英汉学习型词典中短语动词的优化处理模式
摘要
短语动词是英语语言现象中的一个重要特色。然而理解和使用短语动词是英语学习者甚至高级学习者的一个难点。英语学习型词典作为英语教学的必要工具应该有效处理短语动词，而作者研究发现，现有一些颇具影响力的英汉学习型词典却不管是在提供信息还是呈现方式上都存在较大的缺陷与不足。鉴于此，本研究通过对短语动词的相关研究，并采用对比研究的方法，从使用者视角出发，从词典结构入手，从形式和内容两方面对比五本权威的英英学习型词典和五本颇具影响力的英汉学习型词典对短语动词的处理，致力于提出英汉学习型词典中短语动词的优化处理原则。
在借鉴五大英英学习型词典的基础上，结合双语学习型词典本身的特色，以及借助词典学相关理论，本论文尝试提出英汉学习型词典中优化处理短语动词的一系列原则；并根据这一系列原则提出一个优化处理模式及其词条样本。
Phrasal verbs (PHR Vs) are considered to be an important feature of English.But understanding and learning to use them are difficult for learners even foradvanced learners of English. As an indispensable helper in English learning andteaching, English learner's dictionaries (ELDs) should present PHR Vssufficiently and effectively. In view of the importance of PHR Vs andinadequacies of the treatment of PHR Vs in existing popular English-ChineseLearner's Dictionaries (ECLDs), the present study aims to establish systematicprinciples for the treatment of PHR Vs in ECLDs. The study will focus on:1) relevant studies of PHR Vs 2) examination and comparison of the presentation ofPHR Vs in existing popular EFL dictionaries. The present study mainly adopts amethodology of comparative study, which will be conducted between ELDs-BigFive and the newly-published ECLDs in terms of their treatments of PHR Vs. Theaim of this comparative study is to examine and discuss advantages anddisadvantages of their presentation of PHR Vs among these learner's dictionaries(LDs) so as to seek an optimized model of presentation of PHR Vs in ECLDs.
In the light of the results of the comparative study and research findings inliterature, the thesis will, from dictionary structural perspective and user-friendlyperspective, propose the following principles for an efficient presentation of PHRVs in ECLDs: 1) Outside matter: Guide to finding PHR Vs in the front matter aswell as description of PHR Vs and particles in the middle matter in the form ofstudy pages should be made available. These efforts are made to ensure findabilityand acquisition of English PHR Vs. 2) At the macrostructural level, each PHR Vshould be given separate entry status under their main verb and then inalphabetical order of the particles. 3) Sufficient information on PHR Vs should beincorporated into the microstructure of an entry for PHR Vs in a self-evident and user-friendly style, e.g. stress marks for sound pronunciation, glosses to Chinesedefinitions, adequate examples, highlighted grammar patterns, indication ofcommon subjects and objects, usage notes, register and style, etc. Thearrangement of all these information categories should guarantee maximumcomprehensibility. findability and usability. 4) At the medio-structural level,cross-references system should be well established to refer user to synonyms,opposites, related nouns or adjectives derived from PHR Vs. etc. 5) User-friendlylexicographical symbols or codes representing all these categories of informationshould be employed to ensure explicitness and easy access. Following thesuggested principles, a tentative model with samples entries for PHR Vs will bepresented.
在借鉴五大英英学习型词典的基础上，结合双语学习型词典本身的特色，以及借助词典学相关理论，本论文尝试提出英汉学习型词典中优化处理短语动词的一系列原则；并根据这一系列原则提出一个优化处理模式及其词条样本。
Phrasal verbs (PHR Vs) are considered to be an important feature of English.But understanding and learning to use them are difficult for learners even foradvanced learners of English. As an indispensable helper in English learning andteaching, English learner's dictionaries (ELDs) should present PHR Vssufficiently and effectively. In view of the importance of PHR Vs andinadequacies of the treatment of PHR Vs in existing popular English-ChineseLearner's Dictionaries (ECLDs), the present study aims to establish systematicprinciples for the treatment of PHR Vs in ECLDs. The study will focus on:1) relevant studies of PHR Vs 2) examination and comparison of the presentation ofPHR Vs in existing popular EFL dictionaries. The present study mainly adopts amethodology of comparative study, which will be conducted between ELDs-BigFive and the newly-published ECLDs in terms of their treatments of PHR Vs. Theaim of this comparative study is to examine and discuss advantages anddisadvantages of their presentation of PHR Vs among these learner's dictionaries(LDs) so as to seek an optimized model of presentation of PHR Vs in ECLDs.
