英汉学习型词典中呈现文化信息的‘文化对比’
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摘要
“人们称‘辞书是文化的索引'”。(黄建华,2001)文化因素在EFL教学及习得中得到了日益的关注,英汉学习型词典作为英语学习者不可缺少的工具,应更加顾及中国学习者需要了解英语源语背后文化信息的特殊性。
英汉学习型词典如何更好地体现文化信息,如何更有预见性、针对性地帮助中国学习者提高文化意识?突出‘差异'具有现实意义。语言的对应与文化紧密相关,双语词典寻求两种符号的对应时绝不能把‘文化'丢在一边。双语词典为了准确地反映两种语言词义要素中的等值、非等值、不完全等值,就必须进行对比。尤其,对比不同语言的文化差异而造成的非等值、不完全等值。
本文首先阐述了英汉学习型词典收录文化信息的必要性。然后,论述了应用“文化对比”栏目的理论依据。再对英美国家出版的学习型词典以及国内人士编纂的英汉学习型词典是如何收录与处理文化信息进行观察,吸取其好的处理方法,改进其不足之处。最后,提出通过“文化对比”栏目更好地体现文化信息,以具体实例说明如何在英汉学习型词典中应用“文化对比”栏目。
"Dictionaries are considered as culture index" (Huang Jianhua, 2001) With increasing attention to cultural information in EFL teaching and learning, ECLDs should serve as a good remedy for Chinese readers' lack of the cultural knowledge concerning English-speaking countries. With effective methods or practice, ECLDs should pay more attention to Chinese readers' specific needs for cultural information behind the source language, trying to raise their awareness of underlying cultural differences.Is there any effective methods satisfying specific needs of Chinese EFL learners, raising their awareness of underlying cultural differences, and helping them get a better understanding of the source culture? Provision of source culture only is not enough, highlighting 'differences' holds practical significance.Researches on "contrast-making" in bilingual dictionaries have been carried out. In order to well reflect the relationship of equivalence, incomplete-equivalence and non-equivalence between lexical meanings, "contrast-making" has to be done in bilingual dictionaries. Especially, in the cases of the non-equivalences or incomplete-equivalences caused by cultural differencesFirst, this study sets forth the necessity of English CI in ECLDs. Then, it expounds the theoretical support for the "Culture Contrast'in ECLDs. And then, it surveys authoritative overseas ELDs and domestic ECLDs, incorporating the worthwhile methods, and improving the deficiencies. To a large extent, the specific needs of Chinese readers can not be well satisfied in the existingcondition. Finally, the author puts forward the suggestion-the application of"Culture Contrast" in ECLDs, with some entries as examples.
英汉学习型词典如何更好地体现文化信息,如何更有预见性、针对性地帮助中国学习者提高文化意识?突出‘差异'具有现实意义。语言的对应与文化紧密相关,双语词典寻求两种符号的对应时绝不能把‘文化'丢在一边。双语词典为了准确地反映两种语言词义要素中的等值、非等值、不完全等值,就必须进行对比。尤其,对比不同语言的文化差异而造成的非等值、不完全等值。
本文首先阐述了英汉学习型词典收录文化信息的必要性。然后,论述了应用“文化对比”栏目的理论依据。再对英美国家出版的学习型词典以及国内人士编纂的英汉学习型词典是如何收录与处理文化信息进行观察,吸取其好的处理方法,改进其不足之处。最后,提出通过“文化对比”栏目更好地体现文化信息,以具体实例说明如何在英汉学习型词典中应用“文化对比”栏目。
"Dictionaries are considered as culture index" (Huang Jianhua, 2001) With increasing attention to cultural information in EFL teaching and learning, ECLDs should serve as a good remedy for Chinese readers' lack of the cultural knowledge concerning English-speaking countries. With effective methods or practice, ECLDs should pay more attention to Chinese readers' specific needs for cultural information behind the source language, trying to raise their awareness of underlying cultural differences.Is there any effective methods satisfying specific needs of Chinese EFL learners, raising their awareness of underlying cultural differences, and helping them get a better understanding of the source culture? Provision of source culture only is not enough, highlighting 'differences' holds practical significance.Researches on "contrast-making" in bilingual dictionaries have been carried out. In order to well reflect the relationship of equivalence, incomplete-equivalence and non-equivalence between lexical meanings, "contrast-making" has to be done in bilingual dictionaries. Especially, in the cases of the non-equivalences or incomplete-equivalences caused by cultural differencesFirst, this study sets forth the necessity of English CI in ECLDs. Then, it expounds the theoretical support for the "Culture Contrast'in ECLDs. And then, it surveys authoritative overseas ELDs and domestic ECLDs, incorporating the worthwhile methods, and improving the deficiencies. To a large extent, the specific needs of Chinese readers can not be well satisfied in the existingcondition. Finally, the author puts forward the suggestion-the application of"Culture Contrast" in ECLDs, with some entries as examples.
