毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光检测方法及应用研究
|
摘要
毛细管电泳(CE)是高效、快速、样品和试剂消耗少的一种分离技术，存在的主要缺点之一就是检测灵敏度低，提高检测灵敏度是目前CE研究的热点之一。激光诱导荧光(LIF)检测是CE最灵敏的检测方法之一，不仅可以提高检测灵敏度，还可改善选择性，极大地拓展了CE的应用，特别在生物样品方面具有广阔的应用前景。柱前衍生检测需要额外的操作步骤，并且要求衍生产物具有一定的稳定性，对具有多重标记位点的分析物会出现多重峰。对此，柱后衍生LIF检测此时是更好的选择，而且特别适合于高速在线衍生检测。另一方面，CE的检测灵敏度受限于毛细管较短的检测光程，而且毛细管管壁也容易产生散射光，增加背景噪音。无窗检测池可以增加检测光程降低背景噪音，提高信噪比。
本论文综述了CE灵敏的检测方法和技术，CE-LIF检测原理、仪器结构，荧光衍生方法和柱后衍生反应器。本论文的主要研究内容包括组装了简便的CE-LIF检测系统，发展了一种简单易于制作的CE-LIF柱后反应器，并应用于牛奶和动物样品中卡那霉素类抗生素残留的分析检测，另外还提出CE无窗式检测的新方法。论文的主要内容和研究成果具体如下：
1、组装了一台毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光检测系统。采用共线型光学结构组装激光诱导荧光检测系统，利用核黄素作为分析样品，对影响系统检测性能的光学器件如光阑孔径、光电倍增管的工作电压条件进行了优化，并讨论了进一步提高检测灵敏度的措施。核黄素的浓度检出限达到9．0×10~(-9) mol／L(3．4×10~(-6) g／L)，质量检出限为18 amol，在3．0×10~(-8)～1．0×10~(-5) mol／L浓度范围内成呈良好的线性关系，方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2．4％。
2、研制了一种毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光检测的共轴-间隙柱后反应器。采用毛细管聚酰亚胺涂层套对接和准直分离和反应毛细管，衍生试剂从涂层套和分离毛细管之间的环隙，以及两根毛细管之间的间隙引入反应管中，实现高效分离和快速衍生反应。设计了衍生反应池的加压及冲洗装置，从而解决了柱后衍生反应通道堵塞的问题。氨基酸的检出限为8×10~(-8)～1．0×10~(-6)mol／L，在两个多数量级浓度范围内呈线性关系，其中甘氨酸线性范围为5×10~(-7)～1×10~(-4) mol／L，分离效率1．35×10~5～1．67×10~5理论塔板数，并成功地应用于香醋样品中的游离氨基酸的测定。该反应器结构简单，易于制作，无需显微操作，可以采用短的反应距离适用于快速和产物易分解的衍生反应。在毛细管电泳分析中，毛细管的准直耦合以及在柱试剂引入方面将会具有广泛的应用前景。
3、提出毛细管电泳柱后衍生激光诱导荧光测定卡那霉素类抗生素方法。利用共轴-间隙柱后反应器，以酸性乙酸钠盐缓冲液，在反向电渗流和负高压下分离卡那霉素类抗生素，再与碱性硼酸钠盐缓冲液中的衍生试剂柱后衍生反应，用激光诱导荧光检测。该柱后反应衍生方法避免了分离缓冲液和衍生缓冲液两种不同缓冲体系的相互干扰，提高了分离度和检测灵敏度。氨基糖苷的检出限为3．6×10~(-5)～5．2×10~(-5) g／L，线性范围为1．1×10~(-4)～5．0×10~(-2)g/L。该法用于牛奶和动物组织中的卡那霉素类抗生素残留的测定，回收率为81．6％～95．3％(n=4)。
4、提出一种毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光无窗式检测方法。利用聚酰亚胺涂层套准直两段毛细管制作了无窗检测池，利用显微成像监测检测池间隙距离和电泳分离电压对无窗检测池外形的影响，考察了分离电压对荧光检测信号的影响，理论分析和实验验证了无窗检测的可行性。在优化的实验条件下，比较了无窗式检测和在柱检测的性能，结果表明采用无窗检测池，荧光信号增强，背景噪音减小，检出限降低，其中核黄素的检测灵敏度甚至提高了15倍。线性范围达到两个数量级以上，其中RF的线性范围为5．0×10~(-9)～1．0×10~(-6)mol／L，无窗检测分离效率为1．0×10~5～2．4×10~5理论塔板数，RSD(n=5)在3．7％～5．8％范围。用无窗式检测方法成功测定了实际样品菠菜和莴苣叶中三种黄素类化合物的含量。鉴于无窗检测池易于制作，没有在柱检测管壁出现吸附污染的缺点，该检测模式扩大了毛细管电泳分析的应用范围。
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique with fast separation speed, high separation efficiency and low sample consumption. For its short optical path and small sample volume, the detection sensitivity of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is not satisfied. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is one of the most sensitive methods to be used in CE detection. It can both enhance the detection sensitivity and improve the selectivity. So, it extends the application of CE, especially for biological and medical samples. Pre-column derivatization needs additional manipulations and stable derivatives. Morover, in pre-column derivatization of LIF, an analyte molecule with more than one labeled site may result in multiple separation peaks. However, the problem of multiple peaks can be avoided with post-column derivatization method, because the separation is based on the native analytes. The post-column LIF method is also suitable for high speed on-line derivatization detection. On the other hand, the fluorescence intensity suffers from the short optical detection path, and the S/N ratio decreases with the light scattering and background emission from the wall of a conventional on-column optical detection cell. A windowless fluorescence cell can resolve the problems of scattering and background emission from the conventional cell walls, and expand the optical path length.
