普通窗户玻璃与贴太阳膜玻璃能耗的理论分析与实验研究
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摘要
我国建筑能耗已占到国民总能耗的1/4以上,窗户是围护结构的薄弱部位,由玻璃窗引起的空调能耗在整个建筑能耗中占有相当大的比重,减小这部分能耗是降低建筑能耗的一个行之有效的办法。太阳控制膜(solar-control film)玻璃及Low-E低辐射膜玻璃能大大减少透过玻璃窗的太阳辐射得热量,从而减小空调负荷。研究这些特殊膜玻璃,并将其应用于我国建筑,对于降低我国建筑能耗水平有着重要的意义。
从理论上建立了贴膜单层窗玻璃的热传导模型,用Bouguer公式计算太阳直射辐射强度,用Berlage公式计算太阳散射辐射强度,导出了覆膜单层玻璃太阳光学性能的简化计算公式,分析了单层玻璃窗贴太阳控制膜的节能原理,给出了由室外环境透过普通单层玻璃与贴太阳控制膜单层玻璃传递到室内的总热量的计算方法。
为了验证贴膜窗玻璃的节能效果,在湘潭市某宾馆建立了现场实验测试系统,实验测试的对象为朝向和建筑特征完全相同的两间客房,一间客房的窗玻璃贴太阳控制膜,另一间不贴膜,现场实测两房间的供热与空调的能耗差。在夏季晴朗天气测试期间,覆膜房间比未覆膜房间每天可节约冷量1.5kW·h;在冬季晴朗天气测试期间,覆膜房间比未覆膜房间要多耗热量4.4kW·h;但考虑湘潭市的天气状况,即湘潭市夏季多晴热高温天气,冬季多阴雨天气,因此从全年看太阳控制膜是节能的。在晴朗天气或阴雨天气状况下,单层贴太阳控制膜玻璃不会增加照明负荷。将实验结果与理论分析结果进行比较表明:理论计算结果与实验结果基本一致。理论分析和试验测试结果还表明:太阳控制膜对太阳辐射强、空调时间比采暖时间长的地区的建筑有明显的节能效果。
运用eQuest软件模拟计算了建筑采用单层普通玻璃和太阳控制膜玻璃时的空调能耗。
本课题研究结果对选用节能玻璃的用户、建筑行业设计工程师及科研工作者等均有较重要的参考价值。
Building energy consumption accounts for more than a quarter of total energy consumption in China. Window is a weak part in building envelope. Air conditioning energy consumption caused by window accounts for a sizeable proportion in the whole building energy consumption. So reducing energy consumption through windows is a very effective way to cut down building energy consumption. Solar-control coated glass and low-E coated glass can greatly reduce the heat through the windows, thus reduce air conditioning load. Therefore, it is very important to research and utilize these special glazing to decrease building energy consumption.
The heat conductive model of single coated glass is set up. Bouguer formula is used to calculate direct solar radiation and Berlage formula is used to calculate diffuse solar radiation. The simple monolithic model is deduced to calculate the solar optical properties of coated glass. The energy performance of solar-control film on single window glass is theoretically analyzed. The methods are given to calculate the whole heat transfer from outside environment to inside through the windows with or without film.
In order to verify the energy-saving effect of solar-control film glass, an experiment was carried out in one hotel of Xiangtan. The goal of the experiment is to compare the energy consumption and daylight illumination of two air-conditioned hotel guest rooms with and without solar-control film on single window glass. The experiment results show that the room with film can save energy expenditure 1.5Kw/day, compared with the room without film in sunny summer, but consume 4.4Kw/day more energy expenditure in sunny winter. But considering the weather of Xiangtan City, it's hot and sunny in Summer while rainy in winter. So the film can save energy. The room with film doesn't consume more electric lighting energy in sunny or rainy weather. The theoretical analysis result and the experiment result are compared, and it shows that the theoretical analysis result and experimental result have a good agreement in the energy saved by solar-control film. The theoretical analysis and experimental results also show that the solar-control film can get good energy-saving effect in the area where the solar radiation is intensive in summer, and the air conditioning time is longer the heating time.
Software eQuest is used to simulate the HVAC energy consumation of building with single glazing, single Solar-control glazing.
