种文化背景中名字的基本形式和命名习俗,并从社会语言学和语用学的角度分析了在社会交往中人名作为称呼语使用时的功能,以及制约姓名称呼选择的因素。在研究人名的指称意义的基础上,本文分析了作为非指称用法的人名的特点。因此,通过对在英汉两种文化背景下名字和命名的研究,我们可以了解到英汉民族的悠久历史以及不同的文化、不同思想的意识、独特的社会习俗和语言特点。对名字指称和非指称功能的研究,在日常交往中有利于我们
People's names refer to the symbols indicating each particular member in the society. As one of the essential parts of human language, people's names are playing a dominant role in the society. Firstly, only when one person gets a name, does he or she get the symbol of showing his or her existence and identity in the society. Secondly, names are symbols which one person can distinguish himself or herself from others. Thirdly, names are indispensable for the communication in human society since language is a communicative tool for human society.Names are not only used to signify the individual but also in conformity with culture (that is, to observe and "copy" culture). They are characterized as signifying a particular person and expressing various cultural concepts.Names are given or chosen by people, therefore, they have some cultural implications. The relation between a name and what it signifies does not only limit to signifying an individual or a group, because it can directly or indirectly reflect the evolution of society, but also can reflect or even adjust personal relationship between social members.Saussure indicates that the study of language is involved in internal linguistics which is concerned with the structure and system of language and external linguistics which studies the relation between language and ethnology, culture, geography and political history, institutions of everything sort, etc. {Saussure, 1959). The study of names also concerns "internal linguistics" and "external linguistics", that is, "the structure" and "meaning".It must be emphasized that a name has double structures and double meanings. The double structures include the corresponding linguistic structure and cultural structure. Names must observe the language rules, on the other hand, it must be accustomed to the development of society, history and culture. The double meanings of a name include the linguistic meaning and cultural meaning. Here the "linguistic meaning" indicates phonology, grammar and semantics, etc., and it indicates the signifier and signified in narrow linguistic sense. "Social cultural meaning" indicates the values connected with the history and life of a society.In daily communication, names are often used to address people. Address form is the word speakers use to designate the person they are talking to and a means to
maintain the social relationship between the speaker and the hearer. It can also reflect the speakers' social status and their relations. As a sign of language, name is only used to signify a person, which is the intrinsical function of it in speech communication. However, sometimes it can be used to signify emotion and present functional deviation. It is well known that there are many forms to address the same person. The choice of names is conditioned by some factors. In addition to the referential function, name has some deep implication, that is, non-referential function.This dissertation investigates names and naming under English and Chinese cultural backgrounds and analyzes the functions of names when used as address forms in social communication from the aspect of sociolinguistics and pragmatics, then summarizes the factors that condition the choice of names to address somebody. On the base of study the referential function of names, the dissertation analyzes the features of non- referential function of names. Therefore, by analyzing names and naming under English and Chinese cultural backgrounds, we could gain a better understanding of the long histories of two countries, the features of two different countries, different ideologies, their unique social conventions and languages. The study of the referential and non-referential functions is expected to help us to realize the speaker's intention and what he or signifies when he or she chooses some address form, also helps us to choose a proper address form so as to create good relation with others and understand the implication of names.This dissertation consists of consists six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the objectives of writing this dissertation and the layouts of the dissertation. Chapter 2, first makes a literature review of the research of names and naming, analyzes the basic forms in two naming systems and their respective cultural connotation, and then studies surnames in terms of origins, the sequencing, locality and the change of female surnames, also given names. In chapter 3, the author investigates the function of names when used as address forms from the aspects of sociolinguistics and pragmatics, and then summarizes the factors that condition the choice of names. Chapter 4 analyzes the features of non-referential names. Chapter 5 discusses some remaining issues in names and naming. The last chapter concludes the dissertation.
