阿坝县国家退牧还草工程项目区围栏草地恢复效果的研究
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摘要
本试验对阿坝县2003、2004和2005三个年度的国家天然草原退牧还草工程项目区的围栏休牧和禁牧草地进行了恢复效果的研究(为便于更好的分析和对比研究,本文增加了2002年开始围栏建设的部分禁牧草场,作为补充),选取工程项目区外的放牧利用草地作为对照,通过对比研究围栏禁牧、休牧草地与对照草地在群落多样性、群落数量结构和土壤养分等方面的差异变化,旨在于了解和分析围栏休牧、禁牧对退化草地的恢复作用和影响,退牧还草工程实施以来所取得的成果。研究结果表明:
     1.放牧草地经围栏禁牧和休牧后,样地物种多样性大小的变化规律为:休牧>禁牧>对照,且随围栏禁牧和休牧年限的增长,围栏样地的群落多样性有缓慢降低趋势。群落丰富度和均匀度的变化趋势和群落多样性基本一致,但各围栏样地间群落丰富度的变化幅度较小。
     2.围栏禁牧和休牧样地的地上现存量增加明显,各年度禁牧和休牧与对照样地间差异均达极显著水平(p<0.01),且随围栏年限的增加,样地地上现存量(鲜重)增幅也越大。从2002-2005年度围栏草地,禁牧样地平均地上现存量依次为8224.1 kg/hm~2、6093.1 kg/hm~2、4792.3 kg/hm~2、4152.1kg/hm~2,分别比其对照现存量增大了87.67%、74%、68.07%和50.36%;而各年度休牧样地平均地上现存量依次为6383.2 kg/hm~2、5382.7 kg/hm~2、4532.3 kg/hm~2(02年无休牧),比其对照现存量分别增加了82.29%、88.77%和64.13%。说明围栏禁牧和休牧均可以显著提高草地的地上现存量。
     3.草地围栏禁牧和休牧后,群落总盖度、草群高度(群落高度)均有明显增高,围栏禁牧、休牧与对照样地间差异显著(p<0.05)。其中,从2002-2005年度围栏,禁牧样地草群高度依次为33.62cm、25.15 cm、21.67 cm、17.29 cm,分别比其对照高度增大了85.11%、76.98%、45.73%、36.79%,且随围栏年限的增加,其禁牧样地草群高度不断增大;而休牧样地的草群高度依次为24.53 cm、23.32cm、21.18 cm(02年无休牧),比其对照分别增大了72.62%,56.83%,67.56%。
     4.放牧草地经围栏禁牧、休牧后,植物种的优势度发生了明显的变化,优良牧草(四川嵩草Kobresia setchwanenesis、高山嵩草Kobresia pygmaea垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans)优势度开始增高,而杂类草(鹅绒委陵菜Potentilla anserina、珠芽蓼Polygonum vivparum、凤毛菊Saussuren japonica)和有毒植物(甘肃棘豆Oxytropis ransuensis、高原毛茛Ranunculus brotherusii、草玉梅Anemone rivularis)的优势度逐渐降低,且随围栏年限的延长,植物群落结构发生明显变化,莎草科嵩草属植物、禾本科植物开始占据优势地位,而一些杂类草和有毒草开始消失,如珠芽蓼、高原毛莨、草玉梅等。
     5.同栏禁牧和休牧均可明显提高草地土壤表层(0-15cm)有机质含量,围栏禁牧、休牧与对照样地间差异显著(p<0.05),且随围栏年限的增加,其有机质含量增幅愈大。另外,围栏样地的全磷、全氮含量比对照样地均有不同程度的提高,而全钾含量增幅则较小;围栏样地的速效养分(速效氮、速效钾、速效磷)含量也均有明显增高,且随围栏年限的增加,速效养分含量的增幅愈大。而土壤pH值变化则不明显。
     6.本试验研究表明,禁牧和休牧均可有效改善退化草地的植被和土壤养分状况,放牧草地经围栏后,由于消除了放牧干扰,草地得到有效的休养生息,开始改善和恢复,植物种类和数量增多,物种多样性提高,地上现存量增加,群落总盖度、草群高度也均有明显增高;草地质量明显改善,优质牧草植物增多,而毒杂草减少,综合评价,退牧还草工程区围栏草地的恢复效果良好。
The A-Ba county already completed the national project of pastureland rehabilitation in 2003, 2004and 2005, This experiment have studied on the restoration effects about fenced pasture (include grazingprohibition and resting grazing) of this project (to facilitate better compared study and analysis, This testalso increased two fenced pasture of 2002, as a supplement).in the trial we selected grazing grass of nofenced as a control in outside on the project area. According to Compared the changes of diversity ofcommunity, quantitative structure of community and rules of soil nutrients variety in the plots of grazingprohibition, resting grazing and grazing control, we aimed to know the influence of fenced grazingprohibition and resting grassland to the restoration of the degenerated grassland. The results showed:
     1. After fencing grazing prohibition and rest grazing in grazing pastureland, changes of speciesdiversity of each plot as follow: rest grazing>forbidden grazing>grazing control. The species diversity ofplant community in the fenced plot had decreasing trend as the increase of fence years, but the variationtrend of community richness and uniformity was consistent in all the fenced plots.
