从目的论视角看导游词英译
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摘要
本文以功能派翻译理论中的目的论为指导探讨导游词的英译问题。目的论把翻译视为有目的的活动,强调译者应根据译文的预期功能来决定自己的翻译策略,从而扩大了翻译研究视野。基于对导游词的文本功能、翻译目的以及翻译要求的分析,作者得出导游词旨在向游客提供旅游信息和文化信息从而吸引游客这一结论;并进而主张,本着上述目的,导游词中译英活动的主要准则是:1)以游客为出发点,即向游客传递详尽,准确而且易懂的信息;2)以传播中国文化为取向,即有选择的传播中国文化,并通过文化传播促进东西方文化之间的交流。
本研究以《走遍中国:中国优秀导游词精选(综合篇)》及其英译本为案例,选取其中两篇关于中国古典园林的导游词为样本,在目的论理论框架对其进行分析,并检验其翻译是否遵循了目的论指导下的翻译要求。作者在针对样本中文化、语言、以及文本特征三个层面出现的翻译问题做出批判性评价,并运用相应的翻译策略进行改进后提出:在目的论理论框架下,归化和异化两种翻译策略可以很好的统一起来为导游词英译服务。作者进而总结并归纳出一些具体翻译方法,如音译法加解释,直译法加注,直译法加类比等等,以求归化和异化达到互补,使翻译目的的实现可能性最大化。
The author of the paper has explored C-E translation of guides' commentaries under the guidance of Skopostheorie, one of the Functional Approaches to translation. Regarding translation as an action with purposes, Skopostheorie emphasizes that translation strategies should be decided by the intended functions of the target text, and thus broadens the vision of translation studies. Through the analysis of the text type, the general Skopos and the translation brief of guides' commentaries in the framework of Skopostheorie, the author of the paper asserts that the Skopos of C-E translation of guides' commentaries is to provide tourist information and cultural information to foreign tourists and thus attract their visit, and further proposes that based on this Skopos, the major principles for C-E translation of guides' commentaries should be: 1) tourist-oriented rule, that is, to present detailed and accurate information and make it comprehensive to foreign tourists; 2) culture-oriented rule, that is, to promote Chinese culture and strengthen the cultural exchanges between Eastern and Western countries.
In this thesis, the author chooses two commentaries on Chinese gardens from the book Touring China: Selected Tour Commentaries (Volume I) (both the Chinese and English versions) and brings them into a concrete analysis in the framework of Skopostheorie to see whether the translator has met the requirements stipulated in the translation brief or not. Based on a critical analysis of the translation problems arising from the three levels (namely cultural, linguistics and text-specific levels) in the commentaries concerned and the improved translations, the author of the paper suggests that the strategies of domestication and alienation can be well combined under the guidance of Skopostheorie, and then makes an in-depth probe into several specific translation methods guided by the two strategies, such as transliteration plus explanation, literal translation plus annotation and literal translation plus analogy, hoping to provide some insights into C-E translation of guides' commentaries.
本研究以《走遍中国:中国优秀导游词精选(综合篇)》及其英译本为案例,选取其中两篇关于中国古典园林的导游词为样本,在目的论理论框架对其进行分析,并检验其翻译是否遵循了目的论指导下的翻译要求。作者在针对样本中文化、语言、以及文本特征三个层面出现的翻译问题做出批判性评价,并运用相应的翻译策略进行改进后提出:在目的论理论框架下,归化和异化两种翻译策略可以很好的统一起来为导游词英译服务。作者进而总结并归纳出一些具体翻译方法,如音译法加解释,直译法加注,直译法加类比等等,以求归化和异化达到互补,使翻译目的的实现可能性最大化。
The author of the paper has explored C-E translation of guides' commentaries under the guidance of Skopostheorie, one of the Functional Approaches to translation. Regarding translation as an action with purposes, Skopostheorie emphasizes that translation strategies should be decided by the intended functions of the target text, and thus broadens the vision of translation studies. Through the analysis of the text type, the general Skopos and the translation brief of guides' commentaries in the framework of Skopostheorie, the author of the paper asserts that the Skopos of C-E translation of guides' commentaries is to provide tourist information and cultural information to foreign tourists and thus attract their visit, and further proposes that based on this Skopos, the major principles for C-E translation of guides' commentaries should be: 1) tourist-oriented rule, that is, to present detailed and accurate information and make it comprehensive to foreign tourists; 2) culture-oriented rule, that is, to promote Chinese culture and strengthen the cultural exchanges between Eastern and Western countries.
