英租威海卫时期英语语言软环境研究
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摘要
随着社会语言学的发展,语言学家对语言软环境的研究逐渐产生了兴趣。语言软环境是个新兴课题,学术界对此的研究刚刚起步。本论文以《威海卫天琴鸟报》为例,运用批评话语分析理论,尝试对英租威海卫时期(1898-1930)英语语言软环境进行研究。
英语语言软环境的研究可以以福尔.克罗夫的批评话语分析的模式为理论基础展开。英语语言软环境主要包括该社团内部成员和大众媒体对英语口语及书面语的使用情况和采取的语言态度,政府制定的语言政策和语言规划,以及其他影响语言使用和变化的各种因素。
《威海卫天琴鸟报》是英国驻威部队军方于1900年底创办的唯一一份英文报纸.笔者以收藏在威海市档案馆的八十三期《威海卫天琴鸟报》原版报纸复印件为素材展开研究。本论文首先从报纸的创办背景、出版发行、性质地位和内容构成等方面对《威海卫天琴鸟报》进行简单介绍。接下来对报纸内容进行重点分析。笔者从报纸的“最新电文”和“当地新闻”两个栏目中选取了九条新闻,运用范迪克的新闻话语分析理论展开研究；从词汇选择、用词特征和句法结构三个角度入手,对该报新闻语言的词汇密度,简单词、缩略词、修饰词和数量词的使用,以及句式结构和修饰关系进行了实例分析。同时,笔者从报纸“社论”栏目中选取了四则社论,运用公关话语分析理论展开研究；主要从情态动词的用法和人称代词的指示意义角度对社论语言进行分析。另外,笔者还对报纸中出现的三则广告进行了初步的研究,并且分析讨论了副刊中的两篇随笔和一则笑话。随后笔者根据批评话语分析的理论,结合该报纸的信息来源,编辑特点,发行对象和报纸内容,综合考虑报纸语言的上述特点,初步探讨了《威海卫天琴鸟报》承载并反映出英租威海卫时期英语语言软环境的工作机制。
本课题研究有两个发现。首先,《威海卫天琴鸟报》中的新闻语言具有以下特点：1词汇密度高；2大量使用简单词和缩略词；3数量词,修饰词使用少；4句式结构单一,固定在主渭宾、主系表和主动补三种结构上。在非新闻语言方面,《威海卫天琴鸟报》的编辑们运用特定的情态动词来表达不同的情感态度；而第一人称代词的大量使用有助于拉近编辑和读者的距离。《威海卫天琴鸟报》中的广告语言具有句子短小,信息量大,忽略修辞等特点。其次,英租威海卫时期(1898-1930),威海卫英租界这个言语社团内英语语言软环境呈现以下特点：第一,英语的主要使用者是英籍驻威移民,第二,该言语社团内英语用词简洁,英语使用次数频繁,并且涉及社会生活各个方面。第三,政府、大众媒体和个体英语使用者都尽力保证英语的规范使用。第四,威海卫英租界的英语不仅承担着信息传递的功能,而且成为满足社区内英籍移民个体归属感和维系民族感情的纽带。第五,以中国地名为代表的新词语的使用。
本研究的理论意义在于：首先对英语语言软环境这个概念的内涵和外延进行了探讨；其次对批评话语分析理论进行梳理和阐释,将该理论运用于英语语言软环境的研究,并通过个案研究分析,揭示了特定地区英语语言软环境的特点。希望本文的研究能为今后对话语分析理论的完善和英语语言软环境的研究奠定基础。
Along with the development of sociolinguistics. an increasing interest among linguists has emerged to explore English soft environment, and studies on this new subject are just on the threshold. In this thesis, the author aims to use Fairclough's critical discourse analysis theory to make a tentative study on English soft environment in Britain leased Wei-Hai-Wei (1898-1930) by analyzing The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre.
