艾比湖湿地典型植物群落物种多样性及其优势种群生态位研究
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摘要
新疆艾比湖是国内最具代表性的温带干旱区湿地荒漠生态系统,在我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中具有典型性和较高的保护价值,在调节气候、维持区域生态平衡等方面有着十分重要的作用。本研究拟通过对艾比湖湿地荒漠植被的典型群落调查及其土壤理化性质分析,运用相关分析手段,对荒漠植物群落物种多样性和影响荒漠植物群落分布的土壤理化因子进行研究,同时定量计算群落内主要种群的生态位,旨在为该地区荒漠植被的保育与恢复提供理论依据和参考。
研究区选取的42种植物,分属16科36属,多数为典型荒漠植被,归属于16个植物群落类型,在整个研究区荒漠植物群落中,盐穗木、盐节木、白梭梭、梭梭和盐爪爪等物种有较高的重要值,草本的重要值较低。各群落类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为:白梭梭>胡杨>盐穗木>盐豆木>罗布麻>琵琶柴>花花柴>白刺>柽柳>白麻>芦苇>芨芨草>梭梭>骆驼刺>甘草>盐节木。
通过不同测度指标对荒漠植物群落物种多样性的研究表明,在荒漠地区以重要值为测度指标计算的群落物种多样性指数比以盖度和多度为测度指标计算群落物种的多样性指数更合理,但以三者为测度指标计算结果的变化趋势基本一致,均能反映群落的物种多样性变化。通过对11种多样性测定指数的相关分析表明,荒漠植物群落物种多样性指数受物种均匀度和丰富度影响较大,但均匀度指数与多样性指数的相关性比丰富度指数与多样性指数的相关性要高,说明物种组成相对稀少的荒漠植物群落其物种多样指数的高低主要取决于物种在群落中的分布状况,即物种均匀度。
通过对艾比湖湿地典型植物群落物种多样性与土壤因子进行回归分析得出:土壤含盐量与Pielou均匀度指数、McIntosh多样性指数、McIntosh均匀度指数呈显著负相关;土壤酸碱度与Margalef指数、Monk丰富度指数、Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈显著正相关,与Simpson优势度指数呈显著负相关;土壤有机质与11种多样性指数显著程度均不明显。
通过对艾比湖湿地典型的16个群落中主要植物种生态位宽度和生态位重叠的测度分析,从土壤酸碱度、含盐量和有机质3个维度上得出:所有群落类型中,种群中最占优势的种的生态位宽度是最大的,表明它们分布较广,数量较多,占据了多数资源位,能适应特定生态环境,对环境资源利用最为充分,竞争能力最强,因而具有较宽的生态位。种群的生态位宽度越宽,与其它种群的生态位重叠机会就越大;生态位宽度越窄,与其它种群的生态位重叠机会就越小,说明生态位宽度较大的种与其它种的生态位重叠也较大。
The Ebinur Lake Wetland natural reserve district is the most representative of the temperate zone wetlands in arid desert ecosystems.is in a typical high conservation value of China's natural ecosystems .It can regulate climate, maintain the ecological balance of the region. Through investigating the typical communities of desent plant and analysing the physical and chemical properties of soil in Ebinur Lake wetlands , and using related analytical tools, this study makes further research on the distribution of plant communities in desert and the relationship between species, diversification with soil environmental factors. Then the thesis provides theoretical and referential guidance for nursine and restoration of desert vegetation.
The major 42 plant species in the ebinur belonged to 36genera,16 families.most were natural reserve district’s plants andwere classified into 16 groups. The importance value of species Halostachys caspica, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Haloxylon ammodendron Haloxylon persicum Bunge and Kalidium foliatum is higher in the study area,but herb plant’s is lower. The species diversity and evenness of the communities were in the order of Haloxylon persicum Bunge > Populus euphratica > Halostachys caspica > Halimodendron halodendron > Apocynum venetum L > Reaumuria songarica > Karelinia caspia > Nitraria > Tamarix> Poacynum pictum > Phragmites australis > Achnatherum splendens > Haloxylon ammodendron > Alhagi sparsifolia > Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch > Halocnemum strobilaceum.
Analysis of community species diversity of desert plant based on important value,cover value and abundance in the ebinur lake wetland suggests that diversity index based on important value is more reasonable than that of cover and richness. However, the change trend of three indexes is identical by and large. Moreover the correlation analysis about 11 kinds of species diversity indexes indicates that community species diversity in desert region is influenced mostly by evenness and abundance. And the relation between evenness and diversity is higher than the relation between abundance and diversity. In other words, species diversity rests principally with evenness in desert plant community.
Analyzing the correlation species diversity and soil factors by regression, the conclusions indicate that diversity index(Dm) and Evenness index(Jsw、E) decreased as total salt in soil, fitting negative correlation; species diversities(H) and richness(Ma、Mo、R) increased as soil pH while Dominance index decreased,all index and soil organic matter do not have the relevance.
Through the main plant species, niche breadth and niche overlap in 16 typical communities of Ebinur Lake wetlands from three dimensions which are the soil acidity, salinity and organic matter,it can be on analyzed that in all communities, the niche breadth of the species which is the most dominant in community is the largest, which shows that the reason why they have wider niche breadth is that they have wider distribution and a large number, and they occupy the majority of resources and adapt to specific ecological environment, and fully use of resources, and have the strongest competitive Capacity.The wider niche breadth of plant species ,the greater the opportunity of niche overlaps with other species and the narrow niche breadth , the less of the opportunity .This shows that the species which has wider niche breadth will have larger niche overlaps with other species .