In the light of the results of the comparative study and research findings inliterature, the thesis will, from dictionary structural perspective and user-friendlyperspective, propose the following principles for an efficient presentation of PHRVs in ECLDs: 1) Outside matter: Guide to finding PHR Vs in the front matter aswell as description of PHR Vs and particles in the middle matter in the form ofstudy pages should be made available. These efforts are made to ensure findabilityand acquisition of English PHR Vs. 2) At the macrostructural level, each PHR Vshould be given separate entry status under their main verb and then inalphabetical order of the particles. 3) Sufficient information on PHR Vs should beincorporated into the microstructure of an entry for PHR Vs in a self-evident and user-friendly style, e.g. stress marks for sound pronunciation, glosses to Chinesedefinitions, adequate examples, highlighted grammar patterns, indication ofcommon subjects and objects, usage notes, register and style, etc. Thearrangement of all these information categories should guarantee maximumcomprehensibility. findability and usability. 4) At the medio-structural level,cross-references system should be well established to refer user to synonyms,opposites, related nouns or adjectives derived from PHR Vs. etc. 5) User-friendlylexicographical symbols or codes representing all these categories of informationshould be employed to ensure explicitness and easy access. Following thesuggested principles, a tentative model with samples entries for PHR Vs will bepresented.
引文
Alexander. L.G. 1988. Longman English Grammar. New York: Longman Inc.
Bache. C. 2000. Essentials of Mastering English: A Concise Grammar. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 122-25; 287-88.
Béjoint H. 2002. Modern Lexicography: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bilber, D., Stig, J., Geoffrey, L.. Susan, C., & Edward. F. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Person Education Limited, 403-427.
Bogaards, P. 1996. "Dictionaries for Learners of English." International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 9(4): 277-320.
Bogaards. P. 2003. "MEDAL: A Fifth Dictionary for Learners of English." International Journal of Lexicography Vol. 16(1): 43-55.
Bolinger. D. 1971. The Phrasal Verb in English. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harward University Press.
Britten, D. & Dellar, G. 1989. Using Phrasal Verbs. England: Prentice Hall.
Busse. U. 1998. "English Learners" Dictionaries and Their Treatment of Phrasal Verbs' In: Symposium on LEX Ⅷ, 111-34.
Celce-Murcia, M. & Larsen-Freeman, D. 1999.The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teacher's course (2nd ed.). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Cornell, A.1985. 'Realistic goals in teaching and learning Phrasal Verbs.' International Review of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 23:269-80.
Courtney, R. 1983. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. London: Longman.
Cowie. A.P. 2002. English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History Beijing: Foreign Language Research and Teaching Press.
Cowie. A.P. & Mackin, R.1975. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idliomatic English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dagut, M. & laufer, B.1985. 'Avoidance of PHR Vs: A case for contrastive analysis.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Vol.7:73-79.
Darwin, C.M. & Gray, L.S.1999. 'Going After the Phrasal Verb: An Alternative Approach to Classification.' TESOL QUARTERLY, Vol. 33(1):65-83.
Downing, A. & Locke, P. 2002. A University Course in English Grammar. London: Routledge, 333-41.
Ellis. R. 2000. Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Fernando, C. 1996. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Oxford University Press.
Foley. M. & Hall, D. 2005. Longman Advanced Learners'Grammar. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 156-158.
