论亨利·詹姆斯叙事理论对其创作的影响
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摘要
亨利·詹姆斯(Henry James)作为西方现代文论史上重要的代表人物,其作品不仅对后世影响深远,而且詹姆斯在创作实践过程中所形成的叙事理论,更是确立了他在现代主义文学发展道路上的奠基人地位。通过对詹姆斯的叙事理论进行研究,再结合他在创作实践中的主要成就,则能够更加深入地描绘出他的理论建树与实践成就之间的相互联系,从而可以进一步拓展詹姆斯研究的思路。
本文绪论部分首先介绍亨利·詹姆斯的生平和创作阶段,以及国内外对詹姆斯的研究情况,最后再引申出本文所要涉及的问题和观点。
第一章是对詹姆斯叙事理论的形成进行介绍。詹姆斯在创作中采用的叙述方式是摒弃了19世纪传统的全知全能的叙述角度,而是选择以一个“中心意识”来作为透视点,从而依赖叙述者个人有限的视点进行推进,即以“第三人称内聚焦”的写作方式使小说本身达到自足。詹姆斯叙事理论的形成,不仅仅与其家庭提供的生活背景有关,而且还与其所受到的屠格涅夫和福楼拜的影响有着密切的关系,当然,詹姆斯自身对于小说创作的设想,以及他在中年时期所遭遇的戏剧创作惨败对其叙事理论的形成也有重大影响。
第二章主要是从詹姆斯叙事理论对其创作的影响来进行分析,詹姆斯叙事理论的形成可以分为前后两个阶段,即前期的探索实验和后期的成熟运用,比如在《一位女士的画像》中,尽管詹姆斯也声称是将一位“引人入胜的少女形象”作为中心意识来运用,但从整部作品来看,这部作品还是有太多现实主义的痕迹,詹姆斯并没有完全选择作者的隐退,所以,在他创作的前期,他的叙事理论和小说创作尚且处于探索试验的阶段,而国内有学者在对此进行研究时,就很容易陷入以詹姆斯后期成熟理论来对他的前期作品进行分析的误区。詹姆斯在后期创作的《专使记》集中体现了小说戏剧化和“中心意识”的完美运用,由此成为詹姆斯一生中最为满意的作品。
第三章是对詹姆斯叙事理论与创作的不一致性的研究。尽管詹姆斯的叙事理论对他的创作有很大的影响,但是从一部分作品来看,詹姆斯的叙事理论与其创作表现出不一致性,具体而言,就是体现在两个方面,其一就是詹姆斯在文论中一直强调要重视对生活的刻画,但在后人眼里,他的作品最大不足还是在于缺乏生活;其二即詹姆斯始终将不符合他创作标准的巴尔扎克作为自己一生的创作偶像,他也很期待能够达到巴尔扎克的成就,但观其一生,詹姆斯始终与巴尔扎克是“异曲同工”,詹姆斯的作品始终围绕着欧美文化的冲突来作为主题,从而与他在青年时期远赴欧洲,挖掘比美国更为丰富写作素材的初衷相悖。
总而言之,对于詹姆斯的研究已经成为当下文论研究的热点,尤其是在追溯现代小说和意识流小说的源头方面,詹姆斯的创作观点都可以成为很好的理论依据。
Henry James, as an important figure in the history of the modern Western literary history, whose works with high value have made not only a far-reaching impact on later generation, but also established his position in the development of modern Literature. Through James's theory of narrative research, creative practice in his major achievements we are able to make more deeply picture of achievements of his theory and practice of inter-linkages between the achievements, which could further expand the James study of thinking. Introduction This section introduces Henry James's life and creative phase, as well as the James study the situation at home and abroad, and finally we can open up our mind to research into the James’s works.
Chapter One is about the introduction to the James’s narrative theory. James, in the creation narrative used in the 19th century, a rejection of the traditional omniscient narrative point of view, choosing instead to a "central consciousness" as a perspective point, and thus rely on the narrator's point of view to promoting the individual is limited, that is, the "third person within the Focus "way of writing the novel itself, to achieve self-sufficiency. James, the formation of narrative theory, not just the lives of their families in the background, but also to coincide with their own subject to the impact of Turgenev and Flaubert has a close relationship, of course, in addition to James's own novels for the vision, and of his middle age defeat suffered by the drama writing experience has brought more closely linked.
Chapter Two is mainly for its creativity from the James, the impact of narrative theory to analyze, James narrative theory can be divided into before and after the formation of two stages, namely the exploration of the early experiments and the use of post-maturity, in the early masterpiece, "a woman portraits ", although James also claimed to be a" spectacular girl image "to use it as the central consciousness, but whole work point of view, this work there are still many traces of realism, James did not fully choose the author's retreat, so that when he created the early stage of his narrative and fiction writing is still in its pilot stage of exploration, while domestic scholars to conduct research on this, it is easy to fall into the late James, to his mature theory The early works of the analysis errors. James, writing in the latter part of the "Ambassadors in mind," embodies the dramatic fiction and the "central consciousness" perfect use of James's life became the most satisfactory work.