研究区选取的42种植物,分属16科36属,多数为典型荒漠植被,归属于16个植物群落类型,在整个研究区荒漠植物群落中,盐穗木、盐节木、白梭梭、梭梭和盐爪爪等物种有较高的重要值,草本的重要值较低。各群落类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为:白梭梭>胡杨>盐穗木>盐豆木>罗布麻>琵琶柴>花花柴>白刺>柽柳>白麻>芦苇>芨芨草>梭梭>骆驼刺>甘草>盐节木。
通过不同测度指标对荒漠植物群落物种多样性的研究表明,在荒漠地区以重要值为测度指标计算的群落物种多样性指数比以盖度和多度为测度指标计算群落物种的多样性指数更合理,但以三者为测度指标计算结果的变化趋势基本一致,均能反映群落的物种多样性变化。通过对11种多样性测定指数的相关分析表明,荒漠植物群落物种多样性指数受物种均匀度和丰富度影响较大,但均匀度指数与多样性指数的相关性比丰富度指数与多样性指数的相关性要高,说明物种组成相对稀少的荒漠植物群落其物种多样指数的高低主要取决于物种在群落中的分布状况,即物种均匀度。
通过对艾比湖湿地典型植物群落物种多样性与土壤因子进行回归分析得出:土壤含盐量与Pielou均匀度指数、McIntosh多样性指数、McIntosh均匀度指数呈显著负相关;土壤酸碱度与Margalef指数、Monk丰富度指数、Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈显著正相关,与Simpson优势度指数呈显著负相关;土壤有机质与11种多样性指数显著程度均不明显。
通过对艾比湖湿地典型的16个群落中主要植物种生态位宽度和生态位重叠的测度分析,从土壤酸碱度、含盐量和有机质3个维度上得出:所有群落类型中,种群中最占优势的种的生态位宽度是最大的,表明它们分布较广,数量较多,占据了多数资源位,能适应特定生态环境,对环境资源利用最为充分,竞争能力最强,因而具有较宽的生态位。种群的生态位宽度越宽,与其它种群的生态位重叠机会就越大;生态位宽度越窄,与其它种群的生态位重叠机会就越小,说明生态位宽度较大的种与其它种的生态位重叠也较大。
The Ebinur Lake Wetland natural reserve district is the most representative of the temperate zone wetlands in arid desert ecosystems.is in a typical high conservation value of China's natural ecosystems .It can regulate climate, maintain the ecological balance of the region. Through investigating the typical communities of desent plant and analysing the physical and chemical properties of soil in Ebinur Lake wetlands , and using related analytical tools, this study makes further research on the distribution of plant communities in desert and the relationship between species, diversification with soil environmental factors. Then the thesis provides theoretical and referential guidance for nursine and restoration of desert vegetation.
The major 42 plant species in the ebinur belonged to 36genera,16 families.most were natural reserve district’s plants andwere classified into 16 groups. The importance value of species Halostachys caspica, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Haloxylon ammodendron Haloxylon persicum Bunge and Kalidium foliatum is higher in the study area,but herb plant’s is lower. The species diversity and evenness of the communities were in the order of Haloxylon persicum Bunge > Populus euphratica > Halostachys caspica > Halimodendron halodendron > Apocynum venetum L > Reaumuria songarica > Karelinia caspia > Nitraria > Tamarix> Poacynum pictum > Phragmites australis > Achnatherum splendens > Haloxylon ammodendron > Alhagi sparsifolia > Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch > Halocnemum strobilaceum.
Analysis of community species diversity of desert plant based on important value,cover value and abundance in the ebinur lake wetland suggests that diversity index based on important value is more reasonable than that of cover and richness. However, the change trend of three indexes is identical by and large. Moreover the correlation analysis about 11 kinds of species diversity indexes indicates that community species diversity in desert region is influenced mostly by evenness and abundance. And the relation between evenness and diversity is higher than the relation between abundance and diversity. In other words, species diversity rests principally with evenness in desert plant community.
Analyzing the correlation species diversity and soil factors by regression, the conclusions indicate that diversity index(Dm) and Evenness index(Jsw、E) decreased as total salt in soil, fitting negative correlation; species diversities(H) and richness(Ma、Mo、R) increased as soil pH while Dominance index decreased,all index and soil organic matter do not have the relevance.
Through the main plant species, niche breadth and niche overlap in 16 typical communities of Ebinur Lake wetlands from three dimensions which are the soil acidity, salinity and organic matter,it can be on analyzed that in all communities, the niche breadth of the species which is the most dominant in community is the largest, which shows that the reason why they have wider niche breadth is that they have wider distribution and a large number, and they occupy the majority of resources and adapt to specific ecological environment, and fully use of resources, and have the strongest competitive Capacity.The wider niche breadth of plant species ,the greater the opportunity of niche overlaps with other species and the narrow niche breadth , the less of the opportunity .This shows that the species which has wider niche breadth will have larger niche overlaps with other species .
引文
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