四翅滨藜叶蛋白的提取及物性学研究
|
摘要
本文对四翅滨藜(Atyiplex Canescen)叶蛋白的提取及物性学进行了试验研究,其主要研究结果如下:
1、通过对酸化加热法、直接加热法、碱化加热法、酸提法、碱提法和超声提取的比较试验,确立酸化加热法作为本研究的试验方法,其最佳工艺流程为:四翅滨藜→加水、浸提、打浆(料液比1∶20,打浆时间4min)→离心(3000r/min,20min)→绿色汁液→絮凝(pH3.0,加热温度60℃,5min)→离心(4000r/min,10min)→叶蛋白膏→冷冻干燥→叶蛋白。
2、对四翅滨藜叶蛋白进行营养成分分析,结果表明,四翅滨藜叶蛋白粗蛋白含量达57.69%,高于苜蓿叶蛋白、大豆饼,与鳀鱼鱼粉中粗蛋白质含量相当,粗脂肪、粗灰分等其他常规营养成分也均符合FAO/WHO标准,必需氨基酸含量完善。还含有丰富的Ca、P等矿质元素及Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn等微量元素,具有很高的饲用价值。
3、对四翅滨藜蛋白的功能性质进行了研究,结果表明,四翅滨藜蛋白的功能性质均好于大豆分离蛋白和苜蓿蛋白,可替代大豆蛋白粉应用于食品之中。
4、对提取叶蛋白后的草渣和茎干进行营养成分分析,结果表明草渣和茎干均有较高的粗蛋白含量(分别为16.26%和10.86%)。其他常规营养成分接近于二级的饲料用干草,可作为家畜优良的饲草资源。
The extracting techniques and physical properties of leaf protein from atyiplex canescen were studied.The main resultes are described as follow:
1 The acidified thermal method,the thermal method,alkalized thermal method,acid and alkali method and ultrasonic method for extracting leaf proteins from atyiplex canescen are observed comparatively.The results showed that the best method in acidified thermal method and the optimal technical processing were: atyiplex canescen→adding water,soaking,refining (the ratio of material and wanter is 1:20,refining time is 4 min)→centrifugal casting (3000r/min,10min)→green juice→flocculation(pH3.0,heating temperature 6℃,for 5min)→centrifugal casting(4000r/min,10min)→cencretion of leaf protein→freeze-drying→leaf protein of atyiplex canescen.
2 Nutrition components of atyiplex canescen leaf protein was analysed,The results showed that crude protein content of atyiplex canescen leaf protein was 57.69% and higher than or at least near to the alfalfa leaf protein’s,bean cake’s and fish meal’s.The crube fat,crube ash and several kinds of nutrition components were also accord with FAO/WHO standards.Contents of essential amino acid are consummate. Atyiplex canescen leaf protein was rich in Ca, P and other mineral elements and Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn and other trace elements.So atyiplex canescen leaf protein has the high feeding value.
3 Functional properties of atyiplex canescen leaf protein was studied, The results showed that functional properties of atyiplex canescen leaf protein were better than soy protein isolate and alfalfa leaf protein and could be applied to food instead of soy protein isolate.
4 Nutrition components of atyiplex canescen stem and grass residue from the extracting process were analysed,The results showed that nutrition content in the grass residue was comparable to the second-level atyiplex canescen hay,and could turn into excellent foeage grass resource of critter.
1、通过对酸化加热法、直接加热法、碱化加热法、酸提法、碱提法和超声提取的比较试验,确立酸化加热法作为本研究的试验方法,其最佳工艺流程为:四翅滨藜→加水、浸提、打浆(料液比1∶20,打浆时间4min)→离心(3000r/min,20min)→绿色汁液→絮凝(pH3.0,加热温度60℃,5min)→离心(4000r/min,10min)→叶蛋白膏→冷冻干燥→叶蛋白。
2、对四翅滨藜叶蛋白进行营养成分分析,结果表明,四翅滨藜叶蛋白粗蛋白含量达57.69%,高于苜蓿叶蛋白、大豆饼,与鳀鱼鱼粉中粗蛋白质含量相当,粗脂肪、粗灰分等其他常规营养成分也均符合FAO/WHO标准,必需氨基酸含量完善。还含有丰富的Ca、P等矿质元素及Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn等微量元素,具有很高的饲用价值。
3、对四翅滨藜蛋白的功能性质进行了研究,结果表明,四翅滨藜蛋白的功能性质均好于大豆分离蛋白和苜蓿蛋白,可替代大豆蛋白粉应用于食品之中。
4、对提取叶蛋白后的草渣和茎干进行营养成分分析,结果表明草渣和茎干均有较高的粗蛋白含量(分别为16.26%和10.86%)。其他常规营养成分接近于二级的饲料用干草,可作为家畜优良的饲草资源。
The extracting techniques and physical properties of leaf protein from atyiplex canescen were studied.The main resultes are described as follow:
1 The acidified thermal method,the thermal method,alkalized thermal method,acid and alkali method and ultrasonic method for extracting leaf proteins from atyiplex canescen are observed comparatively.The results showed that the best method in acidified thermal method and the optimal technical processing were: atyiplex canescen→adding water,soaking,refining (the ratio of material and wanter is 1:20,refining time is 4 min)→centrifugal casting (3000r/min,10min)→green juice→flocculation(pH3.0,heating temperature 6℃,for 5min)→centrifugal casting(4000r/min,10min)→cencretion of leaf protein→freeze-drying→leaf protein of atyiplex canescen.
