温室樱桃番茄产量品质及水分生产函数
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摘要
水分条件是影响樱桃番茄生理、产量与品质的主要因素,水分胁迫可促进蔬菜根系发育,为产量的形成与提高奠定了物质与能量基础。水分胁迫可以提高果实的品质,但会影响作物产量,充分灌溉可以增加果实产量,但是会降低果实内糖、有机酸、可溶性固形物含量,如何既能兼顾果实品质又能增加作物产量,提高水分利用效率和单位耗水的效益,前人已经做过大量研究并指出土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的70%～80%时作物产量最高,但对如何进行系统而科学的分阶段用水策略从而进一步增强其产量和水分利用效率尚缺乏较深入的研究。鉴于此,本试验以樱桃番茄为研究对象,研究樱桃番茄各个生育阶段进行变水处理对产量和品质的影响,为制定合理用水模式提供理论依据。
本实验以温室樱桃番茄为材料,在陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所试验场日光温室内隔水小区中进行,2009年通过对全生育期5个土壤水分水平的控制,(土壤含水量分别为田间持水量(θ_田)的50 %～60 %、60 %～70 %、70 %～80 %、80%～90%、90 %～100 %,分别用W_1、W_2、W_3、W_4、W_5表示)研究了不同灌水水平对日光温室樱桃番茄产量﹑品质及水分利用效率的影响;2010年通过对全生育期4个阶段6个土壤水分处理的控制(T_1:D-D-D-D,T_2:Z-G-G-Z,T_3:Z-Z-Z-Z,T_4:Z-G-Z-G,T_5:G-G-G-G,T_6:G-Z-Z-G,其中D:50%～60%、Z:70%～80%、G:90%～100%),水分处理用不同英文字母表示,以便区别于2009年,研究不同变水处理对日光温室樱桃番茄品质的效应,分析变水时期对樱桃番茄产量和水分利用效率(W_UE)的影响。同时通过2009-2010年连续两年的温室田间试验,研究了日光温室樱桃番茄的耗水量、耗水规律和产量之间的关系,通过对樱桃番茄不同时期变水对产量的影响进行了分析,应用Jensen模型求出了各阶段的水分敏感指数,拟合了樱桃番茄的水分-生产力函数。主要研究结果如下:
1.樱桃番茄的产量﹑品质与土壤含水量密切相关,W_3处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为6.70kg/m~2和24.64kg/m~3,W_1、W_2、W_4和W_5的产量与W_3的相比,分别减少了39.70%、22.53%、3.43%和20.30%。虽然W_3与W_4处理下樱桃番茄产量间的差异没有达到显著,但是W_4的水分利用效率为19.84 kg/m~3,与W_3水分利用效率相差较大,5个处理的水分利用效率为:W_3>W_2>W_1> W_4>W_5。土壤水分适宜(70%～80%)不仅可以提高樱桃番茄的产量,而且可以提高水分利用效率,水分利用效率随灌水量的增加先增加后降低,且在70%～80%水分利用效率最高。
2.樱桃番茄产量与土壤变水调控密切相关,T_1、T_2、T_3、T_6的产量与T_4相比分别减少65.76%、52.02%、3.89%和13.60%;水分利用效率与T_4相比分别降低9.00%、19.09%、9.97%、18.21%、43.13%。亏缺灌溉会影响樱桃番茄的可溶性糖、有机酸、糖酸比和Vc等品质,T_1各项品质最好,T_4次之,T_6的品质指标最低。综合分析:前期采用70%～80%、结果初期采用90%～100%、结果中期采用70%～80%、结果后期采用90%～100%处理的灌水量和耗水量均比前人研究的全生育期进行70%～80%灌溉的水分处理低,且无论是产量还是水分利用效率和果实品质方面都最佳。
3.樱桃番茄对水分的消耗呈现出苗期小、开花结果期开始增大、结果盛期大、结果后期小的规律,用水高峰出现在结果盛期,樱桃番茄总产量与总耗水量之间呈二次抛物线关系,最佳灌水量为345 mm,水分生产函数的敏感指数为结果盛期>结果后期>开花结果期>苗期,与樱桃番茄耗水规律基本一致。在日光温室樱桃番茄水分管理中,应该依据水分敏感指数变化规律确定灌水方案,在苗期和开花期可以适度控水,尤其要确保结果盛期和结果末期的水分供应,通过分阶段控水,使水分管理更精准、更科学,以实现节水高效的目标。
4.综合不同生育时期樱桃番茄耗水规律、耗水量与单位面积产量的关系及各生育时期水分敏感指数的研究得出如下结论:日光温室樱桃番茄在苗期、开花结果期、结果盛期及结果后期分别保持70%～80%、90%～100%、70%～80%及90%～100%的田间持水量可实现节水高产。
Water condition is the effect of cherry tomatoes, yield and quality factors, water stress can promote vegetable root development, root layer distribution depth , root volume, bleeding, root vigor index and other indicators have significantly improved for yield formation and improve the laid the foundation of matter and energy. Water stress can improve the quality of the fruit, but will affect crop yield, irrigation can increase fruit yields, but will reduce the fruit sugar, the organic acid, the soluble solid content. how to balance fruit quality and can both increase crop yield and improve water use efficiency and unit water consumption benefits,previous research has conducted numerous and pointed out that the field soil moisture holding capacity of 70-80% of the maximum crop yield, but how to carry out systematic and scientific strategy in phases so as to further enhance water yield and water use efficiency of its lack of More in-depth research. In view of this, the experiment take cherry tomatoes as the object of study, the cherry tomato of the various stages of variable fertility treatment on the yield and quality, to provide for the development of theoretical basis for rational water use patterns.