In this thesis, the author chooses two commentaries on Chinese gardens from the book Touring China: Selected Tour Commentaries (Volume I) (both the Chinese and English versions) and brings them into a concrete analysis in the framework of Skopostheorie to see whether the translator has met the requirements stipulated in the translation brief or not. Based on a critical analysis of the translation problems arising from the three levels (namely cultural, linguistics and text-specific levels) in the commentaries concerned and the improved translations, the author of the paper suggests that the strategies of domestication and alienation can be well combined under the guidance of Skopostheorie, and then makes an in-depth probe into several specific translation methods guided by the two strategies, such as transliteration plus explanation, literal translation plus annotation and literal translation plus analogy, hoping to provide some insights into C-E translation of guides' commentaries.
引文
Cambridge International Dictionary of English with Chinese Translation.2001.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Castello,Erik.2002.Tourist Information Texts:a Corpus-based Study of Four Related Genres.Italy:Unipress.
Chen,Gang陈刚.2002.跨文化意识-导游词译者之必备(Cross-cultural Consciousness:A Must for Translators of Tour Guide Manuals).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),23/2:38-41.
Chen,Gang陈刚.2004.《旅游翻译与涉外导游》(Tourism.Translation and Guide-interpreting).Beijing:China Translation&Publishing Corporation中国对外翻译出版公司.
China Tourism Bureau 中国旅游局.2000.《走遍中国:中国优秀导游词精选(综合篇)》(Touring China:Selected Tour Commentaries(Volume I)).Beijing:China Travel&Tourism Press 中国旅游出版社.
Duan,Liancheng段连城.1992.呼吁:请译界同仁都来关心对外宣传(Appeal for the Translation Circle to Care about C-E Translation of Publicity Materials).《中译英技巧文集》(Collection of Assays on Chinese-English Translation Techniques).Beijing:China Translation&Publishing Corporation 中国对外翻译出版公司.
Fang,Mengzhi方梦之&Mao Zhongming毛忠明.2004.《应用翻译教程》(A Course-book on Pragmatic Translation).Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 上海外语教育出版社.
Guo,Jianzhong郭建中.2000.《文化与翻译》(Culture and Translation).Beijing:China Translation&Publishing Corporation 中国对外翻译出版公司.
Han,Lihua 韩荔华.2000.《导游语言概论》(A General Survey of Guides' Working Language).Beijing:Tourism Education Press 旅游教育出版社.
Jia,Yuxin贾玉新.1997.《跨文化交际学》(Intercultural Communication).Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 上海外语教育出版社.
Jin,Huikang金慧康.2006.《跨文化旅游翻译》(Translation in Intercultural Tourism).Beijing:China Translation&Publishing Corporation中国对外翻译出版公司.
Ke,Xixiang柯细香.2002.浅谈目的论与旅游资料的英译(On Skopostheorie and C-E Translation of Tourist Literature).《中南民族大学学报》(Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities),22/8:90-91.
Kong,Lingcui孔令翠.2005.乐山-峨眉山景区旅游翻译问题与现状(Problems in Current Tourist Translation of Leshan and Mount Emei).《集团经济研究》(Group Economy),No.183:165-166.
Li,Hanwen 李翰文et al.2001.《古汉语常用词典》(A Dictionary of Ancient Chinese in Common Use).Beijing:Jiuzhou Press 九州出版社.