引文
[1] Xiaoman is in May, according to the twenty-four solar terms in Chinese culture.
[2] Rain in spring, no matter in April or May, is important to agriculture.
[3] Face, the most relevant concept in the study of linguistic politeness, is used to refer to one's public self-image.
Charles R. Berger & James J. Bradac. 1982. Language and Social Knowledge: Uncertainty in Interpersonal Relations, Edward Arnold Ltd.,London.
Em Griffin. 1997. A First Look at Communication Theory, the Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York.
Lynne Flowerdew & Anthony K.K. Tong. 1994. Entering Text, Language Centre The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong.
Claire Kramsch. 1993. Context and Culture in Language Teaching, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Steiner. 1995. 'The bilingual dictionary in cross-cultural contexts'. Cultures, Ideologies, and the Dictionary. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tubingen.
Whitcut J.. 1995. 'Taking it for Granted: Some Cultural Preconceptions in English Dictionaries'. Cultures, Ideologies, and the Dictionary. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tu bingen.
Thompson N. 2003. Communication and Language: A Handbook of Theory and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Goddard, C. 1998. Semantic Analysis: A Practical Introduciton. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Yukio Tono. 2005. 'The potential of learner corpora for pedagogical lexicography'. Words in Asian Cultural Contexts. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Alexei Medvedev. 2005. 'Compiling Russian English lexicon: from terms to culture'. Words in Asian Cultural Contexts. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Julia Miller. 2005. 'English learners' dictionaries: An undervalued resource'. Words in Asian Cultural Contexts. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Jan-Olof Svantesson. 2005. 'Cultural information in a bilingual dictionary'. Words In Asian Cultural Contexts. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Fiske. 1990. 'The Dictionary as Philosophy: Reconstructing the Meaning'. Componential Analysis of Meaning. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Mexico.
Julius, F. 1971. Body Language. Pocket Books, New York.
Michael Stubbs. 2001. Words and Phrases, Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Oxford.
Moon, R. 1998. Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Rey, A, 1987. Le dictionnaire culturel. Lexicographica, 3,3-50
Thomas, J. 1983. 'Cross-cultural pragmatic failure''. Applied Linguistics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Fisiak, J. 1981.Contrastive Linguistics and the Language Teacher. Oxford.
Sajavaara K, 1981. 'Contrastive linguistics past and present and a communicative approach' in Fisiak (ed.)
Riley, P. 1981. 'Towards a contrastive pragmalinguistics' in Fisiak (ed.)
Prator, C. 1967. 'Hierarchy of Difficulty' (unpublished classroom lecture) University of California, Los Angeles
Wardhaugh, 1970. 'Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis' TESOL Quarterly 4:123
Schachter, J. and W. Rutherford, 1979. 'Discourse function and language transfer' Working Papers on Bilingualism 19: 3-12
Yule,G(2000),《语言研究》The Study of Language,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
Stephen C.Levinson(2001),《语用学》Pragmatics,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
Rod Ellis.1994.《第二语言习得概论》Understanding Second Language Acquisition,上海外语教育出版社,上海
H.G.Widdowson.1996.《语言教学交际法》Teaching Language as Communication,上海外语教育出版社,上海
Rod Ellis.1994.《第二语言习得研究》The Study of Second Language Acquisition,上海外语教育出版社,上海
Kramsch,C.2000.《语言与文化》Language and culture,上海外语教育出版社,上海
Lee Su Kim. Exploring the Relationship between Language, Culture and Identity, Journal of Language Studies, Vol.3(2)2003
源可乐. 1994. 'Suggestions for the compilation of a comprehensive English-Chinese learner's dictionary'. Entering Text. Hong Kong University, Hong Kong.