2 Nutrition components of atyiplex canescen leaf protein was analysed,The results showed that crude protein content of atyiplex canescen leaf protein was 57.69% and higher than or at least near to the alfalfa leaf protein’s,bean cake’s and fish meal’s.The crube fat,crube ash and several kinds of nutrition components were also accord with FAO/WHO standards.Contents of essential amino acid are consummate. Atyiplex canescen leaf protein was rich in Ca, P and other mineral elements and Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn and other trace elements.So atyiplex canescen leaf protein has the high feeding value.
3 Functional properties of atyiplex canescen leaf protein was studied, The results showed that functional properties of atyiplex canescen leaf protein were better than soy protein isolate and alfalfa leaf protein and could be applied to food instead of soy protein isolate.
4 Nutrition components of atyiplex canescen stem and grass residue from the extracting process were analysed,The results showed that nutrition content in the grass residue was comparable to the second-level atyiplex canescen hay,and could turn into excellent foeage grass resource of critter.
引文
[1]周爱儒主编.生化化学[M],第五版,北京:人民卫生出版社,2001,163
[2]陈炳卿主编.营养与食品卫生学[M],第四版,北京:人民卫生出版社,2000,10
[3]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(—)[J].林产化工通讯,1998,(4):39-43
[4] Pirie NW.Green leaves as a source of proteins and other nutrients.1942,149(28):251
[5]塔依尔,宋于洋,吕新,马兰花,张金波.四翅滨藜形态表现及其发展潜力分析[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2006,04:210-212.
[6]王文颖,王刚.四翅滨藜的生物—生态学特性及研究进展[J].草业科学,2004(07):18-21
[7] Dayton W A.Range Plant Handbook [M].USDA Forest Serv.U.S.Gov.Printing Office,1937.
[8] Monsen S B. Interseeding fourwing saltbush with crested wheatgrass on southern Idaho rangelands[C]. Abstrate.Soc. for Range Manage,33rd Annual Meeting,San Diego,Calif.1980.57-58.
[9] Rumbaugh M D.Forage yield and quality in a Great Basin shrub,grass and legume pasture experiment[J].J.Range Manage1,1982,35:604-609.
[10] Blauer C A1 Characteristics and hybridization of important intermountain shrubs1II1Chenopod Family[M]1USDA Forest Serv1Res1Pap1 Intermtn1 Forest and Range Exp1Sta1Ogden ,Utah1 1976117721801
[11] Anonymous. Atriplex-A cover plant for wildlife [C].Game Management Leaflet No.11.1968.
[12] Charley J L.The role of shrub in nutrient cycling[M].In: Mc Kell C M et al.(eds.) Wildland Shrubs——Their Biology and Utilization,1972.182-203.
[13] West N E,Tueller P T.Special approaches to studies of competition and succession in shrub communities[M],In: McKell C M et al.(eds),Proc.Wildland Shrubs——Their Biology and Utilization.Forest and Range Exp1Sta. Gen.Tech.Rep.INT-1,ForestServ.Ogden,Ut11972.165-171.
[14]安登第.天然草地的另类资源——土壤微生物[J].草业科学,2003,20(12):68-71.
[15]安登第,何毅,韩爱萍.不同利用方式对亚高山草甸草地土壤性质和微生物的影响[J].草业科学,2003,20(6):1-3.
[16] Reeves F G,Wagner D.The role of endomycorrhizae in revegetation practices in the semi-arid west.I.A comparison of incidence of mycorrhizae in several disturbed vs.natural environments[J].Amer.J.Bot.1979,66:6-13.
[17] Hull C.Biota of bentonite mine spoil[D].M.S.Thesis Colorado Atate Univ. 1981.
[18] Allen M F.Physiology of mycorrhizae of arid zone plants: key to successful reclamation[M].In :Williams S E,Allen M F(eds.).VA Mycorrhizae and Reclamation of Arid and Semiarid Lands. University of Wyoming Agr.Exp.Sta.Laramie.1984, 69-80.
[19] Steel R GD,Torrie J H. Principles and procedures of statistics[ M ].McGraw: Hill Book Company,N.Y.1980.
[20] Nema N.Comparative palatability of Atriplex canescens[J].J.Range Manage, 1977,30:148-150.
[21] Rumbaugh M D.Forage yield and quality in a Great Basin shrub,grass and legume pasture experiment[J].J.Range Manage1,1982,35:604-609.
[22] Harju H J.Reclamation for wildlife—the Wyoming viewpoint[C\].In: Proceedings Symposium on Adequate Reclamation of Mined Lands,Billings Mont,1980,251-257.
