雷公藤种源地理遗传变异规律研究
|
摘要
植物地理学研究的重点是植物的起源、演化与空间分布的关系,主要依托于植物在某一地理区域内表现出的规律性。这种规律可以是外在形态,也可以是内在特异基因。本研究以药用植物雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F)为具体研究对象,通过对不同种源及个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构的研究,探讨地理差异和人为干扰对雷公藤遗传分化的影响,最终对雷公藤种质资源保存提出建议。从雷公藤的主要分布区福建、江西、浙江、湖南、贵州、云南、广西7省采集95个个体用于RAPD分子标记实验,并结合居群采样原则和空间自相关分析提出雷公藤迁地保护策略。研究成果如下:
1、将提取植物总DNA的常规CTAB法和试剂盒法结合,所得方法能够成功地从雷公藤叶片中分离出纯度高、杂质少的优质DNA。该方法排除了以往提取雷公藤DNA时多糖和酚类物质的干扰,且适用性较强。同时通过多种提取方法的试验结果对比,发现雷公藤内含物中存在某种物质能够中和提取液,从而干扰提取结果,但该物质能通过氯仿抽提消除或是减少。
2、筛选出12条随机引物对全部供试样本进行RAPD分析,一共得到118个重复性好、清晰的位点,其中多态位点共计107个,多态百分比达到91.14%;全体样本Nei’s基因多样性指数H=0.2973,Shannon’s信息指数I=0.4472,观测等位基因数Na =1.9114,有效等位基因数Ne =1.5120。4项衡量居群遗传多样性的重要指标均显示供试25个群体具有较高的遗传多样性水平;东南部种源Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon’s信息指数普遍高于西南部,主要是因为东南部为雷公藤制药优质药材产区,开发利用较早,杂交和引种加强了种源间的交流,而西南部种源多被高山包围,地理上不利物种间基因交流。
3、利用两种软件对供试材料进行亲缘聚类。Popgene聚类结果为广西、贵州、云南3省种源聚集在一起形成固定的西南居群区;福建种源分别和浙江、江西、湖南三省种源聚集成3个居群区。总体上看,东南地区基因交流密切,且江西、湖南两省为雷公藤和昆明山海棠的混生区,因而种源间亲缘关系较复杂。DPS聚类结果基本一致,总体保持了先个体聚集后地区聚集的态势。但福建居群明显独立,混生区聚类也更趋合理。
4、制定雷公藤种质资源迁地保护策略,需要同时考虑居群内取样数、居群数和遗传变异空间关系。基于对雷公藤遗传多样性的各项研究得出,以保存遗传多样性为主要目的的雷公藤迁地保护,每个居群的采样数需达到45才能充分代表该居群的遗传多样性;同时,不同地区的取样居群数不同,西南地区取到4个居群就能保证包含群体95%的遗传多样性,而东南地区最多需取到10个居群。对居群遗传变异空间自相关分析的结果为,在较近距离等级(738.4m)内,个体间存在相似关系,但随着距离的增大,Moran’s I值中正值减少而负值增多,特别在第六等级距离内出现了明显拐点,说明在1044-2350m范围内的个体不相似。尽管在后两个等级中又出现了少数正相关的Moran’s I值,但基于正负值总体走势,依然反应出负值的渐变模式。
5、将生长于永安国有林场的18个种源的360个个体在生长8个月后的生物量增值和器官生长各项指标作因子分析,最终得出浙江丽水、广西柳州、三明明溪、浙江衢州、浙江金华、三明清流、福建莆田、三明尤溪等地种源在永安的生长情况最好,且除去广西柳州和福建莆田,其余6个种源均被归为同一遗传分支。这说明遗传距离相近的种源,对生长环境的需求也相近。而作为本地种源,永安种源的得分处于平均水平之下,表明永安供试种源在本地并不具备生存优越性。因此,在制定保护策略时可将亲缘关系相近的种源移植到一起,同时要确保迁地保护区为雷公藤的最佳生境。
The key point of Phytogeography research is the relationship of the origin, evolvement and spatial distribution of plants which is based on the rule of plants performed in a particular geographical area. This rule could exist in the external forms, and also could be in some internal special gene. This paper took Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F as a specific research subject, and the affection of the genetic diversity of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F caused by geographic distribution and human disturbance was studied based on the research of the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the individual Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F with different provenances, and finally the conservation principle and methods of the germplasm resources of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F were proposed. 95 samples have been collected from seven provinces, the main distribution areas which were Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hu’nan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi, and the samples were used to RAPD molecular marker experiments. The genetic diversity and genetic structure of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F population has been concluded, and the strategy of off-site conservation of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F was presented combined with the collection principles of wild Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F samples and the analysis of spatial autocorrelation. The main results were as following:
1. CTAB method and kits which were the typical vegetation general DNA extracting methods were combined together and being used successfully to separate excellent quality DNA of high purity and fewer impurities from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. This technology excluded the disturbance of high levels of polysaccharides and polyphenol which was a particularly difficult problem due to the high level of those before, and also the technology had strong applicability. At the same time from the experimental results comparison of different extracting technologies, found that something in the body of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F could neutralize the extracting solution and then influenced the extraction result, but the material could be extracted by chloroform to reach a lower level.
2. RAPD of all tested samples were analyzed by 12 random primers chosen, and 118 gene locus were acquired which had good repetition of experiment and clear locus. The ratio of polymorphic loci was 91. 14% including 107 loci, and the Nei’s gene diversity index H was 0.2973, information index of Shannon’s was I=0.4427, the observed number of alleles was 1.9114, and effective number of alleles was 1.5120. The four important gene diversity indexes all showed that the 25 tested groups had relatively high gene diversity. The Nei’s gene diversity index and Shannon’s information index of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F provenance in southeast area was generally higher than those in southwest area. The reason of this result was that the high quality raw materials of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F for Chinese medicine were mostly from southeast of China and the development and utilization of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F was relatively earlier, and the hybridization and introduction of this plant has improved the communication of provenances, however the provenances in the southwest area were mostly surrounded by high mountains which was disadvantage in geographical location for the species’gene communication.