This research on English soft environment can take Fairclough's critical discourse analysis as theoretical basis since both of them focus on the relationship between language and its social factors in a speech community and the elements of English soft environment correlate with the subjects of critical discourse analysis. English soft environment includes such major elements as the use of English among community members and in public media, English users'language attitudes, language policy and language planning from the government. These elements can be analyzed from the perspective of news discourse analysis, public discourse analysis and advertising discourse analysis, which are three branches of the critical discourse analysis theory.
This study is based on the copies of eighty-three issues of The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre (from December1,1900to March12,1901), the only English newspaper published by the British Military Department in Wei-Hai-Wei, from Bureau of Weihai City Archives. The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre is introduced in terms of backgrounds, publication and circulation, status and contents, as well as suspension of publication.
The contents of the newspaper are analyzed and discussed in detail. An analysis on nine pieces of news from two columns:LATEAST TELEGRAM and LOCAL NEWS is carried out based on Van Dijk's news discourse analysis from three perspectives:vocabulary analysis (lexical density), word features (simple words, acronyms, modifiers and number words), and syntactical analysis (syntactic structure and modifier clause). Four editorials from the column EDITORIAL are chosen and studied based on public discourse analysis from perspectives of the implications of modal verbs and denotation of personal pronouns. Besides, the author conducts a preliminary research on three advertisements from the paper under the theory of adverting discourse analysis. Moreover, two essays and a amusing dialogue from the supplement is also analyzed and discussed. The author then discusses how The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre carries and reflects English soft environment in Britain leased Wei-Hai-Wei (1898-1930) by taking critical analysis as a guide, considering language features analyzed above and together with the papers' news resources,editing, circulation and contents.
Two findings are achieved from the above analysis and discussion. One is that in The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre, news language has the following features:high degree of lexical density; abundance of simple words and acronyms; small amount of modifiers and numerals; syntactic structures fixed on SVO, SVC and SVA. As for non-news, editors express different feelings by the choice of modal verbs, and the abundant use of the first personal pronouns can fill the gap between the editors and readers. The advertisements have short sentences; information is concentrated and there is no use of rhetoric. The other finding is that the author concludes five features of English soft environment in Britain leased Wei-Hai-Wei (1898-1930). Firstly, main English users are British immigrants. Secondly, English is frequently used in all aspects of members'life. Thirdly, the government, public media and individuals try to maintain the use of Standard English. Fourthly, English is not only the carrier of information but also a symbol of identity for English immigrants.Fifthly, new words of Chinese place name are added to English vocabulary.
This research has some theoretical significance by discussing the definition and elements of English soft environment, explaining the theory of critical discourse analysis and applying it to the study of English soft environment. It is hoped that the findings of this thesis will provide insights into and useful evidences for further studies of discourse analysis and English soft environment.