名字既要区分个体,又要整合文化(服从和“复制”文化),在指称具体的人的同时表达各种文化概念,这就是它的特殊性所在。
名字是经过选择得来的,具有特定的文化意蕴。姓名与所指对象之间的关系,也不仅仅局限于指称某个社会个体或者某个群体。这是因为,它一方面可以在宏观上直接或间接地反映社会的变迁,另一方面可以在微观层面上反映乃至参与调整社会成员之间的关系。
索绪尔指出,人类语言可以分为涉及语言本身结构系统的内部语言学和涉及语言与民族、文化、地理、历史等方面的关系的外部语言学(高名凯,1980:128)。姓名研究同时涉及“内部语言学”和“外部语言学”,既要涉及“结构”也要涉及“意义”。需要特别指出的是,姓名具有双重结构和双重意义。姓名的双重结构包括相应语言的结构和相应文化的结构这两个部分。姓名一方面要服从语言规律,遵循语言使用的习惯,一方面还要适应社会、历史和文化的发展。姓名的双重意义包括特定语言本身的意义和社会文化意义。这里所说的“语言本身的意义”指语音、语法、语义等狭义语言学的内容,具体又表现为姓名能指和所指的结构性对立;“社会文化意义”指和整个社区的历史和生活联系在一起的价值。
在日常交往中,姓名常用作称呼语。称呼语是在人们在谈话时用来指称彼此关系名称的词语是说话者用来维持与听话整个之间某种社会关系的一种手段,并反映说话者之间的社会关系和社会地位。作为语言符号姓名只表示指称对象。在言语交际中指称对象是其本质功能。但它有时会标示情感等,呈现出功能偏离。我们知道,指称同一个人的姓名称呼有很多种形式。姓名称呼的选择受一定因素的制约。名字除了其指称作用外,还有其深层含义即非指称功能。
本文将研究中英两种文化背景中名字的基本形式和命名习俗,并从社会语言学和语用学的角度分析了在社会交往中人名作为称呼语使用时的功能,以及制约姓名称呼选择的因素。在研究人名的指称意义的基础上,本文分析了作为非指称用法的人名的特点。因此,通过对在英汉两种文化背景下名字和命名的研究,我们可以了解到英汉民族的悠久历史以及不同的文化、不同思想的意识、独特的社会习俗和语言特点。对名字指称和非指称功能的研究,在日常交往中有利于我们
People's names refer to the symbols indicating each particular member in the society. As one of the essential parts of human language, people's names are playing a dominant role in the society. Firstly, only when one person gets a name, does he or she get the symbol of showing his or her existence and identity in the society. Secondly, names are symbols which one person can distinguish himself or herself from others. Thirdly, names are indispensable for the communication in human society since language is a communicative tool for human society.Names are not only used to signify the individual but also in conformity with culture (that is, to observe and "copy" culture). They are characterized as signifying a particular person and expressing various cultural concepts.Names are given or chosen by people, therefore, they have some cultural implications. The relation between a name and what it signifies does not only limit to signifying an individual or a group, because it can directly or indirectly reflect the evolution of society, but also can reflect or even adjust personal relationship between social members.Saussure indicates that the study of language is involved in internal linguistics which is concerned with the structure and system of language and external linguistics which studies the relation between language and ethnology, culture, geography and political history, institutions of everything sort, etc. {Saussure, 1959). The study of names also concerns "internal linguistics" and "external linguistics", that is, "the structure" and "meaning".It must be emphasized that a name has double structures and double meanings. The double structures include the corresponding linguistic structure and cultural structure. Names must observe the language rules, on the other hand, it must be accustomed to the development of society, history and culture. The double meanings of a name include the linguistic meaning and cultural meaning. Here the "linguistic meaning" indicates phonology, grammar and semantics, etc., and it indicates the signifier and signified in narrow linguistic sense. "Social cultural meaning" indicates the values connected with the history and life of a society.In daily communication, names are often used to address people. Address form is the word speakers use to designate the person they are talking to and a means to
maintain the social relationship between the speaker and the hearer. It can also reflect the speakers' social status and their relations. As a sign of language, name is only used to signify a person, which is the intrinsical function of it in speech communication. However, sometimes it can be used to signify emotion and present functional deviation. It is well known that there are many forms to address the same person. The choice of names is conditioned by some factors. In addition to the referential function, name has some deep implication, that is, non-referential function.This dissertation investigates names and naming under English and Chinese cultural backgrounds and analyzes the functions of names when used as address forms in social communication from the aspect of sociolinguistics and pragmatics, then summarizes the factors that condition the choice of names to address somebody. On the base of study the referential function of names, the dissertation analyzes the features of non- referential function of names. Therefore, by analyzing names and naming under English and Chinese cultural backgrounds, we could gain a better understanding of the long histories of two countries, the features of two different countries, different ideologies, their unique social conventions and languages. The study of the referential and non-referential functions is expected to help us to realize the speaker's intention and what he or signifies when he or she chooses some address form, also helps us to choose a proper address form so as to create good relation with others and understand the implication of names.This dissertation consists of consists six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the objectives of writing this dissertation and the layouts of the dissertation. Chapter 2, first makes a literature review of the research of names and naming, analyzes the basic forms in two naming systems and their respective cultural connotation, and then studies surnames in terms of origins, the sequencing, locality and the change of female surnames, also given names. In chapter 3, the author investigates the function of names when used as address forms from the aspects of sociolinguistics and pragmatics, and then summarizes the factors that condition the choice of names. Chapter 4 analyzes the features of non-referential names. Chapter 5 discusses some remaining issues in names and naming. The last chapter concludes the dissertation.
引文
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