3. Clustering analysis of phylogenetic relationships of testing materials was made using two soft wares. The clustering result of Popgene was that provenances of Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan three provinces gathered together which formed the regular southwest population area; provenances of Fujian formed three population living areas with provenances of Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. In general, gene communication in southeast area was very closely, and Jiangxi and Hunan provinces were mixed living areas of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F and Tripterygium hypoglaucum(levl)Hutch, so the relation of provenances was very complicated. The results of DPS cluster were very similar and firstly individual aggregation and latter area aggregation generally. But the population in Fujian province was obviously independent, and the cluster in mixed living area was becoming more reasonable.
4. Making the strategy of off-site conservation of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F gene resource, you need to consider the sample size, population number and spatial relations of genetic variation. the research basing on the genetic diversity of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F showed that the off-site conservation whose principal object was protecting genetic diversity required that in order to well represent the genetic diversity of the population the sample size need to reach 45, and meanwhile the population sample size was different according to different areas. In the southwest area, 4 population samples was enough to ensure including 95% genetic diversity level, while 10 population samples were required in southeast area at most. The result of the spatial autocorrelation analysis of genetic variation was that there were similar relationships among individuals within the nearest distance scales (783. 4m), but the number of positive value of Moran’s I value decreased and negative value increased especially exist an obvious inflexion in the sixth distance scale with the increase of the distance which indicated that the individual was not similar within the range of 1044-2350m. Although minority positive correlation of Moran’s I value existed in the latter two scales, in general of the overall trend of all values, it still indicated the pattern of incremental rule of negative value.
5. The factor analysis was conducted based on the biomass increase amount and organ growth indexes of 360 individuals including 18provenances which were planted in Yong’an state-owned forest center, and finally reached a conclusion that the Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F population from different provenances sites of Zhejiang Lishui, Guangxi Liuzhou, Sanming Mingxi, Zhejiang Quzhou, Zhejiang Jinhua, Sanming Qingliu, Fujian Putian and Sanming Youxi growed very well. Other 6 provenances were classified into one genetic branch except that in Guangzhou Liuzhou city and Fujian Putian city which indicated that the environmental requirement of the population provenances with the similar genetic distance was also very similar. and as the local provenance population, the score of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F in Yong’an city was below average level which showed that the provenance tested in Yong’an city had no survival superiority than others. When making the strategy of protection, we can transplant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F populations of similar provenances and at the same time make sure that the off-site conservation area has the best growing environment for Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F
1、将提取植物总DNA的常规CTAB法和试剂盒法结合,所得方法能够成功地从雷公藤叶片中分离出纯度高、杂质少的优质DNA。该方法排除了以往提取雷公藤DNA时多糖和酚类物质的干扰,且适用性较强。同时通过多种提取方法的试验结果对比,发现雷公藤内含物中存在某种物质能够中和提取液,从而干扰提取结果,但该物质能通过氯仿抽提消除或是减少。
2、筛选出12条随机引物对全部供试样本进行RAPD分析,一共得到118个重复性好、清晰的位点,其中多态位点共计107个,多态百分比达到91.14%;全体样本Nei’s基因多样性指数H=0.2973,Shannon’s信息指数I=0.4472,观测等位基因数Na =1.9114,有效等位基因数Ne =1.5120。4项衡量居群遗传多样性的重要指标均显示供试25个群体具有较高的遗传多样性水平;东南部种源Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon’s信息指数普遍高于西南部,主要是因为东南部为雷公藤制药优质药材产区,开发利用较早,杂交和引种加强了种源间的交流,而西南部种源多被高山包围,地理上不利物种间基因交流。
3、利用两种软件对供试材料进行亲缘聚类。Popgene聚类结果为广西、贵州、云南3省种源聚集在一起形成固定的西南居群区;福建种源分别和浙江、江西、湖南三省种源聚集成3个居群区。总体上看,东南地区基因交流密切,且江西、湖南两省为雷公藤和昆明山海棠的混生区,因而种源间亲缘关系较复杂。DPS聚类结果基本一致,总体保持了先个体聚集后地区聚集的态势。但福建居群明显独立,混生区聚类也更趋合理。
4、制定雷公藤种质资源迁地保护策略,需要同时考虑居群内取样数、居群数和遗传变异空间关系。基于对雷公藤遗传多样性的各项研究得出,以保存遗传多样性为主要目的的雷公藤迁地保护,每个居群的采样数需达到45才能充分代表该居群的遗传多样性;同时,不同地区的取样居群数不同,西南地区取到4个居群就能保证包含群体95%的遗传多样性,而东南地区最多需取到10个居群。对居群遗传变异空间自相关分析的结果为,在较近距离等级(738.4m)内,个体间存在相似关系,但随着距离的增大,Moran’s I值中正值减少而负值增多,特别在第六等级距离内出现了明显拐点,说明在1044-2350m范围内的个体不相似。尽管在后两个等级中又出现了少数正相关的Moran’s I值,但基于正负值总体走势,依然反应出负值的渐变模式。
5、将生长于永安国有林场的18个种源的360个个体在生长8个月后的生物量增值和器官生长各项指标作因子分析,最终得出浙江丽水、广西柳州、三明明溪、浙江衢州、浙江金华、三明清流、福建莆田、三明尤溪等地种源在永安的生长情况最好,且除去广西柳州和福建莆田,其余6个种源均被归为同一遗传分支。这说明遗传距离相近的种源,对生长环境的需求也相近。而作为本地种源,永安种源的得分处于平均水平之下,表明永安供试种源在本地并不具备生存优越性。因此,在制定保护策略时可将亲缘关系相近的种源移植到一起,同时要确保迁地保护区为雷公藤的最佳生境。
The key point of Phytogeography research is the relationship of the origin, evolvement and spatial distribution of plants which is based on the rule of plants performed in a particular geographical area. This rule could exist in the external forms, and also could be in some internal special gene. This paper took Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F as a specific research subject, and the affection of the genetic diversity of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F caused by geographic distribution and human disturbance was studied based on the research of the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the individual Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F with different provenances, and finally the conservation principle and methods of the germplasm resources of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F were proposed. 95 samples have been collected from seven provinces, the main distribution areas which were Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hu’nan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi, and the samples were used to RAPD molecular marker experiments. The genetic diversity and genetic structure of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F population has been concluded, and the strategy of off-site conservation of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F was presented combined with the collection principles of wild Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F samples and the analysis of spatial autocorrelation. The main results were as following:
1. CTAB method and kits which were the typical vegetation general DNA extracting methods were combined together and being used successfully to separate excellent quality DNA of high purity and fewer impurities from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. This technology excluded the disturbance of high levels of polysaccharides and polyphenol which was a particularly difficult problem due to the high level of those before, and also the technology had strong applicability. At the same time from the experimental results comparison of different extracting technologies, found that something in the body of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F could neutralize the extracting solution and then influenced the extraction result, but the material could be extracted by chloroform to reach a lower level.