The auther reviews the sensitive detection methods of CE, fluorescence detection principle, instrumental structure, derivatization detection methods and post-column derivatization reactors of CE - LIF. The main tasks of the thesis are to assemble a simple CE - LIF system, to develop a simple and convenient post-column reactor for CE - LIF, which can be applied to analyze the kanamycin residues in foodstuff, such as milk and animal tissue. In addition, a windowless fluorescence detection method is also proposed. The research contents and results of the thesis are as follows:
1. A simple CE - LIF system was assembled. The detection system was based on the collinear or confocal optic configuration arrangement. The experiments were optimized by the effects of diaphragm and PMT valtage on detection performance. The discussion was made about the method of improve the detection sensitivity. The concentration detection limit (CLOD) and mass detection limit (MLOD) of the riboflavin and was 9.0×10~(-9) mol/L (3.4×10~(-6) g/L) and 18 amol, respectively. The linear calibration range was 3.0×10~(-8)-1.0×10~(-5) mol/L. The relative standard deviiatios (RSD) of the method was 2.4% (n=5).
2. A post-column reactor with coaxial-gap mode was developed for LIF in CE. The reactor could be assembled simply and conveniently without any micromanipulation, in which a thin polyimide sleeve of 10-mm length obtained from the capillary coating was used to align and connect the separation and reaction capillary with a 10 - 20μm gap. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) were used as derivatization reagents and delivered into the reaction capillary through the annulus between the separation capillary and polyimide sleeve and the gap of two capillaries by gravity. A reaction distance from the gap to detection point could be shortened to 5 mm. For the post-column reactor of CE-LIF, several configuration parameters were optimized, including liquid level difference between the derivatization solution and outlet buffer, annular dimension between the etched separation capillary and polyimide sleeve, and reaction distance etc. for amino acids, the detection limits ranged from 8.0×10~(-8) to 1.0×10~(-6) mol/L and linear calibration ranges were more than two orders of magnitude, e.g. 5×10~(-7)-1×10~(-4) mol/L for glycine. The separation efficiency ranged from 1.35×10~5 to 1.67×10~5 theoretical plates. The method was applied to the analysis of amino acids in vinegar samples successfully.
3. An analytical method of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), post-column derivatization and LIF detection with the homemade coaxial-gap reactor was proposed for the determination of kanamycin A, amikacin and tobramycin, kanmycin components of aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGs). The CZE separation was performed with 50 mmol/L sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 0.5 mmol/L cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide to reverse the electroosmotic flow in separation capillary. The derivatization reagent solution contained 1.0 mmol/L NDA, 8.0 mmol/L 2-ME and 35 mrnol/L sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 10.0) in 30% (v/v) methanol. The detection limits ranged from 3.6×10~(-5) to 5.2×10~(-5) g/L and the linear calibration concentrations were in the range of 1.1×10~(-4)-5.0×10~(-2) g/L. The proposed method was verified by measuring the spiked aminoglycosides in milk samples and animal issues samples after a simple sample pretreatment with trichloroacetic acid. The recovery of the amiinoglycosides ranged from 81.6% to 95.3% (n=4).
4.A windowless detection cell combined with capillary electrophoresis for laser-induced fluorescence detection was proposed. The detection cell was simply and conveniently assembled using polyimide coating sleeve, in which the thin polyimide sleeve obtained from the capillary was used to align two capillaries with a 140μm gap. The effect of gap distance and running voltage on the contour of the windowless detection cell was investigated by imaging the windowless cell under a microscope. The experimental results validated the feasibility of the theory of the windowless detection method. Under optimized conditions, the windowless detection method presented lower LODs by compare with the on-column detection method. The detection sensitivity was improved about 15-fold for riboflavin. The linear calibration concentrations more than two orders of magnitude were obtained in the range of 5.0×10~(-9)-1.0×10~(-6) mol/L for flavins. The separation efficiency of windowless detection method ranged from 1.0×10~5-2.4×10~5 theoretical plates. The RSDs were in the range of 3.7%-5.8% (n=5). The method was applied to the analysis of flavins in spinach and lettuce leaves. Since the windowless detection cell was simply assembled and eliminated the adsorption of matrix impurities, it could be employed in optical detection modes in CE.
