基于RS和GIS的北京市土地利用/覆被变化研究
摘要
北京市土地利用开发历史悠久,经过自然与人文因素的综合作用,土地利用的程度和效益日益提高。经济的快速发展、政策法规的变革、人口的增长和卫星城的建设等因素促进了北京市近年来的土地利用/覆被的变化。本论文以遥感和地理信息系统技术为基础,通过对北京市1988、1991、1996、1999、2004、2007年LANDSAT/TM遥感影像的处理与解译判读,采用先分类后比较的方法提取了北京市1988-2007年六期五个阶段的土地利用/覆被动态变化的位置、面积和类型。以此为基础,进一步采用土地利用/覆被转移矩阵、土地利用动态度、土地利用程度指数和生态景观指数等多种数学模型,分析了北京市土地利用/覆被动态变化的规律、特点、过程和和景观格局,并建立驱动因素指标体系和驱动力综合影响数学模型。研究结果表明:
(1)北京市1988-2007年各个阶段的土地利用/覆被类型之间转化明显。从整体上看,耕地转出大于转入,转出主要流向是建设用地和林地,转入源主要是草地;林地转出主要流向是草地和耕地,转入源主要也是草地和耕地;草地流向是林地和耕地,转入主要来源于耕地和林地;建设用地转入土地主要来源于耕地,转出土地主要流向草地。
(2)从北京市单一土地利用/覆被类型的变化趋势和状态指数来看,区域内所有土地利用/覆被类型的双向转换较为频繁,且呈现均衡转换的态势。整体上看,耕地转化为其它类型面积大于其它类型转化为该类型的面积,朝着规模减少的方向发展,处于“落势”状态;建筑用地转化为其它类型面积小于其它类型转化为该类型的面积,朝着规模增加的方向发展,处于“涨势”状态。从区域内所有类型土地利用和土地覆被变化的整体趋势和状态指数来看,所有土地利用/覆被类型的双向转换较为频繁,均衡转换态势呈现不规则变化。
(3) 1988-1991年北京市土地利用程度综合指数变化量为-8.07,综合指数变化率为-3.18%,说明该区域土地利用还未达到发展期阶段,只处于调整期阶段。其它各期也处于调整期阶段,而2004-2007年综合指数有所提高,但仍处于调整期阶段。土地实际利用程度只达到理论可利用程度的60%左右,说明土地利用程度还非常低,有待于进一步提高土地利用程度。
(4) 1988-2007年期间,北京平原地区土地利用/覆被类型之间的双向转换比较北京山区更为频繁,建筑用地和草地都朝着规模增加的方向发展,处于“涨势”状态,北京平原地区其“涨势”更为明显;耕地都朝着规模减小的方向发展,处于“落势”状态,北京山区其“落势”更为明显。从整体趋势和状态指数来看,北京平原地区双向转换更为频繁,均衡转换态势比较山区更为明显。
(5)北京平原地区土地利用综合指数为达到土地实际利用程度只达到理论可利用程度的75%以上,土地利用程度较高,北京山区只达到理论可利用程度的50%左右,土地利用程度明显低于平原地区;从1988-2007年北京市土地利用程度综合指数变化率来看,北京平原地区土地利用将很快结束调整期阶段,达到发展期阶段,北京山区土地利用还远未达到发展期阶段,只处于调整期阶段。
(6)从北京市各个生态景观指数计算和分析的结果来看,整体上景观类型处于不稳定状态,景观生态过程较活跃,各景观斑块之间的差异较大,多元景观聚集程度一般,景观的异质性有所增强,破碎化的程度升高,景观多样性小。
(7)通过北京市土地利用/覆被驱动力指标体系的建立和相关分析、主成分分析的结果表明其驱动力可归纳为经济因子、人口增长因子、技术进步因子和政策制度因子四个方面。通过驱动力综合模型的建立表明各因子对土地利用/覆被变化的作用是不同的,模型中各项系数的大小反应了其作用的差异。
所以,针对目前北京市土地利用/覆被和土地综合利用状况,在今后的工作中必须因地制宜,科学规划土地利用和管理,尽量减少土地资源的污染和浪费;进一步调整农业结构和促进农业技术进步,优化土地利用结构和提高土地利用程度;进一步实施生态恢复与重建工程,提高北京市整体生态系统的稳定性、空间的异质性和景观多样性,构建合理的自然和人工景观格局,促进景观格局整体优化;树立科学发展观,建立起资源高效型、消费生态型、观念环保型的新型社会经济发展模式,控制人口增长,提高人口素质,实现北京市生态可持续发展,土地资源可持续利用。
There is a long history in the land use in the city of Beijing.The degree of land use and its benefits is increasing day by day via the comprehensive effects of natural and humanistic factors.The factors like rapid development of economy,reform of policies and regulations,population growth,as well as the construction of the satellite city have promoted the land use change in Beijing in recent years.On the basis of remote sensing and geographical information system,the paper took the methods of classification-comparison to extract the positions,area and types of the five-phase land use change of six periods of LANDSAT/TM remote sensing images from 1988 to 2007,based on the processing and interpretation of the images.Various kinds of mathematical models were used for further analysis of the regulation,features,procedure and landscape patterns of the dynamic change of land use in Beijing,and the models included the shift matrix of land use,land use dynamic degree,land use degree index and ecological landscape index.In addition,the driving factor index system and driving factor-oriented comprehensive mathematical model were established.The results showed the following seven aspects of the study.