2. RAPD of all tested samples were analyzed by 12 random primers chosen, and 118 gene locus were acquired which had good repetition of experiment and clear locus. The ratio of polymorphic loci was 91. 14% including 107 loci, and the Nei’s gene diversity index H was 0.2973, information index of Shannon’s was I=0.4427, the observed number of alleles was 1.9114, and effective number of alleles was 1.5120. The four important gene diversity indexes all showed that the 25 tested groups had relatively high gene diversity. The Nei’s gene diversity index and Shannon’s information index of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F provenance in southeast area was generally higher than those in southwest area. The reason of this result was that the high quality raw materials of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F for Chinese medicine were mostly from southeast of China and the development and utilization of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F was relatively earlier, and the hybridization and introduction of this plant has improved the communication of provenances, however the provenances in the southwest area were mostly surrounded by high mountains which was disadvantage in geographical location for the species’gene communication.
3. Clustering analysis of phylogenetic relationships of testing materials was made using two soft wares. The clustering result of Popgene was that provenances of Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan three provinces gathered together which formed the regular southwest population area; provenances of Fujian formed three population living areas with provenances of Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. In general, gene communication in southeast area was very closely, and Jiangxi and Hunan provinces were mixed living areas of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F and Tripterygium hypoglaucum(levl)Hutch, so the relation of provenances was very complicated. The results of DPS cluster were very similar and firstly individual aggregation and latter area aggregation generally. But the population in Fujian province was obviously independent, and the cluster in mixed living area was becoming more reasonable.
4. Making the strategy of off-site conservation of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F gene resource, you need to consider the sample size, population number and spatial relations of genetic variation. the research basing on the genetic diversity of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F showed that the off-site conservation whose principal object was protecting genetic diversity required that in order to well represent the genetic diversity of the population the sample size need to reach 45, and meanwhile the population sample size was different according to different areas. In the southwest area, 4 population samples was enough to ensure including 95% genetic diversity level, while 10 population samples were required in southeast area at most. The result of the spatial autocorrelation analysis of genetic variation was that there were similar relationships among individuals within the nearest distance scales (783. 4m), but the number of positive value of Moran’s I value decreased and negative value increased especially exist an obvious inflexion in the sixth distance scale with the increase of the distance which indicated that the individual was not similar within the range of 1044-2350m. Although minority positive correlation of Moran’s I value existed in the latter two scales, in general of the overall trend of all values, it still indicated the pattern of incremental rule of negative value.
5. The factor analysis was conducted based on the biomass increase amount and organ growth indexes of 360 individuals including 18provenances which were planted in Yong’an state-owned forest center, and finally reached a conclusion that the Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F population from different provenances sites of Zhejiang Lishui, Guangxi Liuzhou, Sanming Mingxi, Zhejiang Quzhou, Zhejiang Jinhua, Sanming Qingliu, Fujian Putian and Sanming Youxi growed very well. Other 6 provenances were classified into one genetic branch except that in Guangzhou Liuzhou city and Fujian Putian city which indicated that the environmental requirement of the population provenances with the similar genetic distance was also very similar. and as the local provenance population, the score of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F in Yong’an city was below average level which showed that the provenance tested in Yong’an city had no survival superiority than others. When making the strategy of protection, we can transplant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F populations of similar provenances and at the same time make sure that the off-site conservation area has the best growing environment for Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F
引文
[1]李隆云,罗登庸,叶代峻,等.药用植物品种资源的收集、保存和研究[J].中国中药杂志,1991(07):1-4.
[2]黄璐琦,崔光红,陈美兰,等.中药材GAP实施的复杂系统论——中药材种质资源的现状、问题及方向[J].中国中药杂志,2002(07):4-6.
[3]马小军,肖培根.种质资源遗传多样性在药用植物开发中的重要意义[J].中国中药杂志,1998(10):4-6, 25.
[4]董静洲,易自力,蒋建雄.我国药用植物资源研究概况[J].医学研究杂志,2006(01):99-105.
[5]黄璐琦.展望分子生物技术在生药学中的应用[J].中国中药杂志,1995(11):643-645,702.
[6]曹晖,张英.DNA分子标记技术在中药品质与标准化方面的研究概况[J].世界科学技术,2003(01):44-52,87.
[7]曹晖,刘玉萍,邵鹏柱,等.DNA分子标记技术:一种新的中药分析方法[J].药物分析杂志,1999(05):67-72.
[8]邓德山.猕猴桃属植物狗枣子(Actinidia kolomikta(Maxim. &Rupr) Maxim.)的生态地理分布及其植物地理学意义[J].植物研究,2002(04):35-39.
[9]周浙昆,Arata Momohara.一些东亚特有种子植物的化石历史及其植物地理学意义[J].云南植物研究,2005(05):3-24.
[10]左家哺.植物区系的数值分析[J].云南植物研究,1990(02):65-71.
[11]左家哺.贵州猕猴桃属植物的区系地理与分布[J].经济林研究,1988(02):22-25.
[12]吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,等.中国植物区系中的特有性及其起源和分化[J].云南植物研究,2005(06):3-30.
[13]刘玉壶,夏念和,杨惠秋.木兰科(Magnoliaceae)的起源、进化和地理分布[J].热带亚热带植物学报,1995(04):1-12.
[14] C. Hoek. The phytogeography of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the northern Atlantic Ocean, in comparison to that of other benthical gal species[J]. Helgol?nder Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 1979(08): 374-393.
[15] Danu?e Hodáňová. Ecology and phytogeography of high altitude plants of the Northwest Himalaya[J]. Biologia Plantarum, 1980(05): 209.
[16]傅荣昭,邵鹏柱,高文远,等.DNA分子标记技术及其在药用植物研究上的应用前景[J].生物工程进展,1998(04):14-18.
[17] Jennifer A. Couch, Paul J. Fritz. Isolation of DNA from plants high in polyphenolics[J]. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 1990(02): 8-12.
[18] Bao-Rong Lu. Genomic relationships within the Elymus parviglumis group (Triticeae: Poaceae)[J]. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1993(01): 191-211.