The conclusion has important reference value for glass users, design engineers and research workers in the construction industry.
从理论上建立了贴膜单层窗玻璃的热传导模型,用Bouguer公式计算太阳直射辐射强度,用Berlage公式计算太阳散射辐射强度,导出了覆膜单层玻璃太阳光学性能的简化计算公式,分析了单层玻璃窗贴太阳控制膜的节能原理,给出了由室外环境透过普通单层玻璃与贴太阳控制膜单层玻璃传递到室内的总热量的计算方法。
为了验证贴膜窗玻璃的节能效果,在湘潭市某宾馆建立了现场实验测试系统,实验测试的对象为朝向和建筑特征完全相同的两间客房,一间客房的窗玻璃贴太阳控制膜,另一间不贴膜,现场实测两房间的供热与空调的能耗差。在夏季晴朗天气测试期间,覆膜房间比未覆膜房间每天可节约冷量1.5kW·h;在冬季晴朗天气测试期间,覆膜房间比未覆膜房间要多耗热量4.4kW·h;但考虑湘潭市的天气状况,即湘潭市夏季多晴热高温天气,冬季多阴雨天气,因此从全年看太阳控制膜是节能的。在晴朗天气或阴雨天气状况下,单层贴太阳控制膜玻璃不会增加照明负荷。将实验结果与理论分析结果进行比较表明:理论计算结果与实验结果基本一致。理论分析和试验测试结果还表明:太阳控制膜对太阳辐射强、空调时间比采暖时间长的地区的建筑有明显的节能效果。
运用eQuest软件模拟计算了建筑采用单层普通玻璃和太阳控制膜玻璃时的空调能耗。
本课题研究结果对选用节能玻璃的用户、建筑行业设计工程师及科研工作者等均有较重要的参考价值。
Building energy consumption accounts for more than a quarter of total energy consumption in China. Window is a weak part in building envelope. Air conditioning energy consumption caused by window accounts for a sizeable proportion in the whole building energy consumption. So reducing energy consumption through windows is a very effective way to cut down building energy consumption. Solar-control coated glass and low-E coated glass can greatly reduce the heat through the windows, thus reduce air conditioning load. Therefore, it is very important to research and utilize these special glazing to decrease building energy consumption.
The heat conductive model of single coated glass is set up. Bouguer formula is used to calculate direct solar radiation and Berlage formula is used to calculate diffuse solar radiation. The simple monolithic model is deduced to calculate the solar optical properties of coated glass. The energy performance of solar-control film on single window glass is theoretically analyzed. The methods are given to calculate the whole heat transfer from outside environment to inside through the windows with or without film.
In order to verify the energy-saving effect of solar-control film glass, an experiment was carried out in one hotel of Xiangtan. The goal of the experiment is to compare the energy consumption and daylight illumination of two air-conditioned hotel guest rooms with and without solar-control film on single window glass. The experiment results show that the room with film can save energy expenditure 1.5Kw/day, compared with the room without film in sunny summer, but consume 4.4Kw/day more energy expenditure in sunny winter. But considering the weather of Xiangtan City, it's hot and sunny in Summer while rainy in winter. So the film can save energy. The room with film doesn't consume more electric lighting energy in sunny or rainy weather. The theoretical analysis result and the experiment result are compared, and it shows that the theoretical analysis result and experimental result have a good agreement in the energy saved by solar-control film. The theoretical analysis and experimental results also show that the solar-control film can get good energy-saving effect in the area where the solar radiation is intensive in summer, and the air conditioning time is longer the heating time.
Software eQuest is used to simulate the HVAC energy consumation of building with single glazing, single Solar-control glazing.
The conclusion has important reference value for glass users, design engineers and research workers in the construction industry.