Liu,Huimei刘慧梅&Yang,Shoukang杨寿康.1996.从文化角度看旅游资料的英译(A Cultural Perspective on Tourist Translation).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),No.5:10-14.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.2002.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Lu,Naisheng陆乃圣&Jin,Yingying金颖颖.2000.《英文导游词实用教程》(A Practical Writing Course for Tourist Guide).Shanghai:East China Universky of Science&Technology Press 华东理工大学出版社.
Pu,Yuanming 蒲元明.1997.谈谈旅游资料英译的几个问题(A BriefReview on a Few Problems of Tourist Translation).《中译英技巧文集》(Collection of Assays on Chinese-English Translation Techniques).Beijing:China Translation& Publishing Corporation 中国对外翻译出版公司.
Munday,Jeremy.2001.Introducing Translation Studies:Theories and Applications.London:Routlege.
Newmark,Peter.2001.Approaches to Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida,Eugene Albert.2004.Towards a science of translating.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nord,Christiane.2001.Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Explained.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Pearsall,Judy.2001.The New Oxford Dictionary of English.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Reisinger,Yvette & Turner,Lindsay W.2003.Cross-Cultural Behavior.in Tourism:Concept and Analysis.Burlington:Butterworth-Heinemann.
Reiss,Katharina.2004.Translation Criticism:the Potentials and Limitations.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Sanz,Rosa Lore.2003.The Translation of Tourist Literature:the Case of Connectors.Multilingua,Vol.22:291-308.
Shuttleworth,Mark & Cowie,Moira.1997.Dictionary of Translation Studies.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Sumberg,Carolyn.2004.Brand Leadership at Stake:Selling France to British Tourists.The Translator,10/2:329-353.
Tang,Ying 唐莹.2006.翻译目的论在中国旅游翻译中的应用(Will China's Tourism Translation Improve by the Application of Skopos Theory?).(Master Dissertation,The University of Leeds).China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
The New Encyclopedia Britannia.1993.Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannia.
Vermeer,Hans J.1987.What Does It Mean to Translate? Applied Linguistics,13/2:25-33.
Wang,Baorong 汪宝荣.2005.旅游文化的英译:归化和异化(Tourist Culture Translation:Domestication and Foreignisation).《中国科技翻译》(Chinese Science & Technology Translators Journal),18/1:13-17.
Wang,Jun et al.2000.Touring China:Selected Tour Commentaries(Volume1).Beijing:China Travel and Tourism Press.
Wei,Xing魏星.2004.《导游翻译语言修炼》(The Cultivation of Guide-interpreters' Working Language).Guangxi:Guangxi Normal University Press 广西师范大学出版社.
Wen,Jun et al.2002.信息度与可接受度的统一-对当前旅游翻译的一项调查与分析(Unity between Information and Acceptance:An Investigation on and Analysis of Current Tourist Translations).《中国科技翻译》(Chinese Science＆ Technology Translators Journal),15/1:49-52.
Wu,Guanghua吴光华.1997.《汉英辞典》(Chinese-English Dictionary).Shanghai:Shanghai Communication Press 上海交通出版社.
Wu,Jingrong吴景荣&Cheng,Zhenqiu程镇球.2000.《新时代汉英大词典》(New Age Chinese-English Dictionary).Beijing:Commercial Press 商务印书馆.
Xie,Yan谢燕.2006.《皇家园林》(Imperial Gardens).Beijing:China Travel& Tourism Press 中国旅游出版社.
Zhang,Baijia 张百佳.2004.英语导游中的“以我为主”和“以客为主”视角(Host-oriented vs.Tourist-oriented Perspectives in English Guide).《集美大学学报》(Journal of Jimei University),7/2:58-70.