[19]焦锋,楼程富.RAPD技术应用中的一些问题及对策[J].西北农业学报,2000,9(04):25-29.
[20]姜自锋,林乃铨,徐梅.RAPD技术及其应用中的一些问题.[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2002 (03):84-88.
[21]秦树臻,吴常信.随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术及其在农业上的应用[J].北京农业大学学报,1995(01):109-116.
[22] E. Hasegawa. Parental analysis using RAPD markers in the antColobopsis nipponicus: A test of RAPD markers for estimating reproductive structure within social insect colonies[J]. Insectes Sociaux, 1995(12):337-346.
[23]王冰冰,孙宝启.RAPD技术进展及其在小麦遗传育种中的应用(综述)[J].农业生物技术学报,1997(03):25-31.
[24]柳先平,黎先春,李磊.道地药材"道地性"与其活性成分关系[J].现代中药研究与实践,1994(S1):26-31.
[25]周荣汉,周茀新.道地药材与化学分类学[J].中国医药学报,1990(04):80-81.
[26]张雪梅,李祖伦.道地药材的地理标志保护[J].时珍国医国药,2007(09):251-252.
[27]孙坤,张辉,陈纹,等.应用DNA分子遗传标记研究药用植物道地性的进展[J].西北师范大学学报,2003(03):101-104.
[28] Cristina García-Viguera, FranciscoA. Tomás-Barberán, Federico Ferreres, Francisco Artés, Francisco Tomás-Lorente. Determination of citrus jams genuineness by flavonoid analysis[J]. Zeitschriftfür Lebensmittel - Untersuchung und– Forschung, 1993 (03): 255-257
[29]虞泓,朱荣勋,李永谊.云南常见药用红景天的RAPD分析[J].中草药,2005(01):101-104.
[30]郭兰萍,黄璐琦,王敏,等.南北苍术的RAPD分析及其划分的初步探讨[J].中国中药杂志,2001(03)12-14.
[31]赵永亮,傅体华,范巧佳,等.川牛膝(Cyathula officinalis Kuan. )RAPD和AFLP标记的多态性聚类分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008(16):88-92.
[32]樊冬丽,牛西午,马小军,等.苦叶七种质资源的随机扩增多态性DNA分析[J].时珍国医国药,2006(12):103-105.
[33] W. L. Guo, L. Gong, Z. F. Ding. Genomic instability in phenotypically normal regenerants of medicinal plant Codonopsis lanceolata Benth. et Hook. f, as revealed by ISSR and RAPD markers[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2006(09): 896-906.
[34]张建清,苏雪,吴琼,等.药用植物党参的RAPD分析[J].中药材,2006(05):6-9.
[35]魏玉清,许兴,王璞.不同地区主要栽培宁夏枸杞品种的RAPD分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2007(01):99-103.
[36]高文远,秦恩强,肖小河,等.当归药材道地性的RAPD分析[J].中草药,2001(10):65-68.
[37]葛淑俊,孟义江,李广敏.我国药用植物遗传多样性研究进展[J].中草药,2006(10):150-155.
[38] Hong Bo Guo, Bao Rong Lu, , Qian Hong Wu. Abundant genetic diversity in cultivated Codonopsis pilosula populations revealed by RAPD polymorphisms[J]. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2007(05) : 917-924.
[39] M. A. Islam, K. Kloppstech, K. Kloppstech. Population genetic diversity of Curcuma zedoaria (Christm. ) Roscoe– a conservation prioritised medicinal plant in Bangladesh [J]. Conservation Genetics,2005(12):1027-1033.
[40]赵念玺,马绍宾,黄衡宇.利用植物遗传多样性开发药用植物资源[J].云南大学学报,2001(S1): 64-68.
[41]刘萍,马宏玮,王掌军.我国药用植物种质资源遗传多样性及其研究进展[J].农业科学研究,2008(03):72-76.
[42] Gyana Ranjan Rout. Direct plant regeneration of curry leaf tree (Murraya koenigii koenig. ), an aromatic plant[J]. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2005(02) : 133-136.
[43] Gyana Ranjan Rout. . Evaluation of genetic relationship in Typhonium species through random amplified polymorphic DNA markers[J]. Biologia Plantarum, 2006(01) : 127-130.
[44] Sarika Gupta, Sashi Pandey-Rai, Suchi Srivastava. Construction of genetic linkage map of the medicinal and ornamental plant Catharanthus roseus[J]. Journal of Genetics, 2007(03): 259-268.
[45]曾明,严继舟,张汉明,等.RAPD技术在葛属药用植物分类和鉴定中的应用[J].中草药,2000(08):62-64.
[46]邹佳宁,宋聚先,常楚瑞,等.贵州天麻种质资源的RAPD分析[J].中药材,2006,(09):8-10.
[47]张英涛,刘文芝,艾铁民.松果菊属3种药用植物的DNA分子鉴别研究[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2002(05):13-14.
[48]马小军,汪小全,徐昭玺,等.人参不同栽培群体遗传关系的RAPD分析[J].植物学报,2000(06):40-43.
[49]丁鸽,丁小余,沈洁,等.铁皮石斛野生居群遗传多样性的RAPD分析与鉴别[J].药学学报,2005(11):68-72.
[50]莫爱琼,耿世磊,张寿洲.药用植物华南忍冬居群遗传多样性的RAPD分析[J].中药材,2009(04):18-23.
[51]雷鲜,章怀云.植物分类研究进展[J].湖南林业科技,2005(06):59-62.
[52]段春燕,候小改,李连方.现代植物分类方法在植物学分类研究中的应用——以堇菜属为例[J].生物学通报,2004(10):20-21.
[53]肖小河,刘峰群,史成和,等.国产姜黄属药用植物RAPD分析与分类鉴定[J].中草药,2000(03):51-54.
[54]林伯年,徐林娟,贾春蕾.RAPD技术在杨梅属植物分类研究中的应用[J].园艺学报,1999(04):13-18.
[55]吴弢,王义权,余伯阳,等.RAPD在山麦冬属四种植物分类中的应用[J].中草药,1998(01):37-40.
[56]李妮亚,高培元,周鹏,等.RAPD技术在芦荟属植物分类研究中的应用[J].西北植物学报,2002(06):152-157.
[57]阎文昭,蔡平钟,宣朴.RAPD技术在生物学研究中的应用[J].世界科技研究与发展,1999(02):86-89.