引文
[1]涂逢祥主编.节能窗技术(论文集).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003,7-30.133-146
[2]王世忠,关铭.玻璃—建筑节能的关键.建筑玻璃与工业玻璃,2005,4:3-8
[3]湖南省居住建筑节能设计标准(DBJ43/001-2004).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004,103-107
[4]董子忠.炎热地区夏季窗户的热过程研究.暖通空调,2003,33(3):93-96
[5]董子忠,王体,温永铃等.Low-E镀膜玻璃的热工性能.新型建筑材料,2003,(3):50-54
[6]董子忠.窗户传热系数的简化计算.新型建筑材料,2002,(9):40-44
[7]张磊,孟庆林,张百庆.窗总热阻和遮阳系数的动态测试.建筑节能,2003,(6):57-60
[8]陈卓伦,孟庆林,赵立华.几种建筑玻璃热工性能的实验和分析.广东建材,2005,(3):8-11
[9]魏玲,何嘉鹏,阎丽萍.中国东部窗户能耗模拟及节能分析.南京工业大学学报,2002,24(4):70-73
[10]何嘉鹏,龚延风,姜正良.中国东部双层窗节能的计算机模拟研究.节能,1997,(10):8-11
[11]卜增文,毛洪伟,杨红.Low-E玻璃对空调负荷及建筑能耗的影响.暖通空调,2005,35(8):119-121
[12]杨云桦,狄洪发.低辐射能玻璃窗的节能研究.太阳能学报 2001,22(3):296-301
[13]Rubin M D.Calculating heat transfer through windows.Energy Research.1982,6(4):341-349
[14]Rubin M D.Solar optical properties of windows.Energy Research.1982,6(5):123-133
[15]Arasteh D K,Hartmann J,Rubin M.Experimental verification of a model of heat transfer.1986.LBNL report 21576
[16]Arasteh D K,Reilly M S,Rubin M D.A versatile procedure for calculating heat transfer through windows.ASHRAE Transaction 1989,95(2):755-765
[17]Versluis R,Powles R,Rubin M D,et al.Optics.2002,LBNL report 52148
[18]Finlayson E U,Arasteh D K,Huizenga C,et al.Window4.0:Documentation of Calculation Procedure.1993,LBNL report 33943
[19] Reilly M S,Winkelmann F C,Arasteh D K, et al.Modeling Windows in DOE-2.1E. 1992, LBNL report 33192
[20] Frederick C,Winkelmann F C, Simulation Research Group,et al.Modeling Windows in EnergyPlus. 2001, LBNL report 47972
[21] American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook. 2001, CHAPTER 30. Fenestration
[22] Estrada-Gasca C A,Alvarez-Garcia G,Nair P K.Theoretical analysis of the thermal performance of chemically deposited solar control coatings. Journal of Phys D: Appl Phys, 1993, 26(1): 1304-1309
[23] Alvarez-Garcia G, Estrada-Gasca C A.Transient heat conduction in a glass with chemically deposited SnS-Cu_xS solar control coating. Renewable Energy, 1995,6(8):1023-1027
[24] Alvarez G, Jimenez D N,Estrada C A.Thermal performance of solar control coatings: a mathematical model and its experimental verification.Journal of Phys D: Appl Phys, 1998,31(1):2245-2257
[25] Alvarez G,Flores J J, Estrada C A. The thermal response of laminated glass with solar control coating. Journal of Phys D: Appl Phys, 1998,31(2):3057-3065
[26] Ismail K A R,Henriquez J R. Modeling and simulation of a simple glass window. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2003, 80(8):355-374
[27] Furler R A. Angular Dependence of Optical Properties of Homogeneous Glasses. ASHRAE Transaction 1991,97(2): 1129-1133
[28] Rubin M,Von Rottkay K,Powles R. Window Optical.Solar Energy, 1998, 62(3):149-161
[29] Karlsson J, Rubin M,Roos A. Evaluation of predictive models for the angle-dependent total solar energy transmittance of glazing materials. Solar Energy, 2001, 71(1):23-31
[30] Roos A. Optical charaterisation of coated glazings at oblique angles of incidence : measurements versus model calculations. Journal of Non-Crystal Solids, 1997, 218(3):247-255
[31] Rubin M,Powles R, Von R K. Models for the angle-dependent of optical properties of coated glazing materials. Solar Energy, 1999,66(4):267-276
[32] Karlsson J, Roos A. Modelling the angular behaviour of the total solar energy transmittance of windows. Solar Energy 2000,69(4):321-329