邓炎昌 等(1991),《语言与文化》,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
顾嘉祖 等(2002),《语言与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,上海。
吴友富,(2000),《外语与文化研究》,上海外语教育出版社,上海。
吴友富,(2000),《外语与文化研究》(第二辑),上海外语教育出版社,上海。
郭建中,(1999),《文化与翻译》,中国对外翻译出版公司,北京。
许余龙,(2001),《对比语言学》,上海外语教育出版社,上海。
王德春 等(2003),《汉英谚语与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,上海。
陈文伯,(1982), 《英语成语与汉语成语》,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
黄建华,陈楚祥(2001),《双语词典学导论》,商务印书馆,北京。(80,82,83,91,101)
黄冰,(2004),《第二语言习得入门》,广州高等教育出版社,广州。
李荫华,(1985),《英语词典初探》,商务印书馆,北京。
许文胜,朱章华(1999),‘英汉比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译',《文化与翻译》第335页。
朱亚军,(2000), 动物生肖的国俗语义研究',《外语与文化研究》第206页。
周红红,(2003),‘英语搭配和英语搭配词典的编纂原则',《北方交通大学学报》第3期,第69页。
周新玲,(2000),‘英汉称呼语比较',《外语与文化研究》第281页。
王力,(1985), ‘第一届国际汉语教学讨论会全体会上的讲话',《语言教学与研究》第4期,第4页。
涂沙丽,(2004),‘论英汉习语翻译中文化差异的处理',《理论界》第3期,第183页。
杜春发,(2005),‘加强外语教学中的跨文化学习',《基础教育外语教学研究》第2期,第41-43页。
赵雪琴,(2001),‘英汉双语学习词典中的搭配信息', 《外语与外语教学》第3期,第54-55页。
傅维贤,(2001),‘对比与双语词典',《双语词典学论集·理论经纬》第43页。
金明,(2001),‘对英汉文化限定词语的思考',《双语词典学论集·方法探讨》,第183,184页。
蔡荣寿,罗萍.(2005),‘跨文化交流的角度看英汉文化词汇的比较',《经济与社会发展》第2期,第133页。
赵蕾,(2005),‘英汉习语的文化差异及互译方法',《山西青年管理干部学院学报》第1期,第75页。
胡文仲,1995,《英美文化辞典》,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
解建和,2003,《新世纪英汉活用词典》,华东理工大学出版社,上海。
宋美铧,陈长房,2001, 《新知英汉词典》,生活·读书·新知三联书店,北京。
2003,《全息英汉词典》中国致公出版社,北京。
中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室,1993,《现代汉语词典》,商务印书馆,北京。
Della Summers,2004,《朗文当代高级英语辞典》Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,外语教学与研究出版社,北京
Sally Wehmeier,2000, 《牛津高阶英语词典》(第六版)Oxford English Dictionary for Advanced Learners(6th),商务印书馆,北京
Procter,2001,《剑桥国际英语词典》Cambridge International Dictionary of English,上海外语教育出版社,上海
2002,《剑桥英语学习词典》Cambridge Learner's Dictionary,外语教学与研究出版社,北京
Michael Rundell,2002, 《麦克米伦高阶英语词典》 Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners,外语教学与研究出版社,北京
Jedy Pearsall, 1998, The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1998, Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Konishi Tomoshichi, 1988, Taishukan's Genius English - Japanese Dictionary, Taishukan Publishing Company, Tokyo
[2] Rain in spring, no matter in April or May, is important to agriculture.
[3] Face, the most relevant concept in the study of linguistic politeness, is used to refer to one's public self-image.
Charles R. Berger & James J. Bradac. 1982. Language and Social Knowledge: Uncertainty in Interpersonal Relations, Edward Arnold Ltd.,London.
Em Griffin. 1997. A First Look at Communication Theory, the Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York.
Lynne Flowerdew & Anthony K.K. Tong. 1994. Entering Text, Language Centre The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong.
Claire Kramsch. 1993. Context and Culture in Language Teaching, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Steiner. 1995. 'The bilingual dictionary in cross-cultural contexts'. Cultures, Ideologies, and the Dictionary. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tubingen.
Whitcut J.. 1995. 'Taking it for Granted: Some Cultural Preconceptions in English Dictionaries'. Cultures, Ideologies, and the Dictionary. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tu bingen.
Thompson N. 2003. Communication and Language: A Handbook of Theory and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Goddard, C. 1998. Semantic Analysis: A Practical Introduciton. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Yukio Tono. 2005. 'The potential of learner corpora for pedagogical lexicography'. Words in Asian Cultural Contexts. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Alexei Medvedev. 2005. 'Compiling Russian English lexicon: from terms to culture'. Words in Asian Cultural Contexts. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Julia Miller. 2005. 'English learners' dictionaries: An undervalued resource'. Words in Asian Cultural Contexts. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Jan-Olof Svantesson. 2005. 'Cultural information in a bilingual dictionary'. Words In Asian Cultural Contexts. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Fiske. 1990. 'The Dictionary as Philosophy: Reconstructing the Meaning'. Componential Analysis of Meaning. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Mexico.
Julius, F. 1971. Body Language. Pocket Books, New York.
Michael Stubbs. 2001. Words and Phrases, Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Oxford.
Moon, R. 1998. Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Rey, A, 1987. Le dictionnaire culturel. Lexicographica, 3,3-50
Thomas, J. 1983. 'Cross-cultural pragmatic failure''. Applied Linguistics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Fisiak, J. 1981.Contrastive Linguistics and the Language Teacher. Oxford.
Sajavaara K, 1981. 'Contrastive linguistics past and present and a communicative approach' in Fisiak (ed.)