[58]鲁亮,归鸿.RAPD技术的特点及其在昆虫分类中的应用[J].昆虫学报,1995(10):117-122.
[59]梁利群,孙孝文,沈俊宝.RAPD技术及其应用[J].水产学杂志,1995(01):90-93.
[60] Alfonso H. del Rio, John B. Bamberg RAPD markers efficiently distinguish heterogenous populations of wild potato (Solanum) [J]. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,2004(02): 115-121.
[61]苑虎,张殷波,覃海宁,等.中国国家重点保护野生植物的就地保护现状[J].生物的多样性,2009(03):72-79.
[62]罗毅波,贾建生,王春玲.中国兰科植物保育的现状和展望[J].生物的多样性,2003(01):74-81.
[63]张宏意,陈月琴,廖文波.南方红豆杉不同居群遗传多样性的RAPD研究[J].西北植物学报,2003(11):144-147.
[64]闫志峰,张本刚,张昭,等.DNA分子标记在珍稀濒危药用植物保护中的应用[J].中国中药杂志,2005(24):5-9.
[65]杜道林,苏洁,付永川,等.珍稀濒危植物海南粗榧种群遗传多样性研究[J].植物学报,2002(02):71-76.
[66]许再富,黄加元,胡华斌,等.我国近30年来植物迁地保护及其研究的综述[J].广西植物,2008(06):57-67.
[67]万开元,陈防,陈树森,等.珍稀濒危植物迁地保护策略中植物营养问题的探讨[J].生物多样性,2006(02):90-98.
[68]王振忠,谭忠奇.厦门园林植物园珍稀濒危植物迁地保护[J].福建林学院学报,1996(01):75-81.
[69]李巧明,许再富,何田华.濒危植物版纳青梅保护遗传学研究初[J].植物学报,2002(02):124-127.
[70]杨佳,李晓东,李新伟,等.华中特有珍稀植物裸芸香的AFLP遗传多样性分析[J].武汉植物学研究,2007(02):12-20.
[71]杨芳.雷公藤的研究进展[J].第一军医大学分校学报,2003,26(2):159-160.
[72]秦秀芹,冯毓秀.雷公藤资源利用及药源扩大[J].中国野生植物资源,1994(4):13-17.
[73]郭艳红,谭垦.雷公藤的毒性及其研究概况[J].中药材,2007(01):120-125.
[74]姚发兴,徐斌,童秀英,陈友丽.雷公藤的化学成分及提取物的检验方法探讨[J].湖北师范学院学报(自然科学版),2000(04):35-39.
[75]井莉,柯昌强,李希强,等.雷公藤中倍半萜生物碱的分离与结构鉴定[J].中国药物化学杂志,2008(03):210-218.
[76]张亮,张正行,安登魁.雷公藤属植物化学成分研究进展[J].中国药科大学学报,1990(04):251-256.
[77]马伟光,张滔,张超,等.有毒药物雷公藤的研究及展望[J].中华中医药杂志,2006(02):117-120.
[78]杨光忠,陈玉.雷公藤氯内酯醇研究进展[J].中药材,2006(02):200-203.
[79]周琳,高飞,孙淑君.雷公藤生物碱的化学成分及杀虫作用研究进展[J].河南农业科学,2009(01):14-17.
[80]夏志林,邓福孝.雷公藤果中新的倍半萜酯类化合物[J].国外医药(植物药分册),1992(05):15-16.
[81]杨光忠,郭夫江,李援朝.雷公藤多苷三萜类成分的研究[J].中国药学杂志,2000(01):50-51.
[82]彭国荣,张剑君.雷公藤酊剂治疗颈椎增生病的体会[J].江西中医药,1993(04):294-295.
[83]张晓燕,池中求.雷公藤在风湿性疾病中的应用概述[J].河南中医,2004(03):80-82.
[84]李雪芹,高明,黄斐斐.雷公藤多甙治疗糖尿病肾病的临床研究[J].中国实用医药,2009(18):178-179.
[85]王翠娣,郭玉璞.雷公藤的有效成分、药理作用及临床应用[J].中国中西医集合杂志,1993(08):507-509.
[86]张西强.雷公藤多甙在自身免疫性疾病中的应用[J].山东医学高等专科学校学报,2007(05):367-370.
[87]吴大刚,翟苹.雷公藤的抗癌成分——二萜内酯(简报)[J].云南植物研究,1977(02):13-14.
[88]惠乃玲,赵可心.雷公藤制剂与类风湿关节炎[A].第五届全国雷公藤学术会议论文汇编[C],2008.
[89]刘惠荣,李占芝.雷公藤的临床应用及不良反应[J].河北医药,1996(05):14.
[90]吕必华,张玲,蒋巧俐.雷公藤多苷的药理研究与临床应用[J].中国医院药学杂志,2001(07):44-45.
[91]林光美,姜建国,江锦红,等.雷公藤的开发利用与引种驯化栽培技术[J].中国野生植物资源,2004(01):63-66.
[92]秦秀芹,冯毓秀.雷公藤资源利用及药源扩大[J].中国野生植物资源,1994(04):13-17.
[93]洪伟,李键,吴承祯,等.雷公藤栽培及利用研究综述[J].福建林学院学报,2007(01):94-98.
[94]李建鹃,洪伟,吴承祯,等.雷公藤优良无性系组织培养技术的研究[J].福建林学院学报,2009(04):30-34.
[95]洪伟,唐佳栋,吴承祯,等.泰宁雷公藤根系分布规律[J].福建林学院学报,2007(2):97-100.
[96]斯金平,黄文华,郭宝林,等.雷公藤药材中雷公藤甲素变异规律[J].中国中药杂志,2006(24):12-16.
[97]林光美,柯玉琴,郭莺,等.不同地区雷公藤活性氧代谢研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006(24):129-130.
[98]许元科,斯金平,季赛娟,等.不同种源雷公藤苗木质量的研究[J].中药材,2006(09):11-13.
[99]刘万水,郭宝林,陈玉婷,等.雷公藤属3种植物遗传关系与遗传多样性的RAPD分析[J].中国中药杂志,2007(16):13-19.
[100]李风涛.道地药材短葶山麦冬、雷公藤基于RAPD种源鉴别研究[D].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2009(12).
[101]崔翠,蔺银鼎.元宝枫叶片总DNA提取方法的优化[J].生物技术通报,2008(4):118-121.