[33] Roos A,Polato P,Nijnatten V, et al. Angular-dependent optical properties of Low-e and solar control windows-simulations versus measurements. Solar Energy, 2000, 69(5):15-26
[34]Li D H W,Lam Joseph C,Chris C S Lau,et al.Lighting and energy performance of solar film coating in air-conditioned cellular offices.Renewable Energy,2004,29(5):921-937
[35]Li D H W,Lam Joseph C.An investigation of daylighting performance and energy saving in a daylit corridor.Energy and Buildings,2003(7),35:365-373
[36]Li D H W,Lam Joseph C.Evaluation of lighting performance in office buildings with daylighting controls.Energy and Buildings,2001,33(1):793-803
[37]Li D H W,Lam J C,Wong S L.Daylighting and its implications to overall thermal transfer value(OTTV)determinations.Energy,2002,27(2):991-1008
[38]Lam J C,Li D H W.An analysis of daylighting and solar heat for cooling-dominated office buildings.Solar Energy,1999,65(4):251-262
[39]章熙民,任泽霈编著.传热学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003,247-248
[40]Jones W P.Air Conditioning Engineering,Great Britain:Butterworth Heinemann Press,2001,154-164
[41]彦启森,赵庆珠合编.建筑热过程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1986,6-36
[42]Muhammad I.An Introduction to Solar Radiation.Canada:Academic press,1983,7-12
[43]Lam J C,Li D H W.Correlation between global solar radiation and its direct and diffuse components.Building and Environment,1996,31(6):527-535.
[44]罗忆,刘忠伟编著.建筑玻璃生产与应用.北京:化学工业出版社,2005,2-51
[45]单寄平主编.空调负荷实用计算方法.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989,6-7
[46]侯余波,付祥钊,郭勇.用DOE-2程序分析建筑能耗的可靠性研究.暖通空调,2003,33(3):90-92
[47]龙恩深,马校飞,范亚明,陈金华.DOE-2在住宅建筑能耗分析中存在的问题探讨.暖通空调,2005,35(5):102-106
[2]王世忠,关铭.玻璃—建筑节能的关键.建筑玻璃与工业玻璃,2005,4:3-8
[3]湖南省居住建筑节能设计标准(DBJ43/001-2004).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004,103-107
[4]董子忠.炎热地区夏季窗户的热过程研究.暖通空调,2003,33(3):93-96
[5]董子忠,王体,温永铃等.Low-E镀膜玻璃的热工性能.新型建筑材料,2003,(3):50-54
[6]董子忠.窗户传热系数的简化计算.新型建筑材料,2002,(9):40-44
[7]张磊,孟庆林,张百庆.窗总热阻和遮阳系数的动态测试.建筑节能,2003,(6):57-60
[8]陈卓伦,孟庆林,赵立华.几种建筑玻璃热工性能的实验和分析.广东建材,2005,(3):8-11
[9]魏玲,何嘉鹏,阎丽萍.中国东部窗户能耗模拟及节能分析.南京工业大学学报,2002,24(4):70-73
[10]何嘉鹏,龚延风,姜正良.中国东部双层窗节能的计算机模拟研究.节能,1997,(10):8-11
[11]卜增文,毛洪伟,杨红.Low-E玻璃对空调负荷及建筑能耗的影响.暖通空调,2005,35(8):119-121
[12]杨云桦,狄洪发.低辐射能玻璃窗的节能研究.太阳能学报 2001,22(3):296-301
[13]Rubin M D.Calculating heat transfer through windows.Energy Research.1982,6(4):341-349
[14]Rubin M D.Solar optical properties of windows.Energy Research.1982,6(5):123-133
[15]Arasteh D K,Hartmann J,Rubin M.Experimental verification of a model of heat transfer.1986.LBNL report 21576
[16]Arasteh D K,Reilly M S,Rubin M D.A versatile procedure for calculating heat transfer through windows.ASHRAE Transaction 1989,95(2):755-765
[17]Versluis R,Powles R,Rubin M D,et al.Optics.2002,LBNL report 52148
[18]Finlayson E U,Arasteh D K,Huizenga C,et al.Window4.0:Documentation of Calculation Procedure.1993,LBNL report 33943
[19] Reilly M S,Winkelmann F C,Arasteh D K, et al.Modeling Windows in DOE-2.1E. 1992, LBNL report 33192
[20] Frederick C,Winkelmann F C, Simulation Research Group,et al.Modeling Windows in EnergyPlus. 2001, LBNL report 47972
[21] American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook. 2001, CHAPTER 30. Fenestration