Cherry tomato was studied in this paper in Institute of Soil and Water Conservation District conducted test sites, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi. In 2009, five soil moisture levels (soil water holding capacity, respectively) were designed as 50% to 60%, 60% to 70%, 70% to 80%, 80% to 90% and 90% to 100%, respectively signed W_1, W_2, W_3, W_4, W_5 ) in experiment, the influences of tomatoes yield,fruit quality and water use efficiency in greenhouse were studied under different irrigation treatment; In 2010, By controlling the 4 stage and different soil moisture in the whole growing season(T_1:D-D-D-D,T_2:Z-G-G-Z,T_3:Z-Z-Z-Z,T_4:Z-G-Z-G,T_5:G-G-G-G,T_6:G-Z-Z-G ;D:50%-60%、Z:70%-80%、G:90%-100%), the influence of tomatoes yield﹑fruit quality and water use efficiency in greenhouse were studied under different change soil moisture. The field experimental was conducted during 2009-2010 using cherry tomato, by controlling soil moisture in the different growing stage, the water consumption rule, tomatoes yield, and the influence of change soil moisture in different periods on yield were studied under different irrigation treatments, and the water sensitivity index were in various stages were calculated by application Jensen model, for, fitting the cherry tomatoes moisture production function. The major results are as follows:
The experimental result showed that yield and quality of processed tomato had close relation with soil moisture content, The W3 output and the moisture content use efficiency are highest, respectively is 6.70kg/m~2 and 24.64kg/m~3, The yield of T_1、T_2、T_4 and T_5compared to T_3, decreased by 39.70%, 22.53%, 3.43% and 20.30%. Although the T_3 and T_4 treatments difference between cherry tomato yield did not reach significant, but the T_4 water use efficiency is 19.84 kg/m~3, compared to T_3 water use efficiency with large difference, five treaments water use efficiency is: T_3>T_2>T_1> T_4>T_5。While suitable soil moisture (70% to 80%) can not only increase tomatoes yield, but also increase water use efficiency and irrigation use efficiency, water use efficiency increased with irrigation water increased and then decreased ;in 70% to 80% treatment was the optimization.
Yield and Quality of processed tomato had close relation with soil moisture content. The yield of T_1、T_2、T_3、T_6 compared to T_4, decreased by 65.76%、52.02%、3.89%和13.60%; Compared with the T_4 water use efficiency were reduced by 9.00%, 19.09%, 9.97%, 18.21%, 43.13%.Excessive or too low water moisture content before irrigation will affect yield and quantity indexs of lycopene, soluble solids, solube sugar, and soluble acid, T_1 is the best, followed by T_4 , T_6 is low. Talking into account of factors above, seedling stage use 70%～80%、early fruiting period use 90%～100%、fruiting period use 70%～80%、later fruiting period 90%～100% gained the highest yield, better quality and the highest water using efficiency. So it can be realize the target of high yield, high efficiency and water saving irrigation and various indexes were significantly higher in the whole growth 70%～80% of the irrigation water.
The amounts of water consumption in seeding stage was low, early fruiting period started to increase, fruiting period was the highest, later fruiting period was low. The relationship between the total yield and the total amount of water consumption was quadratic parabola, and the optimal irrigation amount was 345 mm. Water sensitivity indices went down successively from fruiting period, later fruiting period, early fruiting period to seeding stage, which was similar to the pattern of water consumption. In sunlight greenhouse, cherry tomatoes should be based on water sensitivity index variation law determine irrigation, in seedling stage and early fruiting period can moderate water control, the water supply must ensure in fruiting stage and later fruiting stage especially. To make water management more accurate, more scientific through the water control, in phases, in order to achieve the goal of water-saving efficient.