(1) There was an obvious change of land use types in each phase from 1988 to 2007 in Beijing. On the whole,farmland conversion output was more than the input,and the main output was the conversion to construction site and forestland,while the main input source was the grassland.The forest land output was the conversion to grassland and farmland,and the main input sources were also the grassland and farmland.The main flow of the grassland was the conversion to forestland and farmland and the sources were mainly from farmland and forestland.The main source of conversion to construction site was the farmland,and the output was mainly the conversion to grassland.
(2) In the view of the trend and state index of the single land use,there was frequent bidirectional conversion of all the land use types in the region,showing balanced conversion.On the whole,the area of the farmland conversion to other land use types was more than the opposite,showing the falling trend.The area of the construction site conversion to other land use types was less than the opposite,showing the rising trend.In the view of the overall trend and state index of all the land use change in the region,there was frequent bidirectional conversion of all the land use types,showing irregular variation in the balanced conversion.
(3) The comprehensive index variation quantity of the land use degree in Beijing was -8.07 from the year 1988 to 1991,with the variation rate was -3.18%,which showed that the land use degree failed to reach the development stage and instead it belonged to the adjustment stage in this region. And the land use in other stages also belonged to the adjustment stage,with improvement from the year 2004 to 2007.The land use degree could only reach the 60%of the theory,which demonstrated that the land use degree was so low that it waited to be improved.
(4) During the year from 1988 to 2007,there was more frequent bidirectional conversion of the land use type in the plain area than in the mountainous area.There were more construction site and grassland,showing the rising trend,with the more obvious phenomenon in the plain area.And the farmland tended to be decrease,showing the falling trend,with the more obvious phenomenon in the mountainous area.In the view of the overall trend and the state index,there was more frequent bidirectional conversion of the land use type in the plain area,showing more obvious trend in the balanced variation.
(5) The comprehensive index of the land use degree could reach over 75%of the theory in the plain area of Beijing,demonstrating high degree of the land use.While the land use degree could only reach 50%of the theory,obviously less than that of the plain area.From the view of the variation rate of the comprehensive index concerning the land use in Beijing from the year 1988 to 2007,the land use in the plain area of Beijing would quickly end the adjustment stage,reaching the development stage.While the land use degree was far from the requirement of the development stage,only staying at the adjustment stage.
(6) In the view of the calculation and analysis of the ecological landscape indexes of Beijing,the overall landscape types stayed in the unstable state.There was more active state of the landscape ecological process and there was rather large difference among each landscape plaque.The clustering degree of the multi-element landscape was common,with the intensity of the landscape heterogeneity, rising degree of the fragmentation and low landscape diversity.
(7) The results concerning the establishment of the land use driving force index system,relevant analysis and the principle components analysis in Beijing demonstrated that the driving force could be concluded as the four factors concerning the economy,population growth,technical progress and policies and regulations.The establishment of the comprehensive driving force model showed that each factor would have various effects on the land use,with the high or low of the coefficients in the model showing the difference concerning the effects.