     2. After through fencing grazing prohibition and rest grazing in the degenerated grassland, theabove-ground biomass was increased significantly, the forbidden grazing and rest grazing were significantdifferent from the control (p<0.01), and with the years of fence increasing, increased amounts of theaboveground biomass was also greater gradually., The above-ground biomass in forbidden grazing plotsfrom 2002 to 2005 as following: 8224.1 kg/hm~2, 6093.1 kg/hm~2,4792.3kg/hm~2,4152.1 kg/hm~2, and increasedby average of 87.67%, 74%, 68.07% and 50.36% respectively more than control; and in rest grazing plotswere 6383.2 kg/hm~2,5382.7 kg/hm~2,4532.3 kg/hm~2 sequentially(no rest grazing in 2002), respectively,compared with the control increased 82.29%,88.77% and 64.13%.This result showed that grazingprohibition and rest grazing could significantly enhanced the aboveground biomass of the pastureland.
     3. After through fencing grazing prohibition and rest grazing, the total coverage of plant community,height of community were significantly increased, and forbidden grazing and rest grazing plots weredifferent from the control (p<0.05). From 2002 to 2005, the height of community in forbidden grazing plotswere 33.62cm,25.15 cm,21.67 cm,17.29 cm, increased 85.11%, 76.98%, 45.73%, 36.79% respectively more than the control, and with the fence year increasing, the height of community of forbidden grazingplots also increased. And the height of community in rest grazing plots were: 24.53 cm, 23.32 cm, 21.18cm(no rest grazing plot in 2002), respectively, compared with their respective controls, increased72.62%,56.83%,67.56%.
     4. After through fencing grazing prohibition and rest grazing, the dominance of plant communitychanged obviously, the dominance of excellent forage (Kobresia setchwanenesis、Kobresia Pygmaea、Etymus nutans)began to increased, but the dominance of miscellaneous grass plants(Potentilla anserina、Polygonum vivparum、Saussuren japonica) and the poisonous plant (Oxytropis ransuensis、Ranunculusbrotherusii、Anemone rivularis) decreased gradually, and with the fence year increasing, the configurationof meadow plant community changed significantly, the plant of Gramineous and kobresia communitybegan to occupy the dominant position, and some miscellaneous grass and poisonous plant even began todisappear, such as Ranunculus brotherusii, Anemone rivularis, Polygonum vivparum.
     5. Fenced Forbidden grazing and rest grazing could significantly improve organic content in surfacesoil of pastureland (0-15 cm).The soil organic content was significant different in forbidden grazing, restgrazing and control plots (p<0.05), and the soil organic content of fenced plots increased gradually.Meanwhile, total phosphorus, total nitrogen content of soil in fenced plots had varying degrees of elevationthan the control, but the increase of total potassium content were smaller; the content of soil availablenutrient (consist of available nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus) in the fenced plots increased obviously,and the increased amounts of available nutrient were consistent with the fencing year; but the soil pH hasnot significantly change.
     6. The study results showed that forbidden grazing and rest grazing can improve grassland vegetationand soil nutrient on the pastureland effectively, according to fencing on grazing degenerated grassland,the interference of grazing was eliminated, then the grassland could recuperate effectively, began toimprove and restore, the plant species and amounts, species diversity, aboveground biomass, grass-height,the total vegetation coverage were all increased; and the quality of grassland were improved significantly,and excellent forage plants increased gradually, species and amounts of poisonous plant began to decreased.Therefore, based on the above results, we can see that the fencing grasslands in the areas of pasturelandrehabilitation project were resumed effectively.
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