[102]郝岗平,边高鹏,张媛英,等.泰山白花丹参干叶片高质量DNA的提取[J].中草药,2006,37(6):855– 8571.
[103]郭宝林,刘万水,斯金平,等.影响总DNA提取因素的探讨[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(11):924-926.
[104]易庆平,罗正荣,张青林,等.植物总基因组DNA提取纯化方法综述[J].安徽农业科学,2007,3(25):7789-7791.
[105]陈大霞,李隆云,钱敏,等.黄连药材DNA提取及RAPD反应体系的优化[J].中草药,2006(08):119-123.
[106]李正宏.濒危植物取样策略研究[D].浙江大学,2005.
[107]金燕,卢宝荣.遗传多样性的取样策略[J].生物多样性,2003(02):69-75.
[108]杨雪,赵桂仿,周天华,等.近缘物种的遗传多样性及其亲缘关系的取样策略研究[J].西北植物学报.2007(06):55-60.
[109]李自超,张洪亮,曹永生,等.中国地方稻种资源初级核心种质取样策略研究[J].作物学报,2003(01):21-25.
[110] C. C. Y. Dorea, C. R. Gon?alves. Alternative sampling strategy for a random optimization algorithm[J]. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 1993(02): 401-407.
[111]何敬胜,李作洲,黄宏文.濒危物种——巴东木莲等位酶遗传变异的空间自相关分析[J].云南植物研究,2005(02):61-70.
[112]何田华,杨继,饶广远.植物居群遗传变异的空间自相关分析[J].植物学通报.1999(06):13-18.
[113]李秀玲,陈健,王刚.西北地区红砂种群ISSR遗传变异的空间自相关分析[J].中国沙漠,2008(03):76-80.
[114]李昂,罗毅波,葛颂.采用空间自相关分析研究两种兰科植物的群体遗传结构[J].生物多样性,2002(03):76-80.
[2]黄璐琦,崔光红,陈美兰,等.中药材GAP实施的复杂系统论——中药材种质资源的现状、问题及方向[J].中国中药杂志,2002(07):4-6.
[3]马小军,肖培根.种质资源遗传多样性在药用植物开发中的重要意义[J].中国中药杂志,1998(10):4-6, 25.
[4]董静洲,易自力,蒋建雄.我国药用植物资源研究概况[J].医学研究杂志,2006(01):99-105.
[5]黄璐琦.展望分子生物技术在生药学中的应用[J].中国中药杂志,1995(11):643-645,702.
[6]曹晖,张英.DNA分子标记技术在中药品质与标准化方面的研究概况[J].世界科学技术,2003(01):44-52,87.
[7]曹晖,刘玉萍,邵鹏柱,等.DNA分子标记技术:一种新的中药分析方法[J].药物分析杂志,1999(05):67-72.
[8]邓德山.猕猴桃属植物狗枣子(Actinidia kolomikta(Maxim. &Rupr) Maxim.)的生态地理分布及其植物地理学意义[J].植物研究,2002(04):35-39.
[9]周浙昆,Arata Momohara.一些东亚特有种子植物的化石历史及其植物地理学意义[J].云南植物研究,2005(05):3-24.
[10]左家哺.植物区系的数值分析[J].云南植物研究,1990(02):65-71.
[11]左家哺.贵州猕猴桃属植物的区系地理与分布[J].经济林研究,1988(02):22-25.
[12]吴征镒,孙航,周浙昆,等.中国植物区系中的特有性及其起源和分化[J].云南植物研究,2005(06):3-30.
[13]刘玉壶,夏念和,杨惠秋.木兰科(Magnoliaceae)的起源、进化和地理分布[J].热带亚热带植物学报,1995(04):1-12.
[14] C. Hoek. The phytogeography of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the northern Atlantic Ocean, in comparison to that of other benthical gal species[J]. Helgol?nder Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 1979(08): 374-393.
[15] Danu?e Hodáňová. Ecology and phytogeography of high altitude plants of the Northwest Himalaya[J]. Biologia Plantarum, 1980(05): 209.
[16]傅荣昭,邵鹏柱,高文远,等.DNA分子标记技术及其在药用植物研究上的应用前景[J].生物工程进展,1998(04):14-18.
[17] Jennifer A. Couch, Paul J. Fritz. Isolation of DNA from plants high in polyphenolics[J]. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 1990(02): 8-12.
[18] Bao-Rong Lu. Genomic relationships within the Elymus parviglumis group (Triticeae: Poaceae)[J]. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1993(01): 191-211.
[19]焦锋,楼程富.RAPD技术应用中的一些问题及对策[J].西北农业学报,2000,9(04):25-29.
[20]姜自锋,林乃铨,徐梅.RAPD技术及其应用中的一些问题.[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2002 (03):84-88.
[21]秦树臻,吴常信.随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术及其在农业上的应用[J].北京农业大学学报,1995(01):109-116.
[22] E. Hasegawa. Parental analysis using RAPD markers in the antColobopsis nipponicus: A test of RAPD markers for estimating reproductive structure within social insect colonies[J]. Insectes Sociaux, 1995(12):337-346.
[23]王冰冰,孙宝启.RAPD技术进展及其在小麦遗传育种中的应用(综述)[J].农业生物技术学报,1997(03):25-31.
[24]柳先平,黎先春,李磊.道地药材"道地性"与其活性成分关系[J].现代中药研究与实践,1994(S1):26-31.
[25]周荣汉,周茀新.道地药材与化学分类学[J].中国医药学报,1990(04):80-81.
[26]张雪梅,李祖伦.道地药材的地理标志保护[J].时珍国医国药,2007(09):251-252.
[27]孙坤,张辉,陈纹,等.应用DNA分子遗传标记研究药用植物道地性的进展[J].西北师范大学学报,2003(03):101-104.
[28] Cristina García-Viguera, FranciscoA. Tomás-Barberán, Federico Ferreres, Francisco Artés, Francisco Tomás-Lorente. Determination of citrus jams genuineness by flavonoid analysis[J]. Zeitschriftfür Lebensmittel - Untersuchung und– Forschung, 1993 (03): 255-257
[29]虞泓,朱荣勋,李永谊.云南常见药用红景天的RAPD分析[J].中草药,2005(01):101-104.
[30]郭兰萍,黄璐琦,王敏,等.南北苍术的RAPD分析及其划分的初步探讨[J].中国中药杂志,2001(03)12-14.