本论文综述了CE灵敏的检测方法和技术，CE-LIF检测原理、仪器结构，荧光衍生方法和柱后衍生反应器。本论文的主要研究内容包括组装了简便的CE-LIF检测系统，发展了一种简单易于制作的CE-LIF柱后反应器，并应用于牛奶和动物样品中卡那霉素类抗生素残留的分析检测，另外还提出CE无窗式检测的新方法。论文的主要内容和研究成果具体如下：
1、组装了一台毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光检测系统。采用共线型光学结构组装激光诱导荧光检测系统，利用核黄素作为分析样品，对影响系统检测性能的光学器件如光阑孔径、光电倍增管的工作电压条件进行了优化，并讨论了进一步提高检测灵敏度的措施。核黄素的浓度检出限达到9．0×10~(-9) mol／L(3．4×10~(-6) g／L)，质量检出限为18 amol，在3．0×10~(-8)～1．0×10~(-5) mol／L浓度范围内成呈良好的线性关系，方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2．4％。
2、研制了一种毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光检测的共轴-间隙柱后反应器。采用毛细管聚酰亚胺涂层套对接和准直分离和反应毛细管，衍生试剂从涂层套和分离毛细管之间的环隙，以及两根毛细管之间的间隙引入反应管中，实现高效分离和快速衍生反应。设计了衍生反应池的加压及冲洗装置，从而解决了柱后衍生反应通道堵塞的问题。氨基酸的检出限为8×10~(-8)～1．0×10~(-6)mol／L，在两个多数量级浓度范围内呈线性关系，其中甘氨酸线性范围为5×10~(-7)～1×10~(-4) mol／L，分离效率1．35×10~5～1．67×10~5理论塔板数，并成功地应用于香醋样品中的游离氨基酸的测定。该反应器结构简单，易于制作，无需显微操作，可以采用短的反应距离适用于快速和产物易分解的衍生反应。在毛细管电泳分析中，毛细管的准直耦合以及在柱试剂引入方面将会具有广泛的应用前景。
3、提出毛细管电泳柱后衍生激光诱导荧光测定卡那霉素类抗生素方法。利用共轴-间隙柱后反应器，以酸性乙酸钠盐缓冲液，在反向电渗流和负高压下分离卡那霉素类抗生素，再与碱性硼酸钠盐缓冲液中的衍生试剂柱后衍生反应，用激光诱导荧光检测。该柱后反应衍生方法避免了分离缓冲液和衍生缓冲液两种不同缓冲体系的相互干扰，提高了分离度和检测灵敏度。氨基糖苷的检出限为3．6×10~(-5)～5．2×10~(-5) g／L，线性范围为1．1×10~(-4)～5．0×10~(-2)g/L。该法用于牛奶和动物组织中的卡那霉素类抗生素残留的测定，回收率为81．6％～95．3％(n=4)。
4、提出一种毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光无窗式检测方法。利用聚酰亚胺涂层套准直两段毛细管制作了无窗检测池，利用显微成像监测检测池间隙距离和电泳分离电压对无窗检测池外形的影响，考察了分离电压对荧光检测信号的影响，理论分析和实验验证了无窗检测的可行性。在优化的实验条件下，比较了无窗式检测和在柱检测的性能，结果表明采用无窗检测池，荧光信号增强，背景噪音减小，检出限降低，其中核黄素的检测灵敏度甚至提高了15倍。线性范围达到两个数量级以上，其中RF的线性范围为5．0×10~(-9)～1．0×10~(-6)mol／L，无窗检测分离效率为1．0×10~5～2．4×10~5理论塔板数，RSD(n=5)在3．7％～5．8％范围。用无窗式检测方法成功测定了实际样品菠菜和莴苣叶中三种黄素类化合物的含量。鉴于无窗检测池易于制作，没有在柱检测管壁出现吸附污染的缺点，该检测模式扩大了毛细管电泳分析的应用范围。
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique with fast separation speed, high separation efficiency and low sample consumption. For its short optical path and small sample volume, the detection sensitivity of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is not satisfied. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is one of the most sensitive methods to be used in CE detection. It can both enhance the detection sensitivity and improve the selectivity. So, it extends the application of CE, especially for biological and medical samples. Pre-column derivatization needs additional manipulations and stable derivatives. Morover, in pre-column derivatization of LIF, an analyte molecule with more than one labeled site may result in multiple separation peaks. However, the problem of multiple peaks can be avoided with post-column derivatization method, because the separation is based on the native analytes. The post-column LIF method is also suitable for high speed on-line derivatization detection. On the other hand, the fluorescence intensity suffers from the short optical detection path, and the S/N ratio decreases with the light scattering and background emission from the wall of a conventional on-column optical detection cell. A windowless fluorescence cell can resolve the problems of scattering and background emission from the conventional cell walls, and expand the optical path length.
The auther reviews the sensitive detection methods of CE, fluorescence detection principle, instrumental structure, derivatization detection methods and post-column derivatization reactors of CE - LIF. The main tasks of the thesis are to assemble a simple CE - LIF system, to develop a simple and convenient post-column reactor for CE - LIF, which can be applied to analyze the kanamycin residues in foodstuff, such as milk and animal tissue. In addition, a windowless fluorescence detection method is also proposed. The research contents and results of the thesis are as follows:
1. A simple CE - LIF system was assembled. The detection system was based on the collinear or confocal optic configuration arrangement. The experiments were optimized by the effects of diaphragm and PMT valtage on detection performance. The discussion was made about the method of improve the detection sensitivity. The concentration detection limit (CLOD) and mass detection limit (MLOD) of the riboflavin and was 9.0×10~(-9) mol/L (3.4×10~(-6) g/L) and 18 amol, respectively. The linear calibration range was 3.0×10~(-8)-1.0×10~(-5) mol/L. The relative standard deviiatios (RSD) of the method was 2.4% (n=5).