[23]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加上和综合利用(一)[J].林产化工通讯,1998,(4)
[24]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(—)[J].林产化工通讯,1998,(4):39-43
[25] Subtil J.The LPC extracts:A new resource for human feeding[J].Proceeding of the 5-theInternational Congress on Leaf ProteinResearch,Russia,Rostov-on-Don,1996,(2):173-176
[27]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(二)[J].林产化工通讯,1998,(5):39-41
[28]蔡素雯,杨军.食用叶蛋白的制备及其有效成分分析[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版).1997,27(3):231-234
[29]罗泽民,邱业先.植物叶蛋白的研究及其工业化生产[J].世界农业,1998,(12):21-23
[30]邓勇,沈群等.叶蛋白的提取工艺[J].中国农业大学学报.1997,2(6):88-91
[31]刘晓庚,曾锦萍等.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(五)[J].林产化工通讯,1999,33(3):39-41
[32]中国科学院国情分析研究小组.中国科学报,1992,5,15,第二版1
[33]曾明义等.中国木本饲料的应用及前景展望[J].四川草原.1989年.第02期
[34]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(二)[J].林产化工通讯1998年第5期39-41
[35]王晋峰,刘凌,郑玉才等.植物叶蛋白提取技术及开发利用研究[J].草业科学,2003,(1):11—14.
[36]郭佩玉等.饲用叶蛋白工业生产技术考察团赴意大利、俄罗斯考察报告[J]中国饲料,1995,(21):38—41.
[37]王晋峰,刘凌,郑玉才等.植物叶蛋白提取技术及开发利用研究[J].草业科学,2003,(1):11—14.
[38]庞声海.青饲料浓缩蛋白的工业化生产技术[J].饲料工业,1988,(2):32—35.
[39] Pasieka J. Comparision of nutritive value of plant protein contracts dried by spraying and fluidization methods[J]. Rossini Naukowe Zootechniki, Mononroofiel Romprawy, 1992,(31):339—347.
[40] Youssef A M. Extraction of protein from some conventional crops in Enypt[J]. African Journal of Anricultural sicience,1988,15(1-2):23—40.
[41]葛旦之等.发酵酸法提取水花生叶蛋白的工艺技术研究[J].中国饲料,1995,(15):12—14.
[42]刘军鸽,葛旦之.乳酸发酵液对几种不同植物叶蛋自沉淀效果的比较研究[J].湖南农业科学,1997,(3):30—31.
[43]刘鹏,黄虎,罗翠兰.等乳酸发酵酸聚沉叶蛋自的反应过程与机[J].湖南农业人学学报,1999,(2):127—132.
[44]沈群,邓勇,唐建涛用发酵酸法提取营养酸模叶蛋自的下艺[J].中国农业人学学报,1999, (2)111一114.
[45]刘俭英等.几种叶蛋白饲料加工流程[A ]首届全国叶蛋白学术讨论会论文集〔C〕. 1994, 49-52.
[46] D' Alvise N, Fertin B, Dhulster P, Guill Chon D. Lesueur-Lambert C. Hydrolysis and largescale ultrafiltration study of alfalfa protein concentrate enzymatic hydrolysate[J].Enzyme and Microbial Technology.2000,27(3-5):286—294.
[47]施正香,孙建华,李道娥,等.紫穗槐叶蛋白的热提取[J ] .中国农业大学学报,1996 , (4) :90293.
[48]周青平,魏臻武.不同提取条件对苜蓿叶蛋白凝集的影响[J ] .草业科学,2002 ,19 (7) :23-25.
[49]阎巧娟,李道娥,刘向阳,等.苜蓿叶蛋白提取工艺条件对蛋白质含量的影响[J ] .中国农业大学学报,1997 , 2 (6) :92-95.
[50]郑远北,周润兰土编.应用概率统计[M].科学出版社,2001.
[51]李道娥,加热法提取叶蛋白的工艺研究[J]农业工程学报,1998,1(14):238～242.
[52]大连轻工业学院等八大院校.食品分析[M] .北京:中国轻工业出版社,1994,216-221.
[53]刘继亚.将我国叶蛋白研究与开发推进到新的阶段[J].全国首届叶蛋白学术论文会论文集.北京.全国饲料工业办公室,1994,(8).
[54]李立人.国际叶蛋白的研究与开发[J].全国首届叶蛋白学术论文会论文集.北京.全国饲料工业办公室.1994,(8).
[55]李宁红,刘媚侠,李殿珍等.国外植物蛋白饲料的开发利用[J].饲料研究,1990,9:21.
[56] Pandey V N,Srivastava A K.Low energy requiring method of coagulating leaf proteins for food use[J].Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,1993,43:241-245.
[57] Pandey V N.Leaf protein content and yield of some Indian legumes[J].Plant F- oods for Human Nutrition,1994,46:313-322.
[58]程道梅.大有开发价值的蛋白质新资源—植物叶蛋白[J].资源开发与市场,2000,(1): 23-24.
[59]李正明,王兰君.植物蛋白生产工艺与配方第二版[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2000, 11.
[60]刘向阳,李道娥.叶蛋白食用研究概述[M].中国农业大学学报,1997,2(6):96-100.
[61] Rostov-on-Don.Concertrations of serumlipids and free amino acids in rats fed Italian ryegrass leaf protein[J].Green vegtation fraetionation proceedings of th- e fifth in ternational congress on leaf protein research."Leaf pro-96"Volume2, 1996:67-68.
[62]罗泽民,邱业先.植物叶蛋白的研究及其工业化生产[J].世界农业,1998,12:21-23.
