山地果园单轨运输机的研制
摘要
中国是柑橘的重要源产地之一,种植面积和产量均居世界首位。但由于品种结构不合理,成熟期过于集中,且大都分布在岗地和山坡上,柑橘机械化程度低。因而,研究解决柑橘机械化的关键环节——果园运输十分迫切和必要。
本论文结合现有果园运输机械和单轨车的特点,设计并制造了一种山地果园单轨运输机,满足无运输道路的山地果园中果实、农药和肥料的运输需要。运输机结构紧凑,主机长1.4m,高1.1m,宽0.8m,额定功率8.8kw,运行速度约1.2m/s,轨道依地形铺设,适应性强,最小转弯半径3.1m,载重300kg最大爬坡角度为47.9°。运输机有前进、倒退和空档三个档位,可在轨道上任意处停动、制动,操作简单,运行安全可靠。
利用现代设计方法,将单轨运输机分传动系统、驱动系统、轨道、机架和制动系统等几部分分别进行理论分析和结构设计,将链传动形式用于驱动,齿带为直径无限大的链轮,驱动轮为链条。通过研究驱动轮与齿带的间隙及夹紧轮与轨道间隙,得出运输机最小转弯半径为3.1m。常用制动的响应时间在0.6s之内,紧急制动响应时间在0.08s之内。
将轨道支撑杆视为压杆,分析运输机负载直行、转弯和爬坡三种状态下压杆的强度,均满足要求。研究运输机负载直行、转弯和爬坡三种状态下其重心偏移量,均小于偏移极限。通过分析运输机负载爬坡时受力,得出轨道坡度与负载的关系。载重300kg时,最大爬坡角度为47.9°。分析齿带受力形式,其强度满足要求。
根据设计和研究结果,绘制装配图和零件图,完成样机的制造,并对其进行性能试验。通过运行试验,得出单轨运输机运行速度偏慢,进行改进后,速度达1.5m/s,最小转弯半径不变,载重300kg的最大爬坡角度37.7°。单轨运输机运行平稳、噪音低、轨道磨损量小。
China is an important source of origin of citrus. Its planting area and output double rank first in the world. However, because of the unreasonable breed structure, excessive concentration of mature, and most distribution area:downland and the slopes, the level of citrus mechanization is low. Therefore, studying how to solve the problem of orchard transportation, which is the key link of citrus mechanization, is urgent and necessary.
This paper combined characteristic of the existing orchard transport machinery and single-track, designed and manufactured a single-track mountain orchard transport, which met the need of the transportation of the fruit, pesticide and fertilizer in the orchard without transport roads. The machine's structure was compact. The main engine's size was 1.4m×0.8m×1.1m, the power rating was 8.8kw. and the speed was about 1.2m per minute. The track, which had good adaptability, was installed according to the terrain. With load of 300kg, the transport could climb the slope less than or equal 47.9°nd made a turn with the radius not more than 3.1m. Operated simply and working safe and reliably, the machine had three gears:forward, backward and neutral, could brake or stop anywhere on the track.
The modern design methods were utilized in the thesis to theoretical analysis and structural design to the transmission system, the drive system, the track, the brake systems and the chassis etc. of the machine. Chose the chain transmission principle as the drive mode, saw the rack as a sprocket wheel with infinite diameter and the driving wheel as a chain. By studying the gap between the rack and driving wheel as well as the gap between the champing wheels and the track, got that the minimum turning radius of the transport was 3.1m. The response time of common brake was less than 0.6 seconds, and the emergency brake 0.08 seconds.
Regard the supporting steel tube as strut bars, analyzed the strength of the bars in three conditions:the loaded transport moved in straight line, made a turn and climbed. The strength met requirements. Meanwhile studied the distance offset of the transport's barycenter in three conditions, and the offset was less than the limit. The relationship between the track gradient and the load was acquired by analyzing the force of the loaded transport when it climbed. Loaded with 300kg, the machine could climbed the slope less than or equal 47.9°. At the same time, strength of the rack met the demand.
On the basis of the result, completed the Assembly drawing and part drawings, manufactured the prototype and tested its performances. Through the test, the speed was slow. After modifying the structure, the speed was improved 1.5m/s. The minimum turning radius still was 3.1m, while the maximum slope was 37.7°when the transport loaded with 300kg. The transport worked smoothly with low noise and low wear of the track.
本论文结合现有果园运输机械和单轨车的特点,设计并制造了一种山地果园单轨运输机,满足无运输道路的山地果园中果实、农药和肥料的运输需要。运输机结构紧凑,主机长1.4m,高1.1m,宽0.8m,额定功率8.8kw,运行速度约1.2m/s,轨道依地形铺设,适应性强,最小转弯半径3.1m,载重300kg最大爬坡角度为47.9°。运输机有前进、倒退和空档三个档位,可在轨道上任意处停动、制动,操作简单,运行安全可靠。
利用现代设计方法,将单轨运输机分传动系统、驱动系统、轨道、机架和制动系统等几部分分别进行理论分析和结构设计,将链传动形式用于驱动,齿带为直径无限大的链轮,驱动轮为链条。通过研究驱动轮与齿带的间隙及夹紧轮与轨道间隙,得出运输机最小转弯半径为3.1m。常用制动的响应时间在0.6s之内,紧急制动响应时间在0.08s之内。
将轨道支撑杆视为压杆,分析运输机负载直行、转弯和爬坡三种状态下压杆的强度,均满足要求。研究运输机负载直行、转弯和爬坡三种状态下其重心偏移量,均小于偏移极限。通过分析运输机负载爬坡时受力,得出轨道坡度与负载的关系。载重300kg时,最大爬坡角度为47.9°。分析齿带受力形式,其强度满足要求。
根据设计和研究结果,绘制装配图和零件图,完成样机的制造,并对其进行性能试验。通过运行试验,得出单轨运输机运行速度偏慢,进行改进后,速度达1.5m/s,最小转弯半径不变,载重300kg的最大爬坡角度37.7°。单轨运输机运行平稳、噪音低、轨道磨损量小。
China is an important source of origin of citrus. Its planting area and output double rank first in the world. However, because of the unreasonable breed structure, excessive concentration of mature, and most distribution area:downland and the slopes, the level of citrus mechanization is low. Therefore, studying how to solve the problem of orchard transportation, which is the key link of citrus mechanization, is urgent and necessary.