2. A post-column reactor with coaxial-gap mode was developed for LIF in CE. The reactor could be assembled simply and conveniently without any micromanipulation, in which a thin polyimide sleeve of 10-mm length obtained from the capillary coating was used to align and connect the separation and reaction capillary with a 10 - 20μm gap. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) were used as derivatization reagents and delivered into the reaction capillary through the annulus between the separation capillary and polyimide sleeve and the gap of two capillaries by gravity. A reaction distance from the gap to detection point could be shortened to 5 mm. For the post-column reactor of CE-LIF, several configuration parameters were optimized, including liquid level difference between the derivatization solution and outlet buffer, annular dimension between the etched separation capillary and polyimide sleeve, and reaction distance etc. for amino acids, the detection limits ranged from 8.0×10~(-8) to 1.0×10~(-6) mol/L and linear calibration ranges were more than two orders of magnitude, e.g. 5×10~(-7)-1×10~(-4) mol/L for glycine. The separation efficiency ranged from 1.35×10~5 to 1.67×10~5 theoretical plates. The method was applied to the analysis of amino acids in vinegar samples successfully.
3. An analytical method of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), post-column derivatization and LIF detection with the homemade coaxial-gap reactor was proposed for the determination of kanamycin A, amikacin and tobramycin, kanmycin components of aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGs). The CZE separation was performed with 50 mmol/L sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 0.5 mmol/L cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide to reverse the electroosmotic flow in separation capillary. The derivatization reagent solution contained 1.0 mmol/L NDA, 8.0 mmol/L 2-ME and 35 mrnol/L sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 10.0) in 30% (v/v) methanol. The detection limits ranged from 3.6×10~(-5) to 5.2×10~(-5) g/L and the linear calibration concentrations were in the range of 1.1×10~(-4)-5.0×10~(-2) g/L. The proposed method was verified by measuring the spiked aminoglycosides in milk samples and animal issues samples after a simple sample pretreatment with trichloroacetic acid. The recovery of the amiinoglycosides ranged from 81.6% to 95.3% (n=4).
4.A windowless detection cell combined with capillary electrophoresis for laser-induced fluorescence detection was proposed. The detection cell was simply and conveniently assembled using polyimide coating sleeve, in which the thin polyimide sleeve obtained from the capillary was used to align two capillaries with a 140μm gap. The effect of gap distance and running voltage on the contour of the windowless detection cell was investigated by imaging the windowless cell under a microscope. The experimental results validated the feasibility of the theory of the windowless detection method. Under optimized conditions, the windowless detection method presented lower LODs by compare with the on-column detection method. The detection sensitivity was improved about 15-fold for riboflavin. The linear calibration concentrations more than two orders of magnitude were obtained in the range of 5.0×10~(-9)-1.0×10~(-6) mol/L for flavins. The separation efficiency of windowless detection method ranged from 1.0×10~5-2.4×10~5 theoretical plates. The RSDs were in the range of 3.7%-5.8% (n=5). The method was applied to the analysis of flavins in spinach and lettuce leaves. Since the windowless detection cell was simply assembled and eliminated the adsorption of matrix impurities, it could be employed in optical detection modes in CE.
引文
[1] Guzman N A. (Eds.) 1993. Capillary Electrophoresis Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker,Inc. Chapter 19, p.605-614.
[2] Jorgenson J W, Lukacs K D. 1981. Anal. Chem. 53:1298-1302.
[3] Hjerten S. 1983. J. Chromatogr. 271:1-6.
[4] Terabe S, Otsuka K, Ichikawa K. 1984. Anal. Chem. 56:111-122.
[5] Hjerten S. 1985. J. Chromatogr. 347:191-198.
[6] Hjerten S, Eblebring K, Kilar F, et al. 1987. J. Chromatogr. 403:47-61.
[7] Tsuda T, Nomura K, Nakagawa G. 1982. J. Chromatogr. 248:241-247.
[8] Chu Y H, Whitesides G M. 1992. J. Org. Chem. Chromatogr. 57:3524-3525.
[9] Bjomsdottir I, Hansen S H. 1995. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13:1473-1481.
[10] Roberts G O, Rhodes P H, Snyder R S. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:35-67.
[11] Giddings J C. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:21-33.
[12] Foley J P. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:1302-1308.
[13] Rasmussen H T, McNair H M. 1990. J. Chromatogr. 516:223-231.
[14] Khaledi M G, Smith S C, Strasters J K. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:1820-1830.
[15] Grushka E, McCormick R M, Kirkland J J. 1989. Anal. Chem. 61:241-246.
[16] Green J S, Jorgenson J W. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 478:63-70.
[17] Guzman N A. (Eds.) 1993. Capillary Electrophoresis Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Chapter 20-30. p. 617-841.
[18] 邓延倬，何金兰．1996．高效毛细管电泳．北京：科学出版社，p．272-345．
[19] 陈义．2000．毛细管电泳技术及应用．北京：化学工业出版社，p．103-221．
[20] 邹汉法，刘震，叶明亮，张玉奎．2001．毛细管电色谱及其应用．北京：科学出版社， p.165-203．
[21] 方肇伦．2003．微流控分析芯片．北京：科学出版社，p．312-361．
[22] 汪尔康．1999．21世纪的分析化学．北京：科学出版社，p．102-111．
[23] Jorgenson J W，Lukas K D．1988．Science 222：266-272．
[24] 马明生，韩慧婉，刘国诠．1995．色谱13：257-261．
[25] http://www.beckman.com/products/pr2.asp (2008/04/20)
[26] http://www.chem.agilent.com/scripts/PHome.asp (2008/04/20)
[27] http://www.picometrics.com/ html/somprod.htm (2008/04/20)
[28] 杨丙成，关亚风，黄威东，车迅．2002．色谱 20：332-334．
[29] 杨丙成，谭峰，关亚风．2004．分析试验室 23：14-16．
[30] 周小棉，戴忠鹏，林炳承．2004．高等学校化学学报，25：436-440．
[31] Hempel G. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:691-698.