Gouws, R.H. & Prinsloo, D.J. 2005. 'Left-Expanded Article Structures in Bantu.' International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 18(1): 26-46.
Hanks, P. 2005. 'Johnson and Modern Lexicography." International Journal of Lexicography, Vol.18 (2): 243-266.
Hartmann, R.R.K. & James, G.. 1998/2000. Dictionary of Lexicography. London/Beijing: Tailor & Francis Limited / Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hartmann, R.R.K. 2001/2005.Teaching and Researching Lexicography. UK/Beijing: Person Education Limited /Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hatch, E. & Brown, C. 2001. Vocabulary, Semantics and Language Education. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hulstijin, J.H. & Marchena, E. 1989. 'Avoidance: Grammatical or semantics?' Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Vol. 11: 241-252.
Landau. S. I. 2001 .Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Landau. S. I. 2005. 'Johnson's Influence on Webster and Worcester in Early American Lexicography.' International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 18 (2):217-229.
Laufer, B. & Eliasson, S. 1993. "What causes avoidance in L2 learning: L1-L2 difference, L1-L2 similarity, or L2 complexity?' Studies in Second Language Acquisition. Vol. 15:35-48.
Liao, Y. & Fukuya, Y.J. 2004. "Avoidance of PHR Vs: The case of Chinese [,earners of English." Language Learning, Vol. 54(2):193-226.
McCarthy (eds). Vocabulary and Language Teaching. London: Longman, 1988.
Morenberg, M. 2002. Doing Grammar (third edition). New York: Oxford University Press. Inc. 46-49.
Nattinger. R.J.& DeCarrico. S. J. 2000. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nelson,. G. 2001. English. An Essential Grammar. London: Routlege, 47-48.
Palmer, R. 1965. The English Verb. London: Longman Group Limited.
Pye, G. 1996. "Don't Give up, Look it up! Defining Phrasal Verbs for the Learner of English" In: EURALEX'96 Proceedings, 697-704.
Quirk, R.. Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik. J. 1973. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 346-352.
Quirk. R.. Greenbaum, S.. Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. 1978, A University Grammar of English abridged from A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 811-819.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1150-1168.
Rong Yueting. 2006. On the Incorporation of Pragmatic Information concerning Discourse Markers in ECLDs, MA. Thesis (unpublished), Guangdong University of Foreign Languages, 68.
Side, R. 1990. 'Phrasal Verbs: Sorting Them Out.' ELT Journal, Vol. 44(2): 144-152.
Sinclair. J.(ed). 1989. Collins COBU1LD Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. London: Williams Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.
Sinclair. J. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Svensen Bo. 1993. Practical Lexicography: Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 140.
Swan, M. 2002. Thhe influence of the mother tongue on second language vocabulary acquisition and use In: N. Schmitt &M. McCarthy (ed). Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Zgusta, L. 1971. Manual of Lexicography. The Hague: Mouton.
刘世理，2006，中国学生英语短语动词的认知误区及应对策略《西安外国语学院学报》．14(3)：31-35
骆世平、2000，浅评《当代英语习语大词典》 《辞书研究》(06)：110-117
雍和明，2003，英汉双语词典与英语单语词典用户语言需求与信息检索的比较《辞书研究》(06)：123-33
雍和明，1999，试论成语及其在双语词典中的处理方法与原则 《辞书研究》(2)：60-67
虞正亭、孟臻，2003，论英汉短语动词词典编纂《双语词典研究》上海：上海外语教育出版社．104-108
源可乐，2001，论英语教学型词典中的搭配信息 《现代外语》(3)：259-266
源可乐，2005，英语教学型词典在成语处理方面几个容易忽视的问题《广东外语外贸大学学报》第十六卷增刊：41-43
汪榕培，1997，英语的短语动词《外语与外语教学》(4)：18-22
汪榕培、卢哓娟，1997，《英语词汇学教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社：405-20
章宜华，2002，《语义学与词典释义》上海：上海辞书出版社
章振邦，1997，《新编英语语法》上海：上海外语教育出版社
赵彦春，2003，《认知词典学探索》上海：上海外语教育出版社 Dictionaries cited:
Cambridge International Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, 1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 2005, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary (5th Edition), 2006/2006. Glasgow/Beijing: Harper Collins Publishers/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, 2002. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (4th Edition), 2003/2004. Harlow/Beijing: Person Education Limited/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (3rd Edition), 2002/2005. Harlow/Beijing: Person Education Limited/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2002/2005. UK/Beijing: Macmillan Publishers Limited/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (6th Edition). 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (7th Edition). 2005. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English, 1984. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary for Learners of English. 2001/2003, Oxford/ Beijing: Oxford University Press/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
New Age English-Chinese Dictionary. 2004, Beijing: The Commercial Press
A New English-Chinese Dictionary (Century Edition). 2000. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House
An English-Chinese Dictionary, 2006, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press
The New Century Multi-functional English-Chinese. 2003. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Teaching Press
A Modern English-Chinese Dictionary, 2002, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Bache. C. 2000. Essentials of Mastering English: A Concise Grammar. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 122-25; 287-88.