[31]赵永亮,傅体华,范巧佳,等.川牛膝(Cyathula officinalis Kuan. )RAPD和AFLP标记的多态性聚类分析[J].安徽农业科学,2008(16):88-92.
[32]樊冬丽,牛西午,马小军,等.苦叶七种质资源的随机扩增多态性DNA分析[J].时珍国医国药,2006(12):103-105.
[33] W. L. Guo, L. Gong, Z. F. Ding. Genomic instability in phenotypically normal regenerants of medicinal plant Codonopsis lanceolata Benth. et Hook. f, as revealed by ISSR and RAPD markers[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2006(09): 896-906.
[34]张建清,苏雪,吴琼,等.药用植物党参的RAPD分析[J].中药材,2006(05):6-9.
[35]魏玉清,许兴,王璞.不同地区主要栽培宁夏枸杞品种的RAPD分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2007(01):99-103.
[36]高文远,秦恩强,肖小河,等.当归药材道地性的RAPD分析[J].中草药,2001(10):65-68.
[37]葛淑俊,孟义江,李广敏.我国药用植物遗传多样性研究进展[J].中草药,2006(10):150-155.
[38] Hong Bo Guo, Bao Rong Lu, , Qian Hong Wu. Abundant genetic diversity in cultivated Codonopsis pilosula populations revealed by RAPD polymorphisms[J]. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2007(05) : 917-924.
[39] M. A. Islam, K. Kloppstech, K. Kloppstech. Population genetic diversity of Curcuma zedoaria (Christm. ) Roscoe– a conservation prioritised medicinal plant in Bangladesh [J]. Conservation Genetics,2005(12):1027-1033.
[40]赵念玺,马绍宾,黄衡宇.利用植物遗传多样性开发药用植物资源[J].云南大学学报,2001(S1): 64-68.
[41]刘萍,马宏玮,王掌军.我国药用植物种质资源遗传多样性及其研究进展[J].农业科学研究,2008(03):72-76.
[42] Gyana Ranjan Rout. Direct plant regeneration of curry leaf tree (Murraya koenigii koenig. ), an aromatic plant[J]. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2005(02) : 133-136.
[43] Gyana Ranjan Rout. . Evaluation of genetic relationship in Typhonium species through random amplified polymorphic DNA markers[J]. Biologia Plantarum, 2006(01) : 127-130.
[44] Sarika Gupta, Sashi Pandey-Rai, Suchi Srivastava. Construction of genetic linkage map of the medicinal and ornamental plant Catharanthus roseus[J]. Journal of Genetics, 2007(03): 259-268.
[45]曾明,严继舟,张汉明,等.RAPD技术在葛属药用植物分类和鉴定中的应用[J].中草药,2000(08):62-64.
[46]邹佳宁,宋聚先,常楚瑞,等.贵州天麻种质资源的RAPD分析[J].中药材,2006,(09):8-10.
[47]张英涛,刘文芝,艾铁民.松果菊属3种药用植物的DNA分子鉴别研究[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2002(05):13-14.
[48]马小军,汪小全,徐昭玺,等.人参不同栽培群体遗传关系的RAPD分析[J].植物学报,2000(06):40-43.
[49]丁鸽,丁小余,沈洁,等.铁皮石斛野生居群遗传多样性的RAPD分析与鉴别[J].药学学报,2005(11):68-72.
[50]莫爱琼,耿世磊,张寿洲.药用植物华南忍冬居群遗传多样性的RAPD分析[J].中药材,2009(04):18-23.
[51]雷鲜,章怀云.植物分类研究进展[J].湖南林业科技,2005(06):59-62.
[52]段春燕,候小改,李连方.现代植物分类方法在植物学分类研究中的应用——以堇菜属为例[J].生物学通报,2004(10):20-21.
[53]肖小河,刘峰群,史成和,等.国产姜黄属药用植物RAPD分析与分类鉴定[J].中草药,2000(03):51-54.
[54]林伯年,徐林娟,贾春蕾.RAPD技术在杨梅属植物分类研究中的应用[J].园艺学报,1999(04):13-18.
[55]吴弢,王义权,余伯阳,等.RAPD在山麦冬属四种植物分类中的应用[J].中草药,1998(01):37-40.
[56]李妮亚,高培元,周鹏,等.RAPD技术在芦荟属植物分类研究中的应用[J].西北植物学报,2002(06):152-157.
[57]阎文昭,蔡平钟,宣朴.RAPD技术在生物学研究中的应用[J].世界科技研究与发展,1999(02):86-89.
[58]鲁亮,归鸿.RAPD技术的特点及其在昆虫分类中的应用[J].昆虫学报,1995(10):117-122.
[59]梁利群,孙孝文,沈俊宝.RAPD技术及其应用[J].水产学杂志,1995(01):90-93.
[60] Alfonso H. del Rio, John B. Bamberg RAPD markers efficiently distinguish heterogenous populations of wild potato (Solanum) [J]. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,2004(02): 115-121.
[61]苑虎,张殷波,覃海宁,等.中国国家重点保护野生植物的就地保护现状[J].生物的多样性,2009(03):72-79.
[62]罗毅波,贾建生,王春玲.中国兰科植物保育的现状和展望[J].生物的多样性,2003(01):74-81.
[63]张宏意,陈月琴,廖文波.南方红豆杉不同居群遗传多样性的RAPD研究[J].西北植物学报,2003(11):144-147.
[64]闫志峰,张本刚,张昭,等.DNA分子标记在珍稀濒危药用植物保护中的应用[J].中国中药杂志,2005(24):5-9.
[65]杜道林,苏洁,付永川,等.珍稀濒危植物海南粗榧种群遗传多样性研究[J].植物学报,2002(02):71-76.
[66]许再富,黄加元,胡华斌,等.我国近30年来植物迁地保护及其研究的综述[J].广西植物,2008(06):57-67.
[67]万开元,陈防,陈树森,等.珍稀濒危植物迁地保护策略中植物营养问题的探讨[J].生物多样性,2006(02):90-98.
[68]王振忠,谭忠奇.厦门园林植物园珍稀濒危植物迁地保护[J].福建林学院学报,1996(01):75-81.
[69]李巧明,许再富,何田华.濒危植物版纳青梅保护遗传学研究初[J].植物学报,2002(02):124-127.