As a result,according to the comprehensive land use in Beijing,it is necessary that adaptation to local conditions should be paid attention to in the future work for scientific plan of the land use and management,trying to decrease the contamination and waste of the land resources.Then,it is needed to adjust the agricultural structure,promote the agricultural technical progress,optimize the land use structure and improve the land use degree.What is more,it is needed to implement the projects concerning the ecological recovery and reconstruction,improve the stability,spatial heterogeneity and landscape diversity of the overall ecological system in Beijing,construct the reasonable natural and humanistic landscape patterns and promote the overall optimization of the landscape patterns.In addition,it is necessary to establish the scientific development view,set up the new type of society-economy development mode featuring in the effectively-used resources,ecological consumption and environmental protection concept,which can control the population growth, improve the population quality,and realize the ecological sustainable development and sustainable use of the land resources in Beijing.
(1)北京市1988-2007年各个阶段的土地利用/覆被类型之间转化明显。从整体上看,耕地转出大于转入,转出主要流向是建设用地和林地,转入源主要是草地;林地转出主要流向是草地和耕地,转入源主要也是草地和耕地;草地流向是林地和耕地,转入主要来源于耕地和林地;建设用地转入土地主要来源于耕地,转出土地主要流向草地。
(2)从北京市单一土地利用/覆被类型的变化趋势和状态指数来看,区域内所有土地利用/覆被类型的双向转换较为频繁,且呈现均衡转换的态势。整体上看,耕地转化为其它类型面积大于其它类型转化为该类型的面积,朝着规模减少的方向发展,处于“落势”状态;建筑用地转化为其它类型面积小于其它类型转化为该类型的面积,朝着规模增加的方向发展,处于“涨势”状态。从区域内所有类型土地利用和土地覆被变化的整体趋势和状态指数来看,所有土地利用/覆被类型的双向转换较为频繁,均衡转换态势呈现不规则变化。
(3) 1988-1991年北京市土地利用程度综合指数变化量为-8.07,综合指数变化率为-3.18%,说明该区域土地利用还未达到发展期阶段,只处于调整期阶段。其它各期也处于调整期阶段,而2004-2007年综合指数有所提高,但仍处于调整期阶段。土地实际利用程度只达到理论可利用程度的60%左右,说明土地利用程度还非常低,有待于进一步提高土地利用程度。
(4) 1988-2007年期间,北京平原地区土地利用/覆被类型之间的双向转换比较北京山区更为频繁,建筑用地和草地都朝着规模增加的方向发展,处于“涨势”状态,北京平原地区其“涨势”更为明显;耕地都朝着规模减小的方向发展,处于“落势”状态,北京山区其“落势”更为明显。从整体趋势和状态指数来看,北京平原地区双向转换更为频繁,均衡转换态势比较山区更为明显。
(5)北京平原地区土地利用综合指数为达到土地实际利用程度只达到理论可利用程度的75%以上,土地利用程度较高,北京山区只达到理论可利用程度的50%左右,土地利用程度明显低于平原地区;从1988-2007年北京市土地利用程度综合指数变化率来看,北京平原地区土地利用将很快结束调整期阶段,达到发展期阶段,北京山区土地利用还远未达到发展期阶段,只处于调整期阶段。
(6)从北京市各个生态景观指数计算和分析的结果来看,整体上景观类型处于不稳定状态,景观生态过程较活跃,各景观斑块之间的差异较大,多元景观聚集程度一般,景观的异质性有所增强,破碎化的程度升高,景观多样性小。
(7)通过北京市土地利用/覆被驱动力指标体系的建立和相关分析、主成分分析的结果表明其驱动力可归纳为经济因子、人口增长因子、技术进步因子和政策制度因子四个方面。通过驱动力综合模型的建立表明各因子对土地利用/覆被变化的作用是不同的,模型中各项系数的大小反应了其作用的差异。
所以,针对目前北京市土地利用/覆被和土地综合利用状况,在今后的工作中必须因地制宜,科学规划土地利用和管理,尽量减少土地资源的污染和浪费;进一步调整农业结构和促进农业技术进步,优化土地利用结构和提高土地利用程度;进一步实施生态恢复与重建工程,提高北京市整体生态系统的稳定性、空间的异质性和景观多样性,构建合理的自然和人工景观格局,促进景观格局整体优化;树立科学发展观,建立起资源高效型、消费生态型、观念环保型的新型社会经济发展模式,控制人口增长,提高人口素质,实现北京市生态可持续发展,土地资源可持续利用。
There is a long history in the land use in the city of Beijing.The degree of land use and its benefits is increasing day by day via the comprehensive effects of natural and humanistic factors.The factors like rapid development of economy,reform of policies and regulations,population growth,as well as the construction of the satellite city have promoted the land use change in Beijing in recent years.On the basis of remote sensing and geographical information system,the paper took the methods of classification-comparison to extract the positions,area and types of the five-phase land use change of six periods of LANDSAT/TM remote sensing images from 1988 to 2007,based on the processing and interpretation of the images.Various kinds of mathematical models were used for further analysis of the regulation,features,procedure and landscape patterns of the dynamic change of land use in Beijing,and the models included the shift matrix of land use,land use dynamic degree,land use degree index and ecological landscape index.In addition,the driving factor index system and driving factor-oriented comprehensive mathematical model were established.The results showed the following seven aspects of the study.