Chapter Three is the James inconsistencies in narrative theory and creative research. Although the theory of James's narrative of his creations have great impact, but part of the collection from the point of view, James's narrative theory to show inconsistencies in their creation, in particular, is reflected in two aspects, one is James in the text theory has always emphasized the importance of the portrayal of life, but in the eyes of posterity the biggest criticisms of his work, or the lack of life; second, that James did not always meet the standards of his creative life creative Balzac as his idol, He is also expected to be able to achieve Balzac's achievement, but watch his life, James has always been with the Balzac was "similar to," James's work has always been a clash of civilizations around Europe and the United States as the theme, thus violating his youth far Mining is more to Europe than the United States a rich writing material in mind.
In conclusion, the study on James’s literary has become a research hotspot in contemporary, especially in the recalling back of the source in the modern fiction and stream of consciousness, and the creative ideas of James’s novel can be a good theoretical basis for the further literature study.
本文绪论部分首先介绍亨利·詹姆斯的生平和创作阶段,以及国内外对詹姆斯的研究情况,最后再引申出本文所要涉及的问题和观点。
第一章是对詹姆斯叙事理论的形成进行介绍。詹姆斯在创作中采用的叙述方式是摒弃了19世纪传统的全知全能的叙述角度,而是选择以一个“中心意识”来作为透视点,从而依赖叙述者个人有限的视点进行推进,即以“第三人称内聚焦”的写作方式使小说本身达到自足。詹姆斯叙事理论的形成,不仅仅与其家庭提供的生活背景有关,而且还与其所受到的屠格涅夫和福楼拜的影响有着密切的关系,当然,詹姆斯自身对于小说创作的设想,以及他在中年时期所遭遇的戏剧创作惨败对其叙事理论的形成也有重大影响。
第二章主要是从詹姆斯叙事理论对其创作的影响来进行分析,詹姆斯叙事理论的形成可以分为前后两个阶段,即前期的探索实验和后期的成熟运用,比如在《一位女士的画像》中,尽管詹姆斯也声称是将一位“引人入胜的少女形象”作为中心意识来运用,但从整部作品来看,这部作品还是有太多现实主义的痕迹,詹姆斯并没有完全选择作者的隐退,所以,在他创作的前期,他的叙事理论和小说创作尚且处于探索试验的阶段,而国内有学者在对此进行研究时,就很容易陷入以詹姆斯后期成熟理论来对他的前期作品进行分析的误区。詹姆斯在后期创作的《专使记》集中体现了小说戏剧化和“中心意识”的完美运用,由此成为詹姆斯一生中最为满意的作品。
第三章是对詹姆斯叙事理论与创作的不一致性的研究。尽管詹姆斯的叙事理论对他的创作有很大的影响,但是从一部分作品来看,詹姆斯的叙事理论与其创作表现出不一致性,具体而言,就是体现在两个方面,其一就是詹姆斯在文论中一直强调要重视对生活的刻画,但在后人眼里,他的作品最大不足还是在于缺乏生活;其二即詹姆斯始终将不符合他创作标准的巴尔扎克作为自己一生的创作偶像,他也很期待能够达到巴尔扎克的成就,但观其一生,詹姆斯始终与巴尔扎克是“异曲同工”,詹姆斯的作品始终围绕着欧美文化的冲突来作为主题,从而与他在青年时期远赴欧洲,挖掘比美国更为丰富写作素材的初衷相悖。
总而言之,对于詹姆斯的研究已经成为当下文论研究的热点,尤其是在追溯现代小说和意识流小说的源头方面,詹姆斯的创作观点都可以成为很好的理论依据。
Henry James, as an important figure in the history of the modern Western literary history, whose works with high value have made not only a far-reaching impact on later generation, but also established his position in the development of modern Literature. Through James's theory of narrative research, creative practice in his major achievements we are able to make more deeply picture of achievements of his theory and practice of inter-linkages between the achievements, which could further expand the James study of thinking. Introduction This section introduces Henry James's life and creative phase, as well as the James study the situation at home and abroad, and finally we can open up our mind to research into the James’s works.
Chapter One is about the introduction to the James’s narrative theory. James, in the creation narrative used in the 19th century, a rejection of the traditional omniscient narrative point of view, choosing instead to a "central consciousness" as a perspective point, and thus rely on the narrator's point of view to promoting the individual is limited, that is, the "third person within the Focus "way of writing the novel itself, to achieve self-sufficiency. James, the formation of narrative theory, not just the lives of their families in the background, but also to coincide with their own subject to the impact of Turgenev and Flaubert has a close relationship, of course, in addition to James's own novels for the vision, and of his middle age defeat suffered by the drama writing experience has brought more closely linked.