Zhang,Meilun 张美伦.2006.旅游手册中文化意象的移植-《杭州》之个案分析(Transfer of Cultural Imagery in Tourist Brochures-A Case Study of Hangzhou).(Master Dissertation,Suzhou University 苏州大学).China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
Zhu,Hua 朱华.2004.《英语导游实务教程》(A Practical Textbook for Tour Guiding).Beijing:Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.
Zhu,Qixin 朱歧新 & Zhang,Xiugui 张秀桂.1999.《英语导游翻译必读》(A Primer for English-speaking Guide-interpreters).Beijing:China Travel & Tourism Press 中国旅游出版社.
Zhu,Yiping朱益平.2005.论旅游翻译中文化差异的处理(On the Treatment of the Cultural Differences in Tourist Translation).《西北大学学报》(Journal of Northwest University),35/3:159-164.
Castello,Erik.2002.Tourist Information Texts:a Corpus-based Study of Four Related Genres.Italy:Unipress.
Chen,Gang陈刚.2002.跨文化意识-导游词译者之必备(Cross-cultural Consciousness:A Must for Translators of Tour Guide Manuals).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),23/2:38-41.
Chen,Gang陈刚.2004.《旅游翻译与涉外导游》(Tourism.Translation and Guide-interpreting).Beijing:China Translation&Publishing Corporation中国对外翻译出版公司.
China Tourism Bureau 中国旅游局.2000.《走遍中国:中国优秀导游词精选(综合篇)》(Touring China:Selected Tour Commentaries(Volume I)).Beijing:China Travel&Tourism Press 中国旅游出版社.
Duan,Liancheng段连城.1992.呼吁:请译界同仁都来关心对外宣传(Appeal for the Translation Circle to Care about C-E Translation of Publicity Materials).《中译英技巧文集》(Collection of Assays on Chinese-English Translation Techniques).Beijing:China Translation&Publishing Corporation 中国对外翻译出版公司.
Fang,Mengzhi方梦之&Mao Zhongming毛忠明.2004.《应用翻译教程》(A Course-book on Pragmatic Translation).Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 上海外语教育出版社.
Guo,Jianzhong郭建中.2000.《文化与翻译》(Culture and Translation).Beijing:China Translation&Publishing Corporation 中国对外翻译出版公司.
Han,Lihua 韩荔华.2000.《导游语言概论》(A General Survey of Guides' Working Language).Beijing:Tourism Education Press 旅游教育出版社.
Jia,Yuxin贾玉新.1997.《跨文化交际学》(Intercultural Communication).Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 上海外语教育出版社.
Jin,Huikang金慧康.2006.《跨文化旅游翻译》(Translation in Intercultural Tourism).Beijing:China Translation&Publishing Corporation中国对外翻译出版公司.
Ke,Xixiang柯细香.2002.浅谈目的论与旅游资料的英译(On Skopostheorie and C-E Translation of Tourist Literature).《中南民族大学学报》(Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities),22/8:90-91.
Kong,Lingcui孔令翠.2005.乐山-峨眉山景区旅游翻译问题与现状(Problems in Current Tourist Translation of Leshan and Mount Emei).《集团经济研究》(Group Economy),No.183:165-166.
Li,Hanwen 李翰文et al.2001.《古汉语常用词典》(A Dictionary of Ancient Chinese in Common Use).Beijing:Jiuzhou Press 九州出版社.
Liu,Huimei刘慧梅&Yang,Shoukang杨寿康.1996.从文化角度看旅游资料的英译(A Cultural Perspective on Tourist Translation).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),No.5:10-14.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.2002.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Lu,Naisheng陆乃圣&Jin,Yingying金颖颖.2000.《英文导游词实用教程》(A Practical Writing Course for Tourist Guide).Shanghai:East China Universky of Science&Technology Press 华东理工大学出版社.
Pu,Yuanming 蒲元明.1997.谈谈旅游资料英译的几个问题(A BriefReview on a Few Problems of Tourist Translation).《中译英技巧文集》(Collection of Assays on Chinese-English Translation Techniques).Beijing:China Translation& Publishing Corporation 中国对外翻译出版公司.