英语语言软环境的研究可以以福尔.克罗夫的批评话语分析的模式为理论基础展开。英语语言软环境主要包括该社团内部成员和大众媒体对英语口语及书面语的使用情况和采取的语言态度,政府制定的语言政策和语言规划,以及其他影响语言使用和变化的各种因素。
《威海卫天琴鸟报》是英国驻威部队军方于1900年底创办的唯一一份英文报纸.笔者以收藏在威海市档案馆的八十三期《威海卫天琴鸟报》原版报纸复印件为素材展开研究。本论文首先从报纸的创办背景、出版发行、性质地位和内容构成等方面对《威海卫天琴鸟报》进行简单介绍。接下来对报纸内容进行重点分析。笔者从报纸的“最新电文”和“当地新闻”两个栏目中选取了九条新闻,运用范迪克的新闻话语分析理论展开研究；从词汇选择、用词特征和句法结构三个角度入手,对该报新闻语言的词汇密度,简单词、缩略词、修饰词和数量词的使用,以及句式结构和修饰关系进行了实例分析。同时,笔者从报纸“社论”栏目中选取了四则社论,运用公关话语分析理论展开研究；主要从情态动词的用法和人称代词的指示意义角度对社论语言进行分析。另外,笔者还对报纸中出现的三则广告进行了初步的研究,并且分析讨论了副刊中的两篇随笔和一则笑话。随后笔者根据批评话语分析的理论,结合该报纸的信息来源,编辑特点,发行对象和报纸内容,综合考虑报纸语言的上述特点,初步探讨了《威海卫天琴鸟报》承载并反映出英租威海卫时期英语语言软环境的工作机制。
本课题研究有两个发现。首先,《威海卫天琴鸟报》中的新闻语言具有以下特点：1词汇密度高；2大量使用简单词和缩略词；3数量词,修饰词使用少；4句式结构单一,固定在主渭宾、主系表和主动补三种结构上。在非新闻语言方面,《威海卫天琴鸟报》的编辑们运用特定的情态动词来表达不同的情感态度；而第一人称代词的大量使用有助于拉近编辑和读者的距离。《威海卫天琴鸟报》中的广告语言具有句子短小,信息量大,忽略修辞等特点。其次,英租威海卫时期(1898-1930),威海卫英租界这个言语社团内英语语言软环境呈现以下特点：第一,英语的主要使用者是英籍驻威移民,第二,该言语社团内英语用词简洁,英语使用次数频繁,并且涉及社会生活各个方面。第三,政府、大众媒体和个体英语使用者都尽力保证英语的规范使用。第四,威海卫英租界的英语不仅承担着信息传递的功能,而且成为满足社区内英籍移民个体归属感和维系民族感情的纽带。第五,以中国地名为代表的新词语的使用。
本研究的理论意义在于：首先对英语语言软环境这个概念的内涵和外延进行了探讨；其次对批评话语分析理论进行梳理和阐释,将该理论运用于英语语言软环境的研究,并通过个案研究分析,揭示了特定地区英语语言软环境的特点。希望本文的研究能为今后对话语分析理论的完善和英语语言软环境的研究奠定基础。
Along with the development of sociolinguistics. an increasing interest among linguists has emerged to explore English soft environment, and studies on this new subject are just on the threshold. In this thesis, the author aims to use Fairclough's critical discourse analysis theory to make a tentative study on English soft environment in Britain leased Wei-Hai-Wei (1898-1930) by analyzing The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre.
This research on English soft environment can take Fairclough's critical discourse analysis as theoretical basis since both of them focus on the relationship between language and its social factors in a speech community and the elements of English soft environment correlate with the subjects of critical discourse analysis. English soft environment includes such major elements as the use of English among community members and in public media, English users'language attitudes, language policy and language planning from the government. These elements can be analyzed from the perspective of news discourse analysis, public discourse analysis and advertising discourse analysis, which are three branches of the critical discourse analysis theory.
This study is based on the copies of eighty-three issues of The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre (from December1,1900to March12,1901), the only English newspaper published by the British Military Department in Wei-Hai-Wei, from Bureau of Weihai City Archives. The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre is introduced in terms of backgrounds, publication and circulation, status and contents, as well as suspension of publication.
The contents of the newspaper are analyzed and discussed in detail. An analysis on nine pieces of news from two columns:LATEAST TELEGRAM and LOCAL NEWS is carried out based on Van Dijk's news discourse analysis from three perspectives:vocabulary analysis (lexical density), word features (simple words, acronyms, modifiers and number words), and syntactical analysis (syntactic structure and modifier clause). Four editorials from the column EDITORIAL are chosen and studied based on public discourse analysis from perspectives of the implications of modal verbs and denotation of personal pronouns. Besides, the author conducts a preliminary research on three advertisements from the paper under the theory of adverting discourse analysis. Moreover, two essays and a amusing dialogue from the supplement is also analyzed and discussed. The author then discusses how The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre carries and reflects English soft environment in Britain leased Wei-Hai-Wei (1898-1930) by taking critical analysis as a guide, considering language features analyzed above and together with the papers' news resources,editing, circulation and contents.