[32] Petersson M, Wahlund K G, Nilsson S. 1999. J Chromatogr. A 841:249-261.
[33] Viberg P, Nilsson S, Skog K. 2004. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378:1729-1734.
[34] Zhang P, Xu G, Xiong J, et al. Yang, 2003. J. Sep. Sci. 26:1527.
[35] Strausbauch M A, Landers J P, Wettstein P J. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:306-314.
[36] Knudsen C B, Beattie J H. 1997. J Chromatogr. A 792:463-473.
[37] Bonneil E, Waldron K C. 1999. J. Chromatogr. B 736:273-287.
[38] Rohde E, Tomlinson A J, Johnson D H, Naylor S. 1998. J.Chromatogr. B 713:301-311.
[39] Herring C J, Qin J. 1999. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13:1-7.
[40] Mardones C, Rios A, Valcarcel M. 2001. Electrophoresis 22:484-490.
[41] Whang C W, Pawliszyn J. 1998. Anal. Commun. 35:353-356.
[42] Guzman N A. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:3718-3727.
[43] Schweitz L, Andersson L I, Nilsson S. 1998. J Chromatogr. A 817:5-13.
[44] Chien R L, Burgi D S. 1992. Anal. Chem. 64:1046-1050.
[45] Chien R L, Burgi D S. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:141-152.
[46] Kaniansky D, Marak J. 1990. J. Chromatogr. 498:191-204.
[47] Hadwiger M E, Torchia S R, Park S R, et al. 1996. J. Chromatogr. B 681:241-249.
[48] Xiong Y, Park S R, Swerdlow H. 1998. Anal. Chem. 70:3605-3611.
[49] Britz-McKibbin P, Wong J, Chen D D Y. 1999. J. Chromatogr. A 853:535-540.
[50] Kim J B, Okamoto Y, Terabe S. 2003. J. Chromatogr. A 1018:251-256.
[51] Quirino J P, Terabe S. 1998. Science 282:465-468.
[52] Quirino J P,Terabe S. 1999. Anal. Chem. 71:1638-1644.
[53] Shihabi Z K. 1996. J. Chromatogr. A 744:231-240.
[54] Shihabi Z K, Friedberg M. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 807:129-133.
[55] Cao C X. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 813:153-172.
[56] Cao C X, Zhou S L, He Y Z, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. A 891:337-347.
[57] Cao C X. Zhou S L, He Y Z, et al. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 907:347-352.
[58] Cao C X. Zhou S L, He Y Z, et al. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 922:283-292.
[59] Cao C X, Zhou S L, Qian Y T, et al. 2002. J. Chromatogr. A 952:29-38.
[60] Cao C X, He Y Z, Li M, et al. 2002. J. Chromatogr. A 952:39-46.
[61] Cao C X, He Y Z, Li M, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:4167-4174.
[62] Choi K, Kim Y, Chung D S. 2004. Anal. Chem. 76:855-858.
[63] Ortega C, Cerutti S, Olsina R A. 2004. J. Pharm. and Biomed. Anal. 36:721-727.
[64] Mardones C, Rios A, Valcarcel M. 2000. Anal. Chem. 72:5736-5739.
[65] Yang F J. 1981. J. High Resolut.Chromatogr. Commun. 4;83-85.
[66] Tsuda T, Sweedler J V, Zare R N. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:2149-2152.
[67] Chervet J P, Van Soest R E J, Ursem M. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 543:439-449.
[68] Moring S E, Reel R T, Van Soest R E J. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:3454-3459.
[69] Bruin G J M, Stegeman G, Van Asten A C, et al. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:163-181.
[70] Liang Z, Chiem N, Ocvirk G, et al. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:1040-1046.
[71] Hewlett-Packard Company. 1993. Peak 2:11.
[72] Xue Y, Yeung E S. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:3575-3580.
[73] Djordjevic N M, Widder M, Kuhn R. 1997. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 20:189-192.
[74] Xue Y, Yeung E S. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:1988-1993.
[75] Xue Y, Yeung E S. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:2923-2927.
[76] Ewing A G, Mesaros J M, Gavin P F, Anal. Chem. 66 (1994) 527A-537A.
[77] Huang X J, Fang Z L. 2000. Anal. Chim. Acta 414:1-14.
[78] Jiang H L, He YZ, Zhao Y Q, Hu Y Y, 2004. Anal. Chim. Acta 512:111-119.
[79] Huang X J, Wang S L, Fang Z L. 2002. Anal. Chim. Acta 456:167-175.
[80] Forbes G A, Nieman TA, Sweedler J V. 1997. Anal. Chim. Acta 347:289-293.
[81] Diebold G J, Zare RN. 1977. Science 196:1439-1441.
[82] Gassmann E, Kuo J E, Zare RN, 1985.Science 230:813-814.