Riley, P. 1981. 'Towards a contrastive pragmalinguistics' in Fisiak (ed.)
Prator, C. 1967. 'Hierarchy of Difficulty' (unpublished classroom lecture) University of California, Los Angeles
Wardhaugh, 1970. 'Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis' TESOL Quarterly 4:123
Schachter, J. and W. Rutherford, 1979. 'Discourse function and language transfer' Working Papers on Bilingualism 19: 3-12
Yule,G(2000),《语言研究》The Study of Language,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
Stephen C.Levinson(2001),《语用学》Pragmatics,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
Rod Ellis.1994.《第二语言习得概论》Understanding Second Language Acquisition,上海外语教育出版社,上海
H.G.Widdowson.1996.《语言教学交际法》Teaching Language as Communication,上海外语教育出版社,上海
Rod Ellis.1994.《第二语言习得研究》The Study of Second Language Acquisition,上海外语教育出版社,上海
Kramsch,C.2000.《语言与文化》Language and culture,上海外语教育出版社,上海
Lee Su Kim. Exploring the Relationship between Language, Culture and Identity, Journal of Language Studies, Vol.3(2)2003
源可乐. 1994. 'Suggestions for the compilation of a comprehensive English-Chinese learner's dictionary'. Entering Text. Hong Kong University, Hong Kong.
邓炎昌 等(1991),《语言与文化》,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
顾嘉祖 等(2002),《语言与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,上海。
吴友富,(2000),《外语与文化研究》,上海外语教育出版社,上海。
吴友富,(2000),《外语与文化研究》(第二辑),上海外语教育出版社,上海。
郭建中,(1999),《文化与翻译》,中国对外翻译出版公司,北京。
许余龙,(2001),《对比语言学》,上海外语教育出版社,上海。
王德春 等(2003),《汉英谚语与文化》,上海外语教育出版社,上海。
陈文伯,(1982), 《英语成语与汉语成语》,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
黄建华,陈楚祥(2001),《双语词典学导论》,商务印书馆,北京。(80,82,83,91,101)
黄冰,(2004),《第二语言习得入门》,广州高等教育出版社,广州。
李荫华,(1985),《英语词典初探》,商务印书馆,北京。
许文胜,朱章华(1999),‘英汉比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译',《文化与翻译》第335页。
朱亚军,(2000), 动物生肖的国俗语义研究',《外语与文化研究》第206页。
周红红,(2003),‘英语搭配和英语搭配词典的编纂原则',《北方交通大学学报》第3期,第69页。
周新玲,(2000),‘英汉称呼语比较',《外语与文化研究》第281页。
王力,(1985), ‘第一届国际汉语教学讨论会全体会上的讲话',《语言教学与研究》第4期,第4页。
涂沙丽,(2004),‘论英汉习语翻译中文化差异的处理',《理论界》第3期,第183页。
杜春发,(2005),‘加强外语教学中的跨文化学习',《基础教育外语教学研究》第2期,第41-43页。
赵雪琴,(2001),‘英汉双语学习词典中的搭配信息', 《外语与外语教学》第3期,第54-55页。
傅维贤,(2001),‘对比与双语词典',《双语词典学论集·理论经纬》第43页。
金明,(2001),‘对英汉文化限定词语的思考',《双语词典学论集·方法探讨》,第183,184页。
蔡荣寿,罗萍.(2005),‘跨文化交流的角度看英汉文化词汇的比较',《经济与社会发展》第2期,第133页。
赵蕾,(2005),‘英汉习语的文化差异及互译方法',《山西青年管理干部学院学报》第1期,第75页。
胡文仲,1995,《英美文化辞典》,外语教学与研究出版社,北京。
解建和,2003,《新世纪英汉活用词典》,华东理工大学出版社,上海。
宋美铧,陈长房,2001, 《新知英汉词典》,生活·读书·新知三联书店,北京。
2003,《全息英汉词典》中国致公出版社,北京。
中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室,1993,《现代汉语词典》,商务印书馆,北京。
Della Summers,2004,《朗文当代高级英语辞典》Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,外语教学与研究出版社,北京
Sally Wehmeier,2000, 《牛津高阶英语词典》(第六版)Oxford English Dictionary for Advanced Learners(6th),商务印书馆,北京
Procter,2001,《剑桥国际英语词典》Cambridge International Dictionary of English,上海外语教育出版社,上海
2002,《剑桥英语学习词典》Cambridge Learner's Dictionary,外语教学与研究出版社,北京
Michael Rundell,2002, 《麦克米伦高阶英语词典》 Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners,外语教学与研究出版社,北京
Jedy Pearsall, 1998, The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1998, Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Konishi Tomoshichi, 1988, Taishukan's Genius English - Japanese Dictionary, Taishukan Publishing Company, Tokyo