[70]杨佳,李晓东,李新伟,等.华中特有珍稀植物裸芸香的AFLP遗传多样性分析[J].武汉植物学研究,2007(02):12-20.
[71]杨芳.雷公藤的研究进展[J].第一军医大学分校学报,2003,26(2):159-160.
[72]秦秀芹,冯毓秀.雷公藤资源利用及药源扩大[J].中国野生植物资源,1994(4):13-17.
[73]郭艳红,谭垦.雷公藤的毒性及其研究概况[J].中药材,2007(01):120-125.
[74]姚发兴,徐斌,童秀英,陈友丽.雷公藤的化学成分及提取物的检验方法探讨[J].湖北师范学院学报(自然科学版),2000(04):35-39.
[75]井莉,柯昌强,李希强,等.雷公藤中倍半萜生物碱的分离与结构鉴定[J].中国药物化学杂志,2008(03):210-218.
[76]张亮,张正行,安登魁.雷公藤属植物化学成分研究进展[J].中国药科大学学报,1990(04):251-256.
[77]马伟光,张滔,张超,等.有毒药物雷公藤的研究及展望[J].中华中医药杂志,2006(02):117-120.
[78]杨光忠,陈玉.雷公藤氯内酯醇研究进展[J].中药材,2006(02):200-203.
[79]周琳,高飞,孙淑君.雷公藤生物碱的化学成分及杀虫作用研究进展[J].河南农业科学,2009(01):14-17.
[80]夏志林,邓福孝.雷公藤果中新的倍半萜酯类化合物[J].国外医药(植物药分册),1992(05):15-16.
[81]杨光忠,郭夫江,李援朝.雷公藤多苷三萜类成分的研究[J].中国药学杂志,2000(01):50-51.
[82]彭国荣,张剑君.雷公藤酊剂治疗颈椎增生病的体会[J].江西中医药,1993(04):294-295.
[83]张晓燕,池中求.雷公藤在风湿性疾病中的应用概述[J].河南中医,2004(03):80-82.
[84]李雪芹,高明,黄斐斐.雷公藤多甙治疗糖尿病肾病的临床研究[J].中国实用医药,2009(18):178-179.
[85]王翠娣,郭玉璞.雷公藤的有效成分、药理作用及临床应用[J].中国中西医集合杂志,1993(08):507-509.
[86]张西强.雷公藤多甙在自身免疫性疾病中的应用[J].山东医学高等专科学校学报,2007(05):367-370.
[87]吴大刚,翟苹.雷公藤的抗癌成分——二萜内酯(简报)[J].云南植物研究,1977(02):13-14.
[88]惠乃玲,赵可心.雷公藤制剂与类风湿关节炎[A].第五届全国雷公藤学术会议论文汇编[C],2008.
[89]刘惠荣,李占芝.雷公藤的临床应用及不良反应[J].河北医药,1996(05):14.
[90]吕必华,张玲,蒋巧俐.雷公藤多苷的药理研究与临床应用[J].中国医院药学杂志,2001(07):44-45.
[91]林光美,姜建国,江锦红,等.雷公藤的开发利用与引种驯化栽培技术[J].中国野生植物资源,2004(01):63-66.
[92]秦秀芹,冯毓秀.雷公藤资源利用及药源扩大[J].中国野生植物资源,1994(04):13-17.
[93]洪伟,李键,吴承祯,等.雷公藤栽培及利用研究综述[J].福建林学院学报,2007(01):94-98.
[94]李建鹃,洪伟,吴承祯,等.雷公藤优良无性系组织培养技术的研究[J].福建林学院学报,2009(04):30-34.
[95]洪伟,唐佳栋,吴承祯,等.泰宁雷公藤根系分布规律[J].福建林学院学报,2007(2):97-100.
[96]斯金平,黄文华,郭宝林,等.雷公藤药材中雷公藤甲素变异规律[J].中国中药杂志,2006(24):12-16.
[97]林光美,柯玉琴,郭莺,等.不同地区雷公藤活性氧代谢研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006(24):129-130.
[98]许元科,斯金平,季赛娟,等.不同种源雷公藤苗木质量的研究[J].中药材,2006(09):11-13.
[99]刘万水,郭宝林,陈玉婷,等.雷公藤属3种植物遗传关系与遗传多样性的RAPD分析[J].中国中药杂志,2007(16):13-19.
[100]李风涛.道地药材短葶山麦冬、雷公藤基于RAPD种源鉴别研究[D].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2009(12).
[101]崔翠,蔺银鼎.元宝枫叶片总DNA提取方法的优化[J].生物技术通报,2008(4):118-121.
[102]郝岗平,边高鹏,张媛英,等.泰山白花丹参干叶片高质量DNA的提取[J].中草药,2006,37(6):855– 8571.
[103]郭宝林,刘万水,斯金平,等.影响总DNA提取因素的探讨[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(11):924-926.
[104]易庆平,罗正荣,张青林,等.植物总基因组DNA提取纯化方法综述[J].安徽农业科学,2007,3(25):7789-7791.
[105]陈大霞,李隆云,钱敏,等.黄连药材DNA提取及RAPD反应体系的优化[J].中草药,2006(08):119-123.
[106]李正宏.濒危植物取样策略研究[D].浙江大学,2005.
[107]金燕,卢宝荣.遗传多样性的取样策略[J].生物多样性,2003(02):69-75.
[108]杨雪,赵桂仿,周天华,等.近缘物种的遗传多样性及其亲缘关系的取样策略研究[J].西北植物学报.2007(06):55-60.
[109]李自超,张洪亮,曹永生,等.中国地方稻种资源初级核心种质取样策略研究[J].作物学报,2003(01):21-25.
[110] C. C. Y. Dorea, C. R. Gon?alves. Alternative sampling strategy for a random optimization algorithm[J]. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 1993(02): 401-407.
[111]何敬胜,李作洲,黄宏文.濒危物种——巴东木莲等位酶遗传变异的空间自相关分析[J].云南植物研究,2005(02):61-70.
[112]何田华,杨继,饶广远.植物居群遗传变异的空间自相关分析[J].植物学通报.1999(06):13-18.
[113]李秀玲,陈健,王刚.西北地区红砂种群ISSR遗传变异的空间自相关分析[J].中国沙漠,2008(03):76-80.
[114]李昂,罗毅波,葛颂.采用空间自相关分析研究两种兰科植物的群体遗传结构[J].生物多样性,2002(03):76-80.