(1) There was an obvious change of land use types in each phase from 1988 to 2007 in Beijing. On the whole,farmland conversion output was more than the input,and the main output was the conversion to construction site and forestland,while the main input source was the grassland.The forest land output was the conversion to grassland and farmland,and the main input sources were also the grassland and farmland.The main flow of the grassland was the conversion to forestland and farmland and the sources were mainly from farmland and forestland.The main source of conversion to construction site was the farmland,and the output was mainly the conversion to grassland.
(2) In the view of the trend and state index of the single land use,there was frequent bidirectional conversion of all the land use types in the region,showing balanced conversion.On the whole,the area of the farmland conversion to other land use types was more than the opposite,showing the falling trend.The area of the construction site conversion to other land use types was less than the opposite,showing the rising trend.In the view of the overall trend and state index of all the land use change in the region,there was frequent bidirectional conversion of all the land use types,showing irregular variation in the balanced conversion.
(3) The comprehensive index variation quantity of the land use degree in Beijing was -8.07 from the year 1988 to 1991,with the variation rate was -3.18%,which showed that the land use degree failed to reach the development stage and instead it belonged to the adjustment stage in this region. And the land use in other stages also belonged to the adjustment stage,with improvement from the year 2004 to 2007.The land use degree could only reach the 60%of the theory,which demonstrated that the land use degree was so low that it waited to be improved.
(4) During the year from 1988 to 2007,there was more frequent bidirectional conversion of the land use type in the plain area than in the mountainous area.There were more construction site and grassland,showing the rising trend,with the more obvious phenomenon in the plain area.And the farmland tended to be decrease,showing the falling trend,with the more obvious phenomenon in the mountainous area.In the view of the overall trend and the state index,there was more frequent bidirectional conversion of the land use type in the plain area,showing more obvious trend in the balanced variation.
(5) The comprehensive index of the land use degree could reach over 75%of the theory in the plain area of Beijing,demonstrating high degree of the land use.While the land use degree could only reach 50%of the theory,obviously less than that of the plain area.From the view of the variation rate of the comprehensive index concerning the land use in Beijing from the year 1988 to 2007,the land use in the plain area of Beijing would quickly end the adjustment stage,reaching the development stage.While the land use degree was far from the requirement of the development stage,only staying at the adjustment stage.
(6) In the view of the calculation and analysis of the ecological landscape indexes of Beijing,the overall landscape types stayed in the unstable state.There was more active state of the landscape ecological process and there was rather large difference among each landscape plaque.The clustering degree of the multi-element landscape was common,with the intensity of the landscape heterogeneity, rising degree of the fragmentation and low landscape diversity.
(7) The results concerning the establishment of the land use driving force index system,relevant analysis and the principle components analysis in Beijing demonstrated that the driving force could be concluded as the four factors concerning the economy,population growth,technical progress and policies and regulations.The establishment of the comprehensive driving force model showed that each factor would have various effects on the land use,with the high or low of the coefficients in the model showing the difference concerning the effects.
As a result,according to the comprehensive land use in Beijing,it is necessary that adaptation to local conditions should be paid attention to in the future work for scientific plan of the land use and management,trying to decrease the contamination and waste of the land resources.Then,it is needed to adjust the agricultural structure,promote the agricultural technical progress,optimize the land use structure and improve the land use degree.What is more,it is needed to implement the projects concerning the ecological recovery and reconstruction,improve the stability,spatial heterogeneity and landscape diversity of the overall ecological system in Beijing,construct the reasonable natural and humanistic landscape patterns and promote the overall optimization of the landscape patterns.In addition,it is necessary to establish the scientific development view,set up the new type of society-economy development mode featuring in the effectively-used resources,ecological consumption and environmental protection concept,which can control the population growth, improve the population quality,and realize the ecological sustainable development and sustainable use of the land resources in Beijing.
引文
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