Chapter Two is mainly for its creativity from the James, the impact of narrative theory to analyze, James narrative theory can be divided into before and after the formation of two stages, namely the exploration of the early experiments and the use of post-maturity, in the early masterpiece, "a woman portraits ", although James also claimed to be a" spectacular girl image "to use it as the central consciousness, but whole work point of view, this work there are still many traces of realism, James did not fully choose the author's retreat, so that when he created the early stage of his narrative and fiction writing is still in its pilot stage of exploration, while domestic scholars to conduct research on this, it is easy to fall into the late James, to his mature theory The early works of the analysis errors. James, writing in the latter part of the "Ambassadors in mind," embodies the dramatic fiction and the "central consciousness" perfect use of James's life became the most satisfactory work.
Chapter Three is the James inconsistencies in narrative theory and creative research. Although the theory of James's narrative of his creations have great impact, but part of the collection from the point of view, James's narrative theory to show inconsistencies in their creation, in particular, is reflected in two aspects, one is James in the text theory has always emphasized the importance of the portrayal of life, but in the eyes of posterity the biggest criticisms of his work, or the lack of life; second, that James did not always meet the standards of his creative life creative Balzac as his idol, He is also expected to be able to achieve Balzac's achievement, but watch his life, James has always been with the Balzac was "similar to," James's work has always been a clash of civilizations around Europe and the United States as the theme, thus violating his youth far Mining is more to Europe than the United States a rich writing material in mind.
In conclusion, the study on James’s literary has become a research hotspot in contemporary, especially in the recalling back of the source in the modern fiction and stream of consciousness, and the creative ideas of James’s novel can be a good theoretical basis for the further literature study.
引文
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[26] Stephen Metcalf. Mission Impossible Why is Henry James the subject of two recent novels. http://slate.msn.com/id/2108064/.
[27][美]W·C·布斯.华明,周宪译.小说修辞学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1987.
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①刁克利.诗性的拯救.作家理论与作家评论[M].北京:昆仑出版社,2006:184.
②[美]亨利·詹姆斯.高兴,邹海仑译.螺丝在拧紧[M].北京:人民文学出版社,2004:45.
①[美]亨利·詹姆斯.高兴,邹海仑译.螺丝在拧紧[M].北京:人民文学出版社,2004:73.
①[英]珀西·卢伯克.方土人,罗婉华译.小说技巧.小说美学经典三种[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1990:115.
②[美]W·C·布斯.华明,周宪等译.小说修辞学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1987:324.
③[美]亨利·詹姆斯.赵铭译.奉使记[M].香港:今日世界出版社,1975:90.
①申丹.叙述学与小说文体学研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004:280.
①[英]佛斯特.苏炳文译.小说面面观[M].广州:花城出版社,1984:142.
②[英]佛斯特.苏炳文译.小说面面观[M].广州:花城出版社,1984:140.
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②[美]亨利·詹姆斯.朱雯等译.小说的艺术.小说的艺术——亨利·詹姆斯文论选[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2001:5.
③[美]亨利·詹姆斯.朱雯等译.小说的艺术.小说的艺术——亨利·詹姆斯文论选[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2001:5.
①崔庆忠.现代派美术史话[M].北京:人民美术出版社,2001:11.
②朱刚.新编美国文学史[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002:96.
③[英]珀西·卢伯克.方土人,罗婉华译.小说技巧.小说美学经典三种[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1990:8.
①[美]亨利·詹姆斯.朱雯等译.奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克.小说的艺术:亨利·詹姆斯文论选[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2001:88.
②[美]亨利·詹姆斯.朱雯等译.奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克.小说的艺术:亨利·詹姆斯文论选[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2001:91.
③Henry James. Hawthorne. http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/8/5/6/18566/18566.htm,2010-3-10.
①山东师范大学中文系文艺理论教研室.外国作家谈创作经验[M].济南:山东人民出版社,1980:235.
①[美]亨利·詹姆斯.项星耀译.一位贵妇的画像[M].北京:人民文学出版社,1984:55.
②[美]亨利·詹姆斯.王佐良编选.四次会见.美国短篇小说选[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1980:119.
③[美]亨利·詹姆斯.聂华苓译.德莫福夫人[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1980:9.
①[英]C.P.斯诺.赵萝蕤,巫宁坤,杨岂深译.亨利·詹姆斯.亨利·詹姆斯中篇小说选[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2007:333.
①Stephen Metcalf. Mission Impossible Why is Henry James the subject of two recent novels. http://slate.msn.com/id/2108064/,2004-10-12.
①马晓俐.《贵妇人画像》中的“饮茶仪式”[J].外国文学研究,2008,(1):75.
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