Cherry tomato at different growth stages integrated water consumption, water consumption and the relationship between yield per unit area and the growth stages of water sensitive index reached the following conclusions: Cherry tomatoes in the seedling stage, early fruiting period, fruiting period, later fruiting period were to keep 70% to 80%, 90% to 100%, 70% to 80% and 90% to 100% of field capacity can be achieved saving water high production.
本实验以温室樱桃番茄为材料,在陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所试验场日光温室内隔水小区中进行,2009年通过对全生育期5个土壤水分水平的控制,(土壤含水量分别为田间持水量(θ_田)的50 %～60 %、60 %～70 %、70 %～80 %、80%～90%、90 %～100 %,分别用W_1、W_2、W_3、W_4、W_5表示)研究了不同灌水水平对日光温室樱桃番茄产量﹑品质及水分利用效率的影响;2010年通过对全生育期4个阶段6个土壤水分处理的控制(T_1:D-D-D-D,T_2:Z-G-G-Z,T_3:Z-Z-Z-Z,T_4:Z-G-Z-G,T_5:G-G-G-G,T_6:G-Z-Z-G,其中D:50%～60%、Z:70%～80%、G:90%～100%),水分处理用不同英文字母表示,以便区别于2009年,研究不同变水处理对日光温室樱桃番茄品质的效应,分析变水时期对樱桃番茄产量和水分利用效率(W_UE)的影响。同时通过2009-2010年连续两年的温室田间试验,研究了日光温室樱桃番茄的耗水量、耗水规律和产量之间的关系,通过对樱桃番茄不同时期变水对产量的影响进行了分析,应用Jensen模型求出了各阶段的水分敏感指数,拟合了樱桃番茄的水分-生产力函数。主要研究结果如下:
1.樱桃番茄的产量﹑品质与土壤含水量密切相关,W_3处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为6.70kg/m~2和24.64kg/m~3,W_1、W_2、W_4和W_5的产量与W_3的相比,分别减少了39.70%、22.53%、3.43%和20.30%。虽然W_3与W_4处理下樱桃番茄产量间的差异没有达到显著,但是W_4的水分利用效率为19.84 kg/m~3,与W_3水分利用效率相差较大,5个处理的水分利用效率为:W_3>W_2>W_1> W_4>W_5。土壤水分适宜(70%～80%)不仅可以提高樱桃番茄的产量,而且可以提高水分利用效率,水分利用效率随灌水量的增加先增加后降低,且在70%～80%水分利用效率最高。
2.樱桃番茄产量与土壤变水调控密切相关,T_1、T_2、T_3、T_6的产量与T_4相比分别减少65.76%、52.02%、3.89%和13.60%;水分利用效率与T_4相比分别降低9.00%、19.09%、9.97%、18.21%、43.13%。亏缺灌溉会影响樱桃番茄的可溶性糖、有机酸、糖酸比和Vc等品质,T_1各项品质最好,T_4次之,T_6的品质指标最低。综合分析:前期采用70%～80%、结果初期采用90%～100%、结果中期采用70%～80%、结果后期采用90%～100%处理的灌水量和耗水量均比前人研究的全生育期进行70%～80%灌溉的水分处理低,且无论是产量还是水分利用效率和果实品质方面都最佳。
3.樱桃番茄对水分的消耗呈现出苗期小、开花结果期开始增大、结果盛期大、结果后期小的规律,用水高峰出现在结果盛期,樱桃番茄总产量与总耗水量之间呈二次抛物线关系,最佳灌水量为345 mm,水分生产函数的敏感指数为结果盛期>结果后期>开花结果期>苗期,与樱桃番茄耗水规律基本一致。在日光温室樱桃番茄水分管理中,应该依据水分敏感指数变化规律确定灌水方案,在苗期和开花期可以适度控水,尤其要确保结果盛期和结果末期的水分供应,通过分阶段控水,使水分管理更精准、更科学,以实现节水高效的目标。
4.综合不同生育时期樱桃番茄耗水规律、耗水量与单位面积产量的关系及各生育时期水分敏感指数的研究得出如下结论:日光温室樱桃番茄在苗期、开花结果期、结果盛期及结果后期分别保持70%～80%、90%～100%、70%～80%及90%～100%的田间持水量可实现节水高产。
Water condition is the effect of cherry tomatoes, yield and quality factors, water stress can promote vegetable root development, root layer distribution depth , root volume, bleeding, root vigor index and other indicators have significantly improved for yield formation and improve the laid the foundation of matter and energy. Water stress can improve the quality of the fruit, but will affect crop yield, irrigation can increase fruit yields, but will reduce the fruit sugar, the organic acid, the soluble solid content. how to balance fruit quality and can both increase crop yield and improve water use efficiency and unit water consumption benefits,previous research has conducted numerous and pointed out that the field soil moisture holding capacity of 70-80% of the maximum crop yield, but how to carry out systematic and scientific strategy in phases so as to further enhance water yield and water use efficiency of its lack of More in-depth research. In view of this, the experiment take cherry tomatoes as the object of study, the cherry tomato of the various stages of variable fertility treatment on the yield and quality, to provide for the development of theoretical basis for rational water use patterns.