Two findings are achieved from the above analysis and discussion. One is that in The Wei-Hai-Wei Lyre, news language has the following features:high degree of lexical density; abundance of simple words and acronyms; small amount of modifiers and numerals; syntactic structures fixed on SVO, SVC and SVA. As for non-news, editors express different feelings by the choice of modal verbs, and the abundant use of the first personal pronouns can fill the gap between the editors and readers. The advertisements have short sentences; information is concentrated and there is no use of rhetoric. The other finding is that the author concludes five features of English soft environment in Britain leased Wei-Hai-Wei (1898-1930). Firstly, main English users are British immigrants. Secondly, English is frequently used in all aspects of members'life. Thirdly, the government, public media and individuals try to maintain the use of Standard English. Fourthly, English is not only the carrier of information but also a symbol of identity for English immigrants.Fifthly, new words of Chinese place name are added to English vocabulary.
This research has some theoretical significance by discussing the definition and elements of English soft environment, explaining the theory of critical discourse analysis and applying it to the study of English soft environment. It is hoped that the findings of this thesis will provide insights into and useful evidences for further studies of discourse analysis and English soft environment.
引文
1威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第十三期。
2威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第十四期。
3威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十一期。
4威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第三十期。
5威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第八十期。
6 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第八十三期。
7威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第五期。
8威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第十期。
9威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十八期。
10 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第八十期。
11 威海f市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫五十期。
12 威海市档案馆;英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号;229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十六期。
13威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十七期。
14 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十八期。
15 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十九期。
16威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第五十期。
17威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十期。
18威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十期。
19威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十一期。
20威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十五期。
21威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十八期。
22威海市档案馆：英国威海卫卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫四十期。
23威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第六十二期。
24威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫六十期。
25威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第七十九期。
26威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十四期。
27威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第六十期。
28威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第七十二期。
29威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十五期。
30 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十期。
31威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第十八期。
32威海市档案馆：英国威海卫卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十四期。
33威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫十四期。
34威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十四期。
35威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫三十六期。
36威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫七十期。
37威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第六十二期。
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Ferdinand, Tonnies. (2011). Community and society. In. Hamilton (ed.). The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (pp.13-35). Malden:MA Blackwell.
Hardy, C. (2001). Researching organizational discourse. International Studies of Management and Organization, (3),25-47.
Hornby, A. S. (2010). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics (thirdedition).Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Hornby, D. (2004). Logic:Inductive and deductive an introduction to scientific method. New York:Kessinger Publishing House.
Hudon, R. A. (2000). Sociolinguistic. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Johnston, Reginald Fleming. (1949).Lion and dragon in Northern China. London: Createspace.
Joseph, S. Nye. (1990). Bound to lead:The changing nature of American power. New York:Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.
Judy, Pearsall. (2001). The new Oxford dictionary of English. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Larry, Dale. (1997). Business fluctuations:Forecasting techniques and applications. London:Prentice Hall.
Lin Jun. (2009). Strategy of improving foreign language soft environment in Langfang city, Langfang Normal Collage, (12),22-24.
Matthews, P. H. (2000). The Oxford concise dictionary of linguistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press; Oxford University Press.
Meyer, M. (2001). Between theory, method, and politics:positioning of the approaches to CDA. In R.Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.). Methods of critical discourse analysis. London:Sage.
Murat Alptekin, (1993). Teacher in a foreign land:M. Fethullah Gulen. London: Tughra Books.
Pamela, Atwell. (1985). British mandarins and Chinese reformer:The British administration of Wei-Hai-Wei (1898-1930) and the territory's return to Chinese rule. London:Createspace.
Potter, J.& Wetherell, (1987). Discourse and social psychology. London:Sage Schourup, L. (1999). Discourse Markers:Lingua, (107),227-265.