[83] 许金钩，王尊本．2006．荧光分析法．第三版．北京：科学出版社，p．18-63．
[84] 张华山，王红，赵媛媛．2002．分子探针与荧光试剂．第一版．北京：科学出版社，p．163-203．
[85] Lakowicz J R. 1983. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. New York. Plenum Press, p.187-214.
[86] Yeung E S, Wang P, Li W, Giese R W. 1992. J. Chromatogr. 608:73-77.
[87] Kurosu Y, Sasaki T, Saito M. 1991. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 14:186-190.
[88] Wu S, Dorvichi N J. 1989. J Chromatogr. 480:141-155.
[89] Cheng Y F, Wu S, Chen D Y, Dovichi N J. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:496-503.
[90] Chen D Y, Swerdlow H P, Harke H R, et al. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:237-246.
[91] Miller K J, Lytle F E. 1993. J. Chromatogr. 648:245-250.
[92] 马养武，陈钰清．2002．激光器件．杭州：浙江大学出版社，p．135-162．
[93] Dorvich N J, Martin J C, Jett J H, Keller R A. 1983. Science 219:845-847.
[94] Cheng Y F, Dovichi N J. 1988. Science 242:562-564.
[95] Hernandez L, Escalona J, Joshi N, Guzman N. 1991 J. Chromatogr. 559:183-196.
[96] Jansson M, Roeraade J, Laurell F. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:2766-2769.
[97] Hill E K, Mello de A J. 2000. Analyst 125:1033-1036.
[98] Sweedler J V, Shear J B, Fishman H A, et al. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:496-502.
[99] Taylor J A, Yeung E S. 1992. Anal. Chem. 64:1741-1744.
[100] Taylor J A, Yeung E S. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:956-960.
[101] Bardelmeijer H A, Waterval J, Lingeman H, et al. 1997. Electrophoresis 18:2214-2227.
[102] Waterval J C M, Lingeman H, Bult A, et al. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:4029-4045.
[103] Underberg W J M., Waterval J C M. 2002. Electrophoresis 23:3922-3933.
[104] Craig D B, Arriaga E A, Wong J C Y, et al. 1998. Anal. Chem. 7039A-43A.
[105] Lau S K, Zaccardo F, Little M, Banks P. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 809:203-210.
[106] Rose Jr D J, Jorgenson J W. 1988. J. Chromatogr. 447:117-131.
[107] Nickerson B, Jorgenson J W. 1989.J. Chromatogr. 480:157-168.
[108] Zhang L, Yeung E S. 1996. J. Chromatogr. A 734:331-337.
[109] Feltus A, Hentz N G, Daunert S. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 918:381-392.
[110] Rose Jr DJ. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 540:343-353.
[111] Oldenburg K E, Xi X, Sweedler J V. 1997. Analyst 122:1581-1585.
[112] Nirode W F, Staller T D, Cole R O, Sepaniak M J. 1998. Anal. Chem. 70:182-186.
[113] Coble P G, Timperman A T. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 829:309-315.
[114] Ye M, Hu S, Quigley W W C, Dovichi N J. 2004. J. Chromatogr. A 1022:201-206.
[115] Ye M, Hu S, Schoenherr R M, Dovichi N J. 2004. Electrophoresis 25:1319-1326.
[116] Pentoney Jr S L, Huang X, Burgi D S, Zare RN. 1988. Anal. Chem. 60:2625-2629.
[117] Albin M, Weinberger R, Sapp E, Moring S. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:417-422.
[118] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 716:123-133.
[119] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1997. Anal. Chem. 69:4010-4016.
[120] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 814:213-221.
[121] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1998. Anal. Chim. Acta 371:269-277.
[122] Abler J K, Reddy K R, Lee C S. 1997. J. Chromatogr. A 759:139-147.
[123] Kelly J A, Reddy K R, Lee C S. 1997. Anal. Chem. 69:5152-5158.
[124] Kostel K L, Lunte S M. 1997. J. Chromatogr. B 695:27-38.
[125] Wei H, Li S F Y. 1998. Anal. Chem.70:5097-5102.
[126] Hardy S, Jones P, Riviello J M, Avdalovic N. 1999. J. Chromatogr. A 834:309-320.
[127] Rezenom Y H, Lancaster III J M, Pittman J L, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:1572-1577.
[128] Jacobson S C, Koutny L B, Hergenroder R, et al. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:3472-3476.
[129] Gottschlich N, Culbertson C T, McKnight T E, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. B. 745:243-249.
[130] Fluri K, Fitzpatrick G, Chiem N, Harrison D J. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:4285-4290.
[131] Sieben V J, Backhouse C J. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:4729-4742.
[132] Tsuda T, Kobayashi Y. 1988. J. Chromatogr. 456:375-381.
[133] Stead DA. 2000. J. Chromatogr. B 747:69-93.
[134] Hernandez M, Borrull F, Calull N, 2003. Trends Anal. Chem. 22:416-427.
[135] Hardman J G, Limbird L E (Eds.). 2001. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10~(th) Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 1219.
[136] 中国药典二部．1900．北京：化学工业出版社，附录p．113．
[137] Lin C C, Veals J, Korduba C, Hilbert M J, Nomeir A. 1997. Therap. Drug Monit. 19:675.
[138] Haasnoot W, Stouten P, Cazemier H, et al. 1999. Analyst 124:301-305.
[139] White L O. 1998. Therap. Drug Monit. 20:464-468.