Munday,Jeremy.2001.Introducing Translation Studies:Theories and Applications.London:Routlege.
Newmark,Peter.2001.Approaches to Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida,Eugene Albert.2004.Towards a science of translating.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nord,Christiane.2001.Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Explained.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Pearsall,Judy.2001.The New Oxford Dictionary of English.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Reisinger,Yvette & Turner,Lindsay W.2003.Cross-Cultural Behavior.in Tourism:Concept and Analysis.Burlington:Butterworth-Heinemann.
Reiss,Katharina.2004.Translation Criticism:the Potentials and Limitations.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Sanz,Rosa Lore.2003.The Translation of Tourist Literature:the Case of Connectors.Multilingua,Vol.22:291-308.
Shuttleworth,Mark & Cowie,Moira.1997.Dictionary of Translation Studies.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Sumberg,Carolyn.2004.Brand Leadership at Stake:Selling France to British Tourists.The Translator,10/2:329-353.
Tang,Ying 唐莹.2006.翻译目的论在中国旅游翻译中的应用(Will China's Tourism Translation Improve by the Application of Skopos Theory?).(Master Dissertation,The University of Leeds).China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
The New Encyclopedia Britannia.1993.Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannia.
Vermeer,Hans J.1987.What Does It Mean to Translate? Applied Linguistics,13/2:25-33.
Wang,Baorong 汪宝荣.2005.旅游文化的英译:归化和异化(Tourist Culture Translation:Domestication and Foreignisation).《中国科技翻译》(Chinese Science & Technology Translators Journal),18/1:13-17.
Wang,Jun et al.2000.Touring China:Selected Tour Commentaries(Volume1).Beijing:China Travel and Tourism Press.
Wei,Xing魏星.2004.《导游翻译语言修炼》(The Cultivation of Guide-interpreters' Working Language).Guangxi:Guangxi Normal University Press 广西师范大学出版社.
Wen,Jun et al.2002.信息度与可接受度的统一-对当前旅游翻译的一项调查与分析(Unity between Information and Acceptance:An Investigation on and Analysis of Current Tourist Translations).《中国科技翻译》(Chinese Science＆ Technology Translators Journal),15/1:49-52.
Wu,Guanghua吴光华.1997.《汉英辞典》(Chinese-English Dictionary).Shanghai:Shanghai Communication Press 上海交通出版社.
Wu,Jingrong吴景荣&Cheng,Zhenqiu程镇球.2000.《新时代汉英大词典》(New Age Chinese-English Dictionary).Beijing:Commercial Press 商务印书馆.
Xie,Yan谢燕.2006.《皇家园林》(Imperial Gardens).Beijing:China Travel& Tourism Press 中国旅游出版社.
Zhang,Baijia 张百佳.2004.英语导游中的“以我为主”和“以客为主”视角(Host-oriented vs.Tourist-oriented Perspectives in English Guide).《集美大学学报》(Journal of Jimei University),7/2:58-70.
Zhang,Meilun 张美伦.2006.旅游手册中文化意象的移植-《杭州》之个案分析(Transfer of Cultural Imagery in Tourist Brochures-A Case Study of Hangzhou).(Master Dissertation,Suzhou University 苏州大学).China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
Zhu,Hua 朱华.2004.《英语导游实务教程》(A Practical Textbook for Tour Guiding).Beijing:Peking University Press 北京大学出版社.
Zhu,Qixin 朱歧新 & Zhang,Xiugui 张秀桂.1999.《英语导游翻译必读》(A Primer for English-speaking Guide-interpreters).Beijing:China Travel & Tourism Press 中国旅游出版社.
Zhu,Yiping朱益平.2005.论旅游翻译中文化差异的处理(On the Treatment of the Cultural Differences in Tourist Translation).《西北大学学报》(Journal of Northwest University),35/3:159-164.