[63]冯立志.叶蛋白饲料对产蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响[J].饲料与饲养,1988,10:23-24.
[64] De Mucciarelli SL,Cid JA,de Arellano MA,et al.Biological quality of the protein isolated from the leaves of Atriplexn umularia[J].Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1985,35:3458-3465.
[65] De Mucciarelli SL,Cid JA,de Arellano MA,et al。Biologic value of the protein concentrate of Atriplex lampa and its value as a complement to wheat flour[J].A rch Latinoam Nutr,1988,38:4844-4851.
[66] Cid JA,Petenatti E,A rellano M,Muzaber J,de Mucciarelli SL, Biologic value Of the protein from leaves of A triplex suberecta[J].Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1991,41:3421-3427.
[67]陈文荣,邱业先.叶蛋白资源的利用现状及展望[J].食品科学,2003, 02:21-22.
[68]蔡素雯,杨军,张力伟等.食用叶蛋白的制备及其有效成分分析[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),1997,03:231-234.
[69]周瑞宝,周兵,瞿水忠.鲁梅克斯叶蛋白的加工与利用[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1999,04:5-10.
[70]吴小楠,汪家梨,戚薇等.黄豆叶蛋白营养价值的实验评价[J].福建医科大学学报,1996,01:52-54.
[71]郑建仙,温步渊,耿立萍,叶蛋白对面团流变学特性及面食品品质的影响[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),1997,03:63-66.
[74]郑建仙.苜蓿叶蛋白在食品中的应用研究[J].食品与发酵工业,1996,05:26-30.
[73]郑建111.1.苜蓿叶蛋白在面条中的应用研究[J].食品工业,1996,05: 2-3.
[72] Bui Huy Nhu Phuc, Ogle B, Lindberg JE .Effect of replacing soybean protein with cassava leaf protein in cassava root meal based diets for growing pigs on digestibility and Nretention[J).Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2000,83(3-4):223-235.
[76]刘晓庚,陈梅梅,曾锦萍.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(四)[J].林产化工通讯,1999,02:36-38.
[77]成明华,关东胜,昊卫华.苜蓿叶蛋白粉叶绿素的提取工艺[J].中国农业大学学报,1998,04: 93-97.
[78] Miniati E,Montanari L. Extraction and purification of rutin from tobacco leaf proteintechnology wastes[J].Italian journal of food science.1998,10(4):339-349.
[79] E. V. Kiknad2e, Yu. A. Antonov .Use of polyelectrolytes for isolation of a trypsininhibitor from industrial waste of alfalfa leaf protein fractionation[J].ΠΡИχЛαЛНαЙσИОχИМНЙЯиМИкΡОσиОЛОгНЯ1998, 34 (5) :508-512.
[80]宋葆华,李法曾,贺新强等. 107种植物叶蛋白产量及蛋白质含量比较[J].植物资源与环境,1999,8(4):52-54.
[81]张学杰,李法曾,宋葆华等.山东省常见琴科植物叶蛋白研究及其营养价值评价[J].草业学报,.2000,9(4):59-62.
[82] Blake DE,Hamblett CJ,Frost PG et al.Wheat bread supplemented with depolymerized guar gum reduces the plasma cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic human subjects[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1997,65(1):107-113.
[83] Munns,R.Termaat. Whole plant responses to salinity[J].Aust.J.Plant Physiol, 1986,13:143-160.
[84]赵可夫,李法曾主编.中国盐生植物[M].北京:科学出版社.1999,107.
[85] http://www.xmscw.com/news/Article/Class230/C1ass308/200408/4322.html
[86]张建云,邱坚,李正红等.木豆叶蛋白提取工艺的初步研究[J].西南林学院学报,2001,01:235-239.
[86] Fasakin FA.Nutrient quality of leaf protein concentrates produced from water ferm(Azolla Africana Desy) and duckweed(Spirodela polyrrhiza L.Schleiden)[J].Bioresource Technology,1999,69(2):185-187.
[87]宋葆华,李法曾,贺新强,倪陈凯.30种植物叶蛋白氨基酸组成及含量的测定与营养评价[J].植物资源与环境学报,2000,9(1):59-60.
[88] Olvera Novoa,Campos.The use of alfalfa leaf protein concentrates as a protein source in diets for tilapia(Oreochromis mossambicus)[J].Aquacultuer,1990,90:292-302.
[89]蔡素雯,杨军,张力伟,李亚,刘晓华.食用叶蛋白的制备及其有效成分分析[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),1997,(27):3231-3234.
[90] Srivasiava RR.et al.Effects of growth stage on the extractability and composition of leaf protein concentrate of some wedds[J].Indian Journal of Agricultural Research,1988,22(2):92-96.
[91] Subtil.J.The LPC extracts:Anew resoure for human feeding.Proceedings of the 5-th International Congress onLeaf Protein Research,Russia,Rostov-on-Dom[M],1996,2:173-176.
[92] F.H.Shah.Feeding trials of Village Children in Pakistan[M].Protein Research (Ed.Narendra Singh),1984,317-322.
[93] Benny E.Knuckles,Richard H.Edward,George O.Kohler,and Lester F.Whitney.Flocculants in the Separation of Green and Soluble White Protein Fraction from alfalfa.[J].Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry,1980,28,32-36.