[140] Touw D J, de Graaf A I, de Goede P. 1996. Therap. Drug Monit. 18:189-193.
[141] Wild D, Davies C, Wild D. (Eds.). 1994. The Immunoassay Handbook, Stockton Press, NewYork, p.49.
[142] Roets E, Adams E, Muriithi I G, et al. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 696:131-138.
[143] Preu M, Guyot D, Petz M, 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 818:95-108.
[144] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006. J. Chromatogr. A 1117:176-183.
[145] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006 J. Chromatogr. B 843:20-24.
[146] Guo M X, Wrisley L, Maygoo E. 2006. Anal. Chim. Acta 571:12-16.
[147] Bogialli S, Curini R, Di Corcia A, et al. 2005 J. Chromatogr. A 1067:93-100.
[148] Ackermans M T, Everaerts F M, Beekers J L. 1992. J. Chromatogr. 606:229-235.
[149] Flure C L., Wolnik K A. 1994. J. Chromatogr. A 663:259-263.
[150] Flurer C L. 1995. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13:809-816.
[151] Wienen F, Holzgrabe U. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:2948-2957.
[152] Yeh H H, Lin S J, Ko J Y, et al. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:947-953.
[153] Kaale E, Leonard S, Van Schepdael A, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. A 895:67-79.
[154] Kaale E, Long Y, Fonge H A, et al. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:640-647.
[155] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, et al. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 924:451-458.
[156] Long Y H, Hernandez M, Kaale E, et al. 2003, J. Chromatogr. B 784:255-264.
[157] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, et al. 2002. Electrophoresis 23:1695-1701.
[158] Kaale E, Van Goidsenhoven E, Van Schepdael A, et al. 2001. Electrophoresis22:2746-2754.
[159] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E. et al. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:1119-1125.
[160] Curiel H, Vanderaerden W, Velez H, et al. 2007. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44:49-56.
[161] Yuan L L, Wei H P, Li S F Y. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:196-201.
[162] Yuan L L, Wei H P, Feng H T, et al. 2006. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385:1575-1579.
[163] Law W S, Kuban P, Yuan L L, et al. 2006. Electrophoresis 27:1932-1938.
[164] Fang X M, Ye J N, Fang Y Z. 1996. Anal. Chim. Acta 329:49-55.
[165] Voegel P D, Baldwin R P. 1997. Electroanalysis 9:1145-1151.
[166] Yang W C, Yu A M, Chen H Y. 2001. J. Chroinatogr. A 905:309-318.
[167] Oguri S, Miki Y. 1996. J. Chromatogr. B 686:205-210.
[168] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006. Electrophoresis 27:4703-4710.
[1] Guzman N A. (Eds.) 1993. Capillary Electrophoresis Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Chapter 19, p.605-614.
[2] 汪尔康．1999．21世纪的分析化学．北京：科学出版社，p．102-111．
[3] 马养武，陈钰清．2002．激光器件．杭州：浙江大学出版社，p．135-162．
[4] 张华山，王红，赵媛媛．2002．分子探针与检测试剂．北京：科学出版社，p．349-429．
[5] 许金钩，王尊本．2006．荧光分析法．北京：科学出版社，p．18-48．
[6] 杨丙成，谭峰，关亚风．2004．分析试验室 23：14-16．
[7] Dorvich N J, Martin J C, Jett J H,Keller R.A. 1983. Science 219:845-847.
[8] Gassmann E, Kuo J E, Zare R N, 1985. Science 230:813-814.
[9] Cheng Y F, Dovichi N J. 1988. Science 242:562-564.
[10] Wu S, Dorvichi N J. 1989. J Chromatogr. 480:141-155.
[11] Yeung E S, Wang P, Li W., Giese R W. 1992. J Chromatogr. 608:73-77.
[12] Sweedler J V, Shear J B, Fishman H A, et al. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:496-502.
[13] Taylor J A, Yeung E S. 1992. Anal. Chem. 64:1741-1744.
[14] Taylor J A, Yeung E S. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:956-960.
[15] Hernandez L, Escalona J, Joshi N, Guzman N. 1991. J Chromatogr. 559:183-196.
[16] Jansson M, Roeraade J, Laurell F. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:2766-2769.
[17] Hill E K, de Mello A J. 2000. Analyst 125:1033-1036.
[18] 杨丙成，关亚风，黄威东，车迅．2002．色谱 20：332-334．
[19] 周小棉，戴忠鹏，林炳承．2004．高等学校化学学报 25：436-440．
[20] Cataldi T R I, Nardiello D, Benedetto De G E, et al. 2002. J. Chromatogr. A 968:229-239.
[21] Wilson T. 1989. J. Microscopy 154:143-156.
[22] 张晓彤，云自厚．2000．液相色谱检测方法．北京：化学工业出版社，p．91-92．
[1] Hempel G. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:691-698.
[2] Weston A, Brown P R. 1997. HPLC and CE: Principles and Practice. San Diego: AcademicPress, Chapter 6, p.185-213.
[3] Waterval J C M, Lingeman H, Bult A, et al. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:4029-4045.
[4] Underberg W J M, Waterval J C M. 2002. Electrophoresis 23:3922-3933.
[5] Zhu R, Kok W T, 1998. J. Pharm Biomed. Anal. 17:985-999.
[6] Rose Jr D J, Jorgenson J W. 1988. J. Chromatogr. 447:117-131.