Cherry tomato was studied in this paper in Institute of Soil and Water Conservation District conducted test sites, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi. In 2009, five soil moisture levels (soil water holding capacity, respectively) were designed as 50% to 60%, 60% to 70%, 70% to 80%, 80% to 90% and 90% to 100%, respectively signed W_1, W_2, W_3, W_4, W_5 ) in experiment, the influences of tomatoes yield,fruit quality and water use efficiency in greenhouse were studied under different irrigation treatment; In 2010, By controlling the 4 stage and different soil moisture in the whole growing season(T_1:D-D-D-D,T_2:Z-G-G-Z,T_3:Z-Z-Z-Z,T_4:Z-G-Z-G,T_5:G-G-G-G,T_6:G-Z-Z-G ;D:50%-60%、Z:70%-80%、G:90%-100%), the influence of tomatoes yield﹑fruit quality and water use efficiency in greenhouse were studied under different change soil moisture. The field experimental was conducted during 2009-2010 using cherry tomato, by controlling soil moisture in the different growing stage, the water consumption rule, tomatoes yield, and the influence of change soil moisture in different periods on yield were studied under different irrigation treatments, and the water sensitivity index were in various stages were calculated by application Jensen model, for, fitting the cherry tomatoes moisture production function. The major results are as follows:
The experimental result showed that yield and quality of processed tomato had close relation with soil moisture content, The W3 output and the moisture content use efficiency are highest, respectively is 6.70kg/m~2 and 24.64kg/m~3, The yield of T_1、T_2、T_4 and T_5compared to T_3, decreased by 39.70%, 22.53%, 3.43% and 20.30%. Although the T_3 and T_4 treatments difference between cherry tomato yield did not reach significant, but the T_4 water use efficiency is 19.84 kg/m~3, compared to T_3 water use efficiency with large difference, five treaments water use efficiency is: T_3>T_2>T_1> T_4>T_5。While suitable soil moisture (70% to 80%) can not only increase tomatoes yield, but also increase water use efficiency and irrigation use efficiency, water use efficiency increased with irrigation water increased and then decreased ;in 70% to 80% treatment was the optimization.
Yield and Quality of processed tomato had close relation with soil moisture content. The yield of T_1、T_2、T_3、T_6 compared to T_4, decreased by 65.76%、52.02%、3.89%和13.60%; Compared with the T_4 water use efficiency were reduced by 9.00%, 19.09%, 9.97%, 18.21%, 43.13%.Excessive or too low water moisture content before irrigation will affect yield and quantity indexs of lycopene, soluble solids, solube sugar, and soluble acid, T_1 is the best, followed by T_4 , T_6 is low. Talking into account of factors above, seedling stage use 70%～80%、early fruiting period use 90%～100%、fruiting period use 70%～80%、later fruiting period 90%～100% gained the highest yield, better quality and the highest water using efficiency. So it can be realize the target of high yield, high efficiency and water saving irrigation and various indexes were significantly higher in the whole growth 70%～80% of the irrigation water.
The amounts of water consumption in seeding stage was low, early fruiting period started to increase, fruiting period was the highest, later fruiting period was low. The relationship between the total yield and the total amount of water consumption was quadratic parabola, and the optimal irrigation amount was 345 mm. Water sensitivity indices went down successively from fruiting period, later fruiting period, early fruiting period to seeding stage, which was similar to the pattern of water consumption. In sunlight greenhouse, cherry tomatoes should be based on water sensitivity index variation law determine irrigation, in seedling stage and early fruiting period can moderate water control, the water supply must ensure in fruiting stage and later fruiting stage especially. To make water management more accurate, more scientific through the water control, in phases, in order to achieve the goal of water-saving efficient.
Cherry tomato at different growth stages integrated water consumption, water consumption and the relationship between yield per unit area and the growth stages of water sensitive index reached the following conclusions: Cherry tomatoes in the seedling stage, early fruiting period, fruiting period, later fruiting period were to keep 70% to 80%, 90% to 100%, 70% to 80% and 90% to 100% of field capacity can be achieved saving water high production.
引文
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