[94] D.V.Dev,Usha Rani Batra and R.N.Joshi.The Yields of Extracted Leaf Protein from Lucerne[J].Journal Science Food Agriculture,1974,25:725-733.
[95]刘向阳,李道娥.叶蛋白食用研究概述[J].中国农业大学学报,1997,2(6):96-100.
[96]刘继业.将我国叶蛋白研究与开发推进到新的阶段(代序).见:全国首届叶蛋白学术讨论会论文集[M].北京:全国饲料工业办公室,1994.
[97]邓勇,沈群,李道娥,郭佩玉.膳食的叶蛋白强化对大学生血红蛋白水平的影响(初报)[J].中国农大大学学报,1997,2(4):112-115.
[98] Eldean D.Gerloff,Iracema H.Lima and Mark A.Stahman.Amino Acid Composition of Leaf Protein[J].Agriculture and Food Chenmistry,1965,13(2):139-142.
[99] D.B.Arkcoll,G,N.Festenstein.A Preliminary Study of Agrinomic Factors Affecting the Yislds of Extractable Leaf Protein[J].Journal Science Food Agriculture,1971,22,49-55.
[100]阎巧娟.李道娥,苜蓿叶蛋白提取工艺条件对蛋白质含量的影响[U]中国农业大学学报,1997,2(6):92～95
[101]刘景顺,黄纪念,谭本刚.大豆分离蛋白的改性研究[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1997, 18(4):1-9
[102] Yen G C , Chen HY.Antioxidant activity of various tea extract in relation to their antimutagenics[J].Agri Food ,1995,43:27-32.
[103]严蔚敏,吴伟民.数据结构[M ].清华大学出版社, 1992,6.
[104]阎娥,范月君,谢春花.苜蓿叶蛋白提取效果及叶蛋白氨基酸组成的研究[J].青海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,(1):66-68
[105] FAO/WHO. Energy and protein requirements. FAO Nutrition Meeting Report series [J]. Roma:FAO, 1793:52-63.
[106]李道娥.刘向阳,韩鲁佳,等.加热法提取叶蛋白的工艺研究[U]农业工程学报,1998,14(1):238-242
[107]秦春兰,徐海根,纪洪刚.等.饲料酸模提取叶蛋白的最佳工艺研究[U]农机化研究.1999.4:65-67
[108]黄友如,华欲飞,裘爱泳.大豆分离蛋白功能性质及其影响因素[J].粮食与油脂,2003,5:12-15.
[109] Petruccelli, S., Anon, M. C. Relationship between the method of obtention and the structural and functional properties of soy protein isllates [J].Agric.Food Chem , 1994,42 (6):2181-2187.
[110] Wager, J. R. Surface Functional Properties of Native, Acid-Treated, and Reduced Soy Glycinin[J]. Agric.Food Chem, 1999,47 (6),2181-2187.
[111] Pennema,O.R,王璋等译.食品化学[M].中国轻工出版社,第二版,1991:230-233.
[112]蔡立志,宋玉兰,黄丽卿.大豆蛋白的乳化功能及表征研究[J].食品科学,1999,20 (10 ):20-23.
[113] Garie M C Composition and Characterization of Soybean and Related Products[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,1997,37(4):361-391.
[2]陈炳卿主编.营养与食品卫生学[M],第四版,北京:人民卫生出版社,2000,10
[3]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(—)[J].林产化工通讯,1998,(4):39-43
[4] Pirie NW.Green leaves as a source of proteins and other nutrients.1942,149(28):251
[5]塔依尔,宋于洋,吕新,马兰花,张金波.四翅滨藜形态表现及其发展潜力分析[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2006,04:210-212.
[6]王文颖,王刚.四翅滨藜的生物—生态学特性及研究进展[J].草业科学,2004(07):18-21
[7] Dayton W A.Range Plant Handbook [M].USDA Forest Serv.U.S.Gov.Printing Office,1937.
[8] Monsen S B. Interseeding fourwing saltbush with crested wheatgrass on southern Idaho rangelands[C]. Abstrate.Soc. for Range Manage,33rd Annual Meeting,San Diego,Calif.1980.57-58.
[9] Rumbaugh M D.Forage yield and quality in a Great Basin shrub,grass and legume pasture experiment[J].J.Range Manage1,1982,35:604-609.
[10] Blauer C A1 Characteristics and hybridization of important intermountain shrubs1II1Chenopod Family[M]1USDA Forest Serv1Res1Pap1 Intermtn1 Forest and Range Exp1Sta1Ogden ,Utah1 1976117721801
[11] Anonymous. Atriplex-A cover plant for wildlife [C].Game Management Leaflet No.11.1968.
[12] Charley J L.The role of shrub in nutrient cycling[M].In: Mc Kell C M et al.(eds.) Wildland Shrubs——Their Biology and Utilization,1972.182-203.
[13] West N E,Tueller P T.Special approaches to studies of competition and succession in shrub communities[M],In: McKell C M et al.(eds),Proc.Wildland Shrubs——Their Biology and Utilization.Forest and Range Exp1Sta. Gen.Tech.Rep.INT-1,ForestServ.Ogden,Ut11972.165-171.