Béjoint H. 2002. Modern Lexicography: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bilber, D., Stig, J., Geoffrey, L.. Susan, C., & Edward. F. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Person Education Limited, 403-427.
Bogaards, P. 1996. "Dictionaries for Learners of English." International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 9(4): 277-320.
Bogaards. P. 2003. "MEDAL: A Fifth Dictionary for Learners of English." International Journal of Lexicography Vol. 16(1): 43-55.
Bolinger. D. 1971. The Phrasal Verb in English. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harward University Press.
Britten, D. & Dellar, G. 1989. Using Phrasal Verbs. England: Prentice Hall.
Busse. U. 1998. "English Learners" Dictionaries and Their Treatment of Phrasal Verbs' In: Symposium on LEX Ⅷ, 111-34.
Celce-Murcia, M. & Larsen-Freeman, D. 1999.The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teacher's course (2nd ed.). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Cornell, A.1985. 'Realistic goals in teaching and learning Phrasal Verbs.' International Review of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 23:269-80.
Courtney, R. 1983. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. London: Longman.
Cowie. A.P. 2002. English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History Beijing: Foreign Language Research and Teaching Press.
Cowie. A.P. & Mackin, R.1975. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idliomatic English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dagut, M. & laufer, B.1985. 'Avoidance of PHR Vs: A case for contrastive analysis.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Vol.7:73-79.
Darwin, C.M. & Gray, L.S.1999. 'Going After the Phrasal Verb: An Alternative Approach to Classification.' TESOL QUARTERLY, Vol. 33(1):65-83.
Downing, A. & Locke, P. 2002. A University Course in English Grammar. London: Routledge, 333-41.
Ellis. R. 2000. Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Fernando, C. 1996. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Oxford University Press.
Foley. M. & Hall, D. 2005. Longman Advanced Learners'Grammar. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 156-158.
Gouws, R.H. & Prinsloo, D.J. 2005. 'Left-Expanded Article Structures in Bantu.' International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 18(1): 26-46.
Hanks, P. 2005. 'Johnson and Modern Lexicography." International Journal of Lexicography, Vol.18 (2): 243-266.
Hartmann, R.R.K. & James, G.. 1998/2000. Dictionary of Lexicography. London/Beijing: Tailor & Francis Limited / Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hartmann, R.R.K. 2001/2005.Teaching and Researching Lexicography. UK/Beijing: Person Education Limited /Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hatch, E. & Brown, C. 2001. Vocabulary, Semantics and Language Education. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hulstijin, J.H. & Marchena, E. 1989. 'Avoidance: Grammatical or semantics?' Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Vol. 11: 241-252.
Landau. S. I. 2001 .Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Landau. S. I. 2005. 'Johnson's Influence on Webster and Worcester in Early American Lexicography.' International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 18 (2):217-229.