This paper combined characteristic of the existing orchard transport machinery and single-track, designed and manufactured a single-track mountain orchard transport, which met the need of the transportation of the fruit, pesticide and fertilizer in the orchard without transport roads. The machine's structure was compact. The main engine's size was 1.4m×0.8m×1.1m, the power rating was 8.8kw. and the speed was about 1.2m per minute. The track, which had good adaptability, was installed according to the terrain. With load of 300kg, the transport could climb the slope less than or equal 47.9°nd made a turn with the radius not more than 3.1m. Operated simply and working safe and reliably, the machine had three gears:forward, backward and neutral, could brake or stop anywhere on the track.
The modern design methods were utilized in the thesis to theoretical analysis and structural design to the transmission system, the drive system, the track, the brake systems and the chassis etc. of the machine. Chose the chain transmission principle as the drive mode, saw the rack as a sprocket wheel with infinite diameter and the driving wheel as a chain. By studying the gap between the rack and driving wheel as well as the gap between the champing wheels and the track, got that the minimum turning radius of the transport was 3.1m. The response time of common brake was less than 0.6 seconds, and the emergency brake 0.08 seconds.
Regard the supporting steel tube as strut bars, analyzed the strength of the bars in three conditions:the loaded transport moved in straight line, made a turn and climbed. The strength met requirements. Meanwhile studied the distance offset of the transport's barycenter in three conditions, and the offset was less than the limit. The relationship between the track gradient and the load was acquired by analyzing the force of the loaded transport when it climbed. Loaded with 300kg, the machine could climbed the slope less than or equal 47.9°. At the same time, strength of the rack met the demand.
On the basis of the result, completed the Assembly drawing and part drawings, manufactured the prototype and tested its performances. Through the test, the speed was slow. After modifying the structure, the speed was improved 1.5m/s. The minimum turning radius still was 3.1m, while the maximum slope was 37.7°when the transport loaded with 300kg. The transport worked smoothly with low noise and low wear of the track.
引文
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2.陈生斗,丁国光,邢晓红,周普国,石燕泉,邓秀,邓烈.美国柑桔产业化现状及对我国柑桔业的启示——柑桔良种以技术考察团赴美考察报告[J].柑桔与亚热带果树信息,2003,3
3.陈仕俏,赵文红,白卫东.我国柑橘的发展现状与展望[J].农产品加工(学刊),2008,3：21-25
4.承向阳,陈剑波.变速齿轮箱.中国专利,CN 201599367.2010-10-06
5.邓军蓉.我国柑橘商品化处理问题研究[D].[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中农业大学,2005
6.范凤翠,李志宏,王桂荣,石玉芳,贾建明,李敏.国外主要国家农业信息化发展现状及特点的比较研究[J].农业图书情报学刊,2006,18(6)：175-177
7.范钦珊,殷雅俊.材料力学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005
8.方陈富,周海珺,梅舒敏,吴群,周慧伟.山地果园机械化开发要点及利弊分析[J].中国园艺文摘,2009,(2)：82
9.胡亚玲.日本坡地果园机械化作业[J].四川农机,2003,(6)：35
10.胡中.日本发展山坡地用单轨运输车[J].粮油加工与食品机械,1973,(2)：20-21
11.黄顺斌,易圣涛.日本的单轨车[J].国外公路,1996,16(3)：39-42
12.蒋业裕.我国柑橘产业发展现状及对广西的启示[J].现代农业科技,2010,(14)：377-379
13.刘滨凡,王立海.森林生态型单轨车轨道啮合机构设计[J].林业机械与木工设备,2008,(4)：38-40a
14.刘滨凡,王立海.单轨车的发展及在我国林业中的应用[J].森林工程,2008,24(1)：25-27b
15.刘滨凡.森林生态型单轨运输设备安全稳定研究[D].[博士学位论文].黑龙江：东北林业大学,2009
16.刘丹清,张海波.索道运输[J].黑龙江科技信息,2008,(6)：39
17.刘贯博.从日本果园机械化现状看我国果园机械发展趋势[J].北方果树,1994,(1)：5-6
18.刘贯博.日本果园机械化现状[J].农牧与食品机械,1994,(6)：37
19.刘晓军.柑橘加工副产品加工利用[J].农产品加工,2007,(11)：9-30
20.孟枫平.日本农业信息化进程的主要特点[J].世界农业,2003(4)：38-39,47
21.聂凤英,刘继芬,王平,曲春红.世界主要国家农业信息化的进程和发展[J].农业网络信息,2004,(4)：15-17
22.聂宇燕.我国柑橘加工业现状研究[J].农业产业化,2005,(4-5)：50-52
23.牛玉珊,祈春节.我国柑橘鲜果营销渠道优化探讨基于交易成本视角的分析[J].价格理论与实践,2011,(1)：74-75
24.濮良贵,纪名刚.机械设计(第七版)[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1992
25.祈春节.中美两国柑橘产业的比较研究[J].国际贸易问题,2000,(7)：28-31
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