[14]安登第.天然草地的另类资源——土壤微生物[J].草业科学,2003,20(12):68-71.
[15]安登第,何毅,韩爱萍.不同利用方式对亚高山草甸草地土壤性质和微生物的影响[J].草业科学,2003,20(6):1-3.
[16] Reeves F G,Wagner D.The role of endomycorrhizae in revegetation practices in the semi-arid west.I.A comparison of incidence of mycorrhizae in several disturbed vs.natural environments[J].Amer.J.Bot.1979,66:6-13.
[17] Hull C.Biota of bentonite mine spoil[D].M.S.Thesis Colorado Atate Univ. 1981.
[18] Allen M F.Physiology of mycorrhizae of arid zone plants: key to successful reclamation[M].In :Williams S E,Allen M F(eds.).VA Mycorrhizae and Reclamation of Arid and Semiarid Lands. University of Wyoming Agr.Exp.Sta.Laramie.1984, 69-80.
[19] Steel R GD,Torrie J H. Principles and procedures of statistics[ M ].McGraw: Hill Book Company,N.Y.1980.
[20] Nema N.Comparative palatability of Atriplex canescens[J].J.Range Manage, 1977,30:148-150.
[21] Rumbaugh M D.Forage yield and quality in a Great Basin shrub,grass and legume pasture experiment[J].J.Range Manage1,1982,35:604-609.
[22] Harju H J.Reclamation for wildlife—the Wyoming viewpoint[C\].In: Proceedings Symposium on Adequate Reclamation of Mined Lands,Billings Mont,1980,251-257.
[23]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加上和综合利用(一)[J].林产化工通讯,1998,(4)
[24]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(—)[J].林产化工通讯,1998,(4):39-43
[25] Subtil J.The LPC extracts:A new resource for human feeding[J].Proceeding of the 5-theInternational Congress on Leaf ProteinResearch,Russia,Rostov-on-Don,1996,(2):173-176
[27]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(二)[J].林产化工通讯,1998,(5):39-41
[28]蔡素雯,杨军.食用叶蛋白的制备及其有效成分分析[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版).1997,27(3):231-234
[29]罗泽民,邱业先.植物叶蛋白的研究及其工业化生产[J].世界农业,1998,(12):21-23
[30]邓勇,沈群等.叶蛋白的提取工艺[J].中国农业大学学报.1997,2(6):88-91
[31]刘晓庚,曾锦萍等.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(五)[J].林产化工通讯,1999,33(3):39-41
[32]中国科学院国情分析研究小组.中国科学报,1992,5,15,第二版1
[33]曾明义等.中国木本饲料的应用及前景展望[J].四川草原.1989年.第02期
[34]刘晓庚.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(二)[J].林产化工通讯1998年第5期39-41
[35]王晋峰,刘凌,郑玉才等.植物叶蛋白提取技术及开发利用研究[J].草业科学,2003,(1):11—14.
[36]郭佩玉等.饲用叶蛋白工业生产技术考察团赴意大利、俄罗斯考察报告[J]中国饲料,1995,(21):38—41.
[37]王晋峰,刘凌,郑玉才等.植物叶蛋白提取技术及开发利用研究[J].草业科学,2003,(1):11—14.
[38]庞声海.青饲料浓缩蛋白的工业化生产技术[J].饲料工业,1988,(2):32—35.
[39] Pasieka J. Comparision of nutritive value of plant protein contracts dried by spraying and fluidization methods[J]. Rossini Naukowe Zootechniki, Mononroofiel Romprawy, 1992,(31):339—347.
[40] Youssef A M. Extraction of protein from some conventional crops in Enypt[J]. African Journal of Anricultural sicience,1988,15(1-2):23—40.
[41]葛旦之等.发酵酸法提取水花生叶蛋白的工艺技术研究[J].中国饲料,1995,(15):12—14.
[42]刘军鸽,葛旦之.乳酸发酵液对几种不同植物叶蛋自沉淀效果的比较研究[J].湖南农业科学,1997,(3):30—31.
[43]刘鹏,黄虎,罗翠兰.等乳酸发酵酸聚沉叶蛋自的反应过程与机[J].湖南农业人学学报,1999,(2):127—132.
[44]沈群,邓勇,唐建涛用发酵酸法提取营养酸模叶蛋自的下艺[J].中国农业人学学报,1999, (2)111一114.
[45]刘俭英等.几种叶蛋白饲料加工流程[A ]首届全国叶蛋白学术讨论会论文集〔C〕. 1994, 49-52.
[46] D' Alvise N, Fertin B, Dhulster P, Guill Chon D. Lesueur-Lambert C. Hydrolysis and largescale ultrafiltration study of alfalfa protein concentrate enzymatic hydrolysate[J].Enzyme and Microbial Technology.2000,27(3-5):286—294.
[47]施正香,孙建华,李道娥,等.紫穗槐叶蛋白的热提取[J ] .中国农业大学学报,1996 , (4) :90293.
[48]周青平,魏臻武.不同提取条件对苜蓿叶蛋白凝集的影响[J ] .草业科学,2002 ,19 (7) :23-25.
[49]阎巧娟,李道娥,刘向阳,等.苜蓿叶蛋白提取工艺条件对蛋白质含量的影响[J ] .中国农业大学学报,1997 , 2 (6) :92-95.