Scollon, R. (1998), (1999), (2001). Mediated discourse as social interaction:The study of news discourse. London:Longman.
Tannen, D. (1999). Discourse analysis studies. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). News as discourse. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1997). Discourse as interaction in society. In T. A. Van Dijk (ed.). Discourse as structure and process. London:Sage.
Zhang Yiran. (2008). Suggestion for foreign language soft environment construction on occasion of the Asian Games in 2011. (Unpublished bachelor thesis). Guangzhou:Sun Yat-Sen University Press.
Zhao Caiyang. (2011). Research on foreign language environment in middle-sized and small cities, Yangcheng Evening News. (23) 4.
Zhao Nan. (2009). Discussion on city language soft environment construction:Taking the Shanghai Expo in 2010 for Example. (Unpublished bachelor thesis). Shanghai:Shanghai University Press.
邓向阳(2003).米字旗下的威海卫.济南：山东画报出版社.
董文娜(2010).英租威海卫时期新闻报纸研究.山东大学硕士论文,未出版,威海市.
候旭(2010).社会语言学.南京：东南大学出版社.
胡壮麟(2001).语言学教程.北京：北京大学出版社.
黎民,张小山(2005).西方社会学理论.武汉：华中科技大学出版社.
梁月昌(2002).英舰驶入刘公岛——英租威海卫解读.内蒙古：远方出版社.
马文丽(2011).中国当代英文报话语分析.北京：中央编译出版社.
孙丽霞(2007).社会语言学导论.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社.
王强(2006).寻找与拒绝：英租威海卫历史档案阅读.文史知识.12,22-24.
威海市地方史志编纂委员会(1986).威海市志：1398-1982.济南：山东人民出版社.
威海市档案馆.英国威海卫行政公署案卷.威海卫天琴鸟报.档案号：229-1-306.2.
夏征农(2010)辞海.上海：上海辞书出版社.
辛斌(2000).批评语言学和英语新闻的批评分析.长沙：湖南教育出版社.
徐大明(2007).社会语言学研究.上海：上海人民出版社.
游汝杰,邹嘉彦(2004).社会语言学教程.上海：复旦大学出版社.
周怡,姜岩(2005).威海卫天琴鸟日报的体育报道.文史知识.10.12-14.
祝婉槿(1992).社会语言学概论.长沙：湖南教育出版社.
2威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第十四期。
3威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十一期。
4威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第三十期。
5威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第八十期。
6 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第八十三期。
7威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第五期。
8威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第十期。
9威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十八期。
10 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第八十期。
11 威海f市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫五十期。
12 威海市档案馆;英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号;229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十六期。
13威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十七期。
14 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十八期。
15 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十九期。
16威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第五十期。
17威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十期。
18威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十期。
19威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十一期。
20威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十五期。
21威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十八期。
22威海市档案馆：英国威海卫卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫四十期。
23威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第六十二期。
24威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫六十期。
25威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第七十九期。
26威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十四期。
27威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第六十期。
28威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第七十二期。
29威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十五期。
30 威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第四十期。
31威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第十八期。
32威海市档案馆：英国威海卫卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十四期。
33威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫十四期。
34威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第二十四期。
35威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫三十六期。
36威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1-306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》笫七十期。
37威海市档案馆：英国威海卫行政公署档案,档案号：229-1306,《威海卫天琴鸟报》第六十二期。
Beaugrande, R. De. (1997). New foundations for a science of text and discourse. Greenwich, CT:Ablex.
Crystal, D. (1992). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. Oxford:Blackwell.
Dennis, Smith. (2006). Globalization:The hidden agenda. Cambridge:Polity Press.
Don, R. Pember. (2006). Mass media law. Beijing:Higher Education.
Ferdinand, Tonnies. (2011). Community and society. In. Hamilton (ed.). The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (pp.13-35). Malden:MA Blackwell.