[22] Estrada-Gasca C A,Alvarez-Garcia G,Nair P K.Theoretical analysis of the thermal performance of chemically deposited solar control coatings. Journal of Phys D: Appl Phys, 1993, 26(1): 1304-1309
[23] Alvarez-Garcia G, Estrada-Gasca C A.Transient heat conduction in a glass with chemically deposited SnS-Cu_xS solar control coating. Renewable Energy, 1995,6(8):1023-1027
[24] Alvarez G, Jimenez D N,Estrada C A.Thermal performance of solar control coatings: a mathematical model and its experimental verification.Journal of Phys D: Appl Phys, 1998,31(1):2245-2257
[25] Alvarez G,Flores J J, Estrada C A. The thermal response of laminated glass with solar control coating. Journal of Phys D: Appl Phys, 1998,31(2):3057-3065
[26] Ismail K A R,Henriquez J R. Modeling and simulation of a simple glass window. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2003, 80(8):355-374
[27] Furler R A. Angular Dependence of Optical Properties of Homogeneous Glasses. ASHRAE Transaction 1991,97(2): 1129-1133
[28] Rubin M,Von Rottkay K,Powles R. Window Optical.Solar Energy, 1998, 62(3):149-161
[29] Karlsson J, Rubin M,Roos A. Evaluation of predictive models for the angle-dependent total solar energy transmittance of glazing materials. Solar Energy, 2001, 71(1):23-31
[30] Roos A. Optical charaterisation of coated glazings at oblique angles of incidence : measurements versus model calculations. Journal of Non-Crystal Solids, 1997, 218(3):247-255
[31] Rubin M,Powles R, Von R K. Models for the angle-dependent of optical properties of coated glazing materials. Solar Energy, 1999,66(4):267-276
[32] Karlsson J, Roos A. Modelling the angular behaviour of the total solar energy transmittance of windows. Solar Energy 2000,69(4):321-329
[33] Roos A,Polato P,Nijnatten V, et al. Angular-dependent optical properties of Low-e and solar control windows-simulations versus measurements. Solar Energy, 2000, 69(5):15-26
[34]Li D H W,Lam Joseph C,Chris C S Lau,et al.Lighting and energy performance of solar film coating in air-conditioned cellular offices.Renewable Energy,2004,29(5):921-937
[35]Li D H W,Lam Joseph C.An investigation of daylighting performance and energy saving in a daylit corridor.Energy and Buildings,2003(7),35:365-373
[36]Li D H W,Lam Joseph C.Evaluation of lighting performance in office buildings with daylighting controls.Energy and Buildings,2001,33(1):793-803
[37]Li D H W,Lam J C,Wong S L.Daylighting and its implications to overall thermal transfer value(OTTV)determinations.Energy,2002,27(2):991-1008
[38]Lam J C,Li D H W.An analysis of daylighting and solar heat for cooling-dominated office buildings.Solar Energy,1999,65(4):251-262
[39]章熙民,任泽霈编著.传热学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003,247-248
[40]Jones W P.Air Conditioning Engineering,Great Britain:Butterworth Heinemann Press,2001,154-164
[41]彦启森,赵庆珠合编.建筑热过程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1986,6-36
[42]Muhammad I.An Introduction to Solar Radiation.Canada:Academic press,1983,7-12
[43]Lam J C,Li D H W.Correlation between global solar radiation and its direct and diffuse components.Building and Environment,1996,31(6):527-535.
[44]罗忆,刘忠伟编著.建筑玻璃生产与应用.北京:化学工业出版社,2005,2-51
[45]单寄平主编.空调负荷实用计算方法.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989,6-7
[46]侯余波,付祥钊,郭勇.用DOE-2程序分析建筑能耗的可靠性研究.暖通空调,2003,33(3):90-92
[47]龙恩深,马校飞,范亚明,陈金华.DOE-2在住宅建筑能耗分析中存在的问题探讨.暖通空调,2005,35(5):102-106