[50]郑远北,周润兰土编.应用概率统计[M].科学出版社,2001.
[51]李道娥,加热法提取叶蛋白的工艺研究[J]农业工程学报,1998,1(14):238～242.
[52]大连轻工业学院等八大院校.食品分析[M] .北京:中国轻工业出版社,1994,216-221.
[53]刘继亚.将我国叶蛋白研究与开发推进到新的阶段[J].全国首届叶蛋白学术论文会论文集.北京.全国饲料工业办公室,1994,(8).
[54]李立人.国际叶蛋白的研究与开发[J].全国首届叶蛋白学术论文会论文集.北京.全国饲料工业办公室.1994,(8).
[55]李宁红,刘媚侠,李殿珍等.国外植物蛋白饲料的开发利用[J].饲料研究,1990,9:21.
[56] Pandey V N,Srivastava A K.Low energy requiring method of coagulating leaf proteins for food use[J].Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,1993,43:241-245.
[57] Pandey V N.Leaf protein content and yield of some Indian legumes[J].Plant F- oods for Human Nutrition,1994,46:313-322.
[58]程道梅.大有开发价值的蛋白质新资源—植物叶蛋白[J].资源开发与市场,2000,(1): 23-24.
[59]李正明,王兰君.植物蛋白生产工艺与配方第二版[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2000, 11.
[60]刘向阳,李道娥.叶蛋白食用研究概述[M].中国农业大学学报,1997,2(6):96-100.
[61] Rostov-on-Don.Concertrations of serumlipids and free amino acids in rats fed Italian ryegrass leaf protein[J].Green vegtation fraetionation proceedings of th- e fifth in ternational congress on leaf protein research."Leaf pro-96"Volume2, 1996:67-68.
[62]罗泽民,邱业先.植物叶蛋白的研究及其工业化生产[J].世界农业,1998,12:21-23.
[63]冯立志.叶蛋白饲料对产蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响[J].饲料与饲养,1988,10:23-24.
[64] De Mucciarelli SL,Cid JA,de Arellano MA,et al.Biological quality of the protein isolated from the leaves of Atriplexn umularia[J].Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1985,35:3458-3465.
[65] De Mucciarelli SL,Cid JA,de Arellano MA,et al。Biologic value of the protein concentrate of Atriplex lampa and its value as a complement to wheat flour[J].A rch Latinoam Nutr,1988,38:4844-4851.
[66] Cid JA,Petenatti E,A rellano M,Muzaber J,de Mucciarelli SL, Biologic value Of the protein from leaves of A triplex suberecta[J].Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1991,41:3421-3427.
[67]陈文荣,邱业先.叶蛋白资源的利用现状及展望[J].食品科学,2003, 02:21-22.
[68]蔡素雯,杨军,张力伟等.食用叶蛋白的制备及其有效成分分析[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),1997,03:231-234.
[69]周瑞宝,周兵,瞿水忠.鲁梅克斯叶蛋白的加工与利用[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1999,04:5-10.
[70]吴小楠,汪家梨,戚薇等.黄豆叶蛋白营养价值的实验评价[J].福建医科大学学报,1996,01:52-54.
[71]郑建仙,温步渊,耿立萍,叶蛋白对面团流变学特性及面食品品质的影响[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),1997,03:63-66.
[74]郑建仙.苜蓿叶蛋白在食品中的应用研究[J].食品与发酵工业,1996,05:26-30.
[73]郑建111.1.苜蓿叶蛋白在面条中的应用研究[J].食品工业,1996,05: 2-3.
[72] Bui Huy Nhu Phuc, Ogle B, Lindberg JE .Effect of replacing soybean protein with cassava leaf protein in cassava root meal based diets for growing pigs on digestibility and Nretention[J).Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2000,83(3-4):223-235.
[76]刘晓庚,陈梅梅,曾锦萍.叶蛋白的资源、特性、加工和综合利用(四)[J].林产化工通讯,1999,02:36-38.
[77]成明华,关东胜,昊卫华.苜蓿叶蛋白粉叶绿素的提取工艺[J].中国农业大学学报,1998,04: 93-97.
[78] Miniati E,Montanari L. Extraction and purification of rutin from tobacco leaf proteintechnology wastes[J].Italian journal of food science.1998,10(4):339-349.
[79] E. V. Kiknad2e, Yu. A. Antonov .Use of polyelectrolytes for isolation of a trypsininhibitor from industrial waste of alfalfa leaf protein fractionation[J].ΠΡИχЛαЛНαЙσИОχИМНЙЯиМИкΡОσиОЛОгНЯ1998, 34 (5) :508-512.
[80]宋葆华,李法曾,贺新强等. 107种植物叶蛋白产量及蛋白质含量比较[J].植物资源与环境,1999,8(4):52-54.
[81]张学杰,李法曾,宋葆华等.山东省常见琴科植物叶蛋白研究及其营养价值评价[J].草业学报,.2000,9(4):59-62.
[82] Blake DE,Hamblett CJ,Frost PG et al.Wheat bread supplemented with depolymerized guar gum reduces the plasma cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic human subjects[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1997,65(1):107-113.