Laufer, B. & Eliasson, S. 1993. "What causes avoidance in L2 learning: L1-L2 difference, L1-L2 similarity, or L2 complexity?' Studies in Second Language Acquisition. Vol. 15:35-48.
Liao, Y. & Fukuya, Y.J. 2004. "Avoidance of PHR Vs: The case of Chinese [,earners of English." Language Learning, Vol. 54(2):193-226.
McCarthy (eds). Vocabulary and Language Teaching. London: Longman, 1988.
Morenberg, M. 2002. Doing Grammar (third edition). New York: Oxford University Press. Inc. 46-49.
Nattinger. R.J.& DeCarrico. S. J. 2000. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nelson,. G. 2001. English. An Essential Grammar. London: Routlege, 47-48.
Palmer, R. 1965. The English Verb. London: Longman Group Limited.
Pye, G. 1996. "Don't Give up, Look it up! Defining Phrasal Verbs for the Learner of English" In: EURALEX'96 Proceedings, 697-704.
Quirk, R.. Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik. J. 1973. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 346-352.
Quirk. R.. Greenbaum, S.. Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. 1978, A University Grammar of English abridged from A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 811-819.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1150-1168.
Rong Yueting. 2006. On the Incorporation of Pragmatic Information concerning Discourse Markers in ECLDs, MA. Thesis (unpublished), Guangdong University of Foreign Languages, 68.
Side, R. 1990. 'Phrasal Verbs: Sorting Them Out.' ELT Journal, Vol. 44(2): 144-152.
Sinclair. J.(ed). 1989. Collins COBU1LD Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. London: Williams Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.
Sinclair. J. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Svensen Bo. 1993. Practical Lexicography: Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 140.
Swan, M. 2002. Thhe influence of the mother tongue on second language vocabulary acquisition and use In: N. Schmitt &M. McCarthy (ed). Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Zgusta, L. 1971. Manual of Lexicography. The Hague: Mouton.
刘世理，2006，中国学生英语短语动词的认知误区及应对策略《西安外国语学院学报》．14(3)：31-35
骆世平、2000，浅评《当代英语习语大词典》 《辞书研究》(06)：110-117
雍和明，2003，英汉双语词典与英语单语词典用户语言需求与信息检索的比较《辞书研究》(06)：123-33
雍和明，1999，试论成语及其在双语词典中的处理方法与原则 《辞书研究》(2)：60-67
虞正亭、孟臻，2003，论英汉短语动词词典编纂《双语词典研究》上海：上海外语教育出版社．104-108
源可乐，2001，论英语教学型词典中的搭配信息 《现代外语》(3)：259-266
源可乐，2005，英语教学型词典在成语处理方面几个容易忽视的问题《广东外语外贸大学学报》第十六卷增刊：41-43
汪榕培，1997，英语的短语动词《外语与外语教学》(4)：18-22
汪榕培、卢哓娟，1997，《英语词汇学教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社：405-20
章宜华，2002，《语义学与词典释义》上海：上海辞书出版社
章振邦，1997，《新编英语语法》上海：上海外语教育出版社
赵彦春，2003，《认知词典学探索》上海：上海外语教育出版社 Dictionaries cited:
Cambridge International Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, 1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 2005, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary (5th Edition), 2006/2006. Glasgow/Beijing: Harper Collins Publishers/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, 2002. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (4th Edition), 2003/2004. Harlow/Beijing: Person Education Limited/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (3rd Edition), 2002/2005. Harlow/Beijing: Person Education Limited/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2002/2005. UK/Beijing: Macmillan Publishers Limited/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (6th Edition). 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (7th Edition). 2005. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English, 1984. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary for Learners of English. 2001/2003, Oxford/ Beijing: Oxford University Press/Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
New Age English-Chinese Dictionary. 2004, Beijing: The Commercial Press
A New English-Chinese Dictionary (Century Edition). 2000. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House
An English-Chinese Dictionary, 2006, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press
The New Century Multi-functional English-Chinese. 2003. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Teaching Press
A Modern English-Chinese Dictionary, 2002, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press