Hardy, C. (2001). Researching organizational discourse. International Studies of Management and Organization, (3),25-47.
Hornby, A. S. (2010). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics (thirdedition).Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Hornby, D. (2004). Logic:Inductive and deductive an introduction to scientific method. New York:Kessinger Publishing House.
Hudon, R. A. (2000). Sociolinguistic. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Johnston, Reginald Fleming. (1949).Lion and dragon in Northern China. London: Createspace.
Joseph, S. Nye. (1990). Bound to lead:The changing nature of American power. New York:Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.
Judy, Pearsall. (2001). The new Oxford dictionary of English. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Larry, Dale. (1997). Business fluctuations:Forecasting techniques and applications. London:Prentice Hall.
Lin Jun. (2009). Strategy of improving foreign language soft environment in Langfang city, Langfang Normal Collage, (12),22-24.
Matthews, P. H. (2000). The Oxford concise dictionary of linguistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press; Oxford University Press.
Meyer, M. (2001). Between theory, method, and politics:positioning of the approaches to CDA. In R.Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.). Methods of critical discourse analysis. London:Sage.
Murat Alptekin, (1993). Teacher in a foreign land:M. Fethullah Gulen. London: Tughra Books.
Pamela, Atwell. (1985). British mandarins and Chinese reformer:The British administration of Wei-Hai-Wei (1898-1930) and the territory's return to Chinese rule. London:Createspace.
Potter, J.& Wetherell, (1987). Discourse and social psychology. London:Sage Schourup, L. (1999). Discourse Markers:Lingua, (107),227-265.
Scollon, R. (1998), (1999), (2001). Mediated discourse as social interaction:The study of news discourse. London:Longman.
Tannen, D. (1999). Discourse analysis studies. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). News as discourse. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1997). Discourse as interaction in society. In T. A. Van Dijk (ed.). Discourse as structure and process. London:Sage.
Zhang Yiran. (2008). Suggestion for foreign language soft environment construction on occasion of the Asian Games in 2011. (Unpublished bachelor thesis). Guangzhou:Sun Yat-Sen University Press.
Zhao Caiyang. (2011). Research on foreign language environment in middle-sized and small cities, Yangcheng Evening News. (23) 4.
Zhao Nan. (2009). Discussion on city language soft environment construction:Taking the Shanghai Expo in 2010 for Example. (Unpublished bachelor thesis). Shanghai:Shanghai University Press.
邓向阳(2003).米字旗下的威海卫.济南：山东画报出版社.
董文娜(2010).英租威海卫时期新闻报纸研究.山东大学硕士论文,未出版,威海市.
候旭(2010).社会语言学.南京：东南大学出版社.
胡壮麟(2001).语言学教程.北京：北京大学出版社.
黎民,张小山(2005).西方社会学理论.武汉：华中科技大学出版社.
梁月昌(2002).英舰驶入刘公岛——英租威海卫解读.内蒙古：远方出版社.
马文丽(2011).中国当代英文报话语分析.北京：中央编译出版社.
孙丽霞(2007).社会语言学导论.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社.
王强(2006).寻找与拒绝：英租威海卫历史档案阅读.文史知识.12,22-24.
威海市地方史志编纂委员会(1986).威海市志：1398-1982.济南：山东人民出版社.
威海市档案馆.英国威海卫行政公署案卷.威海卫天琴鸟报.档案号：229-1-306.2.
夏征农(2010)辞海.上海：上海辞书出版社.
辛斌(2000).批评语言学和英语新闻的批评分析.长沙：湖南教育出版社.
徐大明(2007).社会语言学研究.上海：上海人民出版社.
游汝杰,邹嘉彦(2004).社会语言学教程.上海：复旦大学出版社.
周怡,姜岩(2005).威海卫天琴鸟日报的体育报道.文史知识.10.12-14.
祝婉槿(1992).社会语言学概论.长沙：湖南教育出版社.