[83] Munns,R.Termaat. Whole plant responses to salinity[J].Aust.J.Plant Physiol, 1986,13:143-160.
[84]赵可夫,李法曾主编.中国盐生植物[M].北京:科学出版社.1999,107.
[85] http://www.xmscw.com/news/Article/Class230/C1ass308/200408/4322.html
[86]张建云,邱坚,李正红等.木豆叶蛋白提取工艺的初步研究[J].西南林学院学报,2001,01:235-239.
[86] Fasakin FA.Nutrient quality of leaf protein concentrates produced from water ferm(Azolla Africana Desy) and duckweed(Spirodela polyrrhiza L.Schleiden)[J].Bioresource Technology,1999,69(2):185-187.
[87]宋葆华,李法曾,贺新强,倪陈凯.30种植物叶蛋白氨基酸组成及含量的测定与营养评价[J].植物资源与环境学报,2000,9(1):59-60.
[88] Olvera Novoa,Campos.The use of alfalfa leaf protein concentrates as a protein source in diets for tilapia(Oreochromis mossambicus)[J].Aquacultuer,1990,90:292-302.
[89]蔡素雯,杨军,张力伟,李亚,刘晓华.食用叶蛋白的制备及其有效成分分析[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),1997,(27):3231-3234.
[90] Srivasiava RR.et al.Effects of growth stage on the extractability and composition of leaf protein concentrate of some wedds[J].Indian Journal of Agricultural Research,1988,22(2):92-96.
[91] Subtil.J.The LPC extracts:Anew resoure for human feeding.Proceedings of the 5-th International Congress onLeaf Protein Research,Russia,Rostov-on-Dom[M],1996,2:173-176.
[92] F.H.Shah.Feeding trials of Village Children in Pakistan[M].Protein Research (Ed.Narendra Singh),1984,317-322.
[93] Benny E.Knuckles,Richard H.Edward,George O.Kohler,and Lester F.Whitney.Flocculants in the Separation of Green and Soluble White Protein Fraction from alfalfa.[J].Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry,1980,28,32-36.
[94] D.V.Dev,Usha Rani Batra and R.N.Joshi.The Yields of Extracted Leaf Protein from Lucerne[J].Journal Science Food Agriculture,1974,25:725-733.
[95]刘向阳,李道娥.叶蛋白食用研究概述[J].中国农业大学学报,1997,2(6):96-100.
[96]刘继业.将我国叶蛋白研究与开发推进到新的阶段(代序).见:全国首届叶蛋白学术讨论会论文集[M].北京:全国饲料工业办公室,1994.
[97]邓勇,沈群,李道娥,郭佩玉.膳食的叶蛋白强化对大学生血红蛋白水平的影响(初报)[J].中国农大大学学报,1997,2(4):112-115.
[98] Eldean D.Gerloff,Iracema H.Lima and Mark A.Stahman.Amino Acid Composition of Leaf Protein[J].Agriculture and Food Chenmistry,1965,13(2):139-142.
[99] D.B.Arkcoll,G,N.Festenstein.A Preliminary Study of Agrinomic Factors Affecting the Yislds of Extractable Leaf Protein[J].Journal Science Food Agriculture,1971,22,49-55.
[100]阎巧娟.李道娥,苜蓿叶蛋白提取工艺条件对蛋白质含量的影响[U]中国农业大学学报,1997,2(6):92～95
[101]刘景顺,黄纪念,谭本刚.大豆分离蛋白的改性研究[J].郑州粮食学院学报,1997, 18(4):1-9
[102] Yen G C , Chen HY.Antioxidant activity of various tea extract in relation to their antimutagenics[J].Agri Food ,1995,43:27-32.
[103]严蔚敏,吴伟民.数据结构[M ].清华大学出版社, 1992,6.
[104]阎娥,范月君,谢春花.苜蓿叶蛋白提取效果及叶蛋白氨基酸组成的研究[J].青海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,(1):66-68
[105] FAO/WHO. Energy and protein requirements. FAO Nutrition Meeting Report series [J]. Roma:FAO, 1793:52-63.
[106]李道娥.刘向阳,韩鲁佳,等.加热法提取叶蛋白的工艺研究[U]农业工程学报,1998,14(1):238-242
[107]秦春兰,徐海根,纪洪刚.等.饲料酸模提取叶蛋白的最佳工艺研究[U]农机化研究.1999.4:65-67
[108]黄友如,华欲飞,裘爱泳.大豆分离蛋白功能性质及其影响因素[J].粮食与油脂,2003,5:12-15.
[109] Petruccelli, S., Anon, M. C. Relationship between the method of obtention and the structural and functional properties of soy protein isllates [J].Agric.Food Chem , 1994,42 (6):2181-2187.
[110] Wager, J. R. Surface Functional Properties of Native, Acid-Treated, and Reduced Soy Glycinin[J]. Agric.Food Chem, 1999,47 (6),2181-2187.
[111] Pennema,O.R,王璋等译.食品化学[M].中国轻工出版社,第二版,1991:230-233.
[112]蔡立志,宋玉兰,黄丽卿.大豆蛋白的乳化功能及表征研究[J].食品科学,1999,20 (10 ):20-23.
[113] Garie M C Composition and Characterization of Soybean and Related Products[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,1997,37(4):361-391.