[7] Nickerson B, Jorgenson J W. 1989.J. Chromatogr. 480:157-168.
[8] Emmer A, Roeraade J. 1994. J. Chromatogr. A 662:375-381.
[9] Zhang L. Yeung E S. 1996. J. Chromatogr. A 734:331-337.
[10] Feltus A, Hentz N G, Daunert S. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 918:381-392.
[11] Oldenburg K E, Xi X, Sweedler J V. 1997. Analyst 122:1581-1585.
[12] Nirode W F, Staller T D, Cole R O, Sepaniak M J. 1998. Anal. Chem. 70:182-186.
[13] Coble P G, Timperman A T. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 829:309-315.
[14] Ye M, Hu S, Quigley W W C, Dovichi N J. 2004.J. Chromatogr. A 1022:201-206.
[15] Rose Jr DJ. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 540:343-353.
[16] Pentoney Jr S L, Huang X, Burgi D S, Zare RN. 1988. Anal. Chem. 60:2625-2629.
[17] Albin M, Weinberger R, Sapp E, Moring S. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:417-422.
[18] Emmer A, Roeraade J. 1994. Chromatographia. 39:271-278.
[19] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 716:123-133.
[20] Abler J K, Reddy K R, Lee C S. 1997. J. Chromatogr. A 759:139-147.
[21] Kostel K L, Lunte S M. 1997. J. Chromatogr. B 695:27-38.
[22] Wei H, Li S F Y. 1998. Anal. Chem.70:5097-5102.
[23] Hardy S, Jones P, Riviello J M, Avdalovic N. 1999. J. Chromatogr. A 834:309-320.
[24] Rezenom Y H, Lancaster III J M, Pittman J L, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:1572-1577.
[25] Jacobson S C, Koutny L B, Hergenroder R, et al. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:3472-3476.
[26] Fluri K, Fitzpatrick G, Chiem N, Harrison D J. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:4285-4290.
[27] Gottschlich N, Culbertson C T, McKnight T E, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. B 745:243-249.
[28] Sieben V J, Backhouse C J. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:4729-4742.
[29] Wu S, Dovichi N J. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:141-155.
[30] Cheng Y F, Wu S, Chen D Y, Dovichi N J. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:496-503.
[31] Kuhr W G, Licklider L, Amankwa L. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:277-282.
[32] Bird R B, Stewart W E, Lightfoot E N. 2002. Transport Phenomena. New York: Wiley, Chapter 2, p.40-74.
[33] Shen Z Y. 2003. Chin. J. Food Sci. 23:33-35.
[1] Hardman J G, Limbird L E (Eds.). 2001. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics. 10~(th) Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 1219.
[2] Stead D A. 2000. J. Chromatogr. B 747:69-93.
[3] Roets E, Adams E, Muriithi I G, et al. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 696:131-138.
[4] Preu M, Guyot D, Petz M. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 818:95-108.
[5] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006. J. Chromatogr. B 843:20-24.
[6] Guo M X, Wrisley L, Maygoo E. 2006. Anal. Chim. Acta 571:12-16.
[7] Bogialli S, Curini R, Corcia Di A, et al. 2005. J. Chromatogr. A 1067:93-100.
[8] Ackermans M T, Everaerts F M, Beekers J L. 1992. J. Chromatogr. 606:229-235.
[9] Flurer C L. 1995. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13:809-816.
[10] Wienen F, Holzgrabe U. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:2948-2957.
[11] Yeh H H, Lin S J, Ko J Y, et al. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:947-953.
[12] Kaale E, Leonard S, Van Schepdael A, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. A 895:67-79.
[13] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, et al. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 924:451-458.
[14] Kaale E, Van Goidsenhoven E, Van Schepdael A, et al. 2001. Electrophoresis 22:2746-2754.
[15] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, et al. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:1119-1125.
[16] Yuan L L, Wei H P, Li S F Y. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:196-201.
[17] Yuan L L, Wei H P, Feng H T, et al. 2006. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385:1575-1579.
[18] Law W S, Kuban P, Yuan L L, et al. 2006. Electrophoresis 27:1932-1938.
[19] Fang X M, Ye J N, Fang Y Z. 1996. Anal. Chim. Acta 329:49-55.
[20] Voegel P D, Baldwin R P. 1997. Electroanalysis 9:1145-1151.
[21] Yang W C, Yu A M, Chen H Y. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 905:309-318.
[22] Oguri S, Miki Y. 1996. J. Chromatogr. B 686:205-210.
[23] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006. Electrophoresis 27:4703-4710.
[24] Nickerson B, Jorgenson J W. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:157.
[25] Rose Jr D J, Jorgenson J W. 1988. J. Chromatogr. 447:117.
[26] Albin M, Weinberger R, Sapp E, et al. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:417.
[27] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 716:123-133.
[28] Zhang L, Yeung E S. 1996. J. Chromatogr. A 734:331-337.
[29] Oldenburg K E, Xi X, Sweedler J V. 1997. Analyst 122:1581.
[30] Kostel K L, Lunte S M. 1997. J. Chromatogr. B 695:27-38.
[31] Wei H, Li S F Y. 1998. Anal. Chem.70:5097-5102.
[32] Feltus A, Hentz N G, Daunert S. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 918:381-392.
[33] Rezenom Y H, Lancaster J M III, Pittman J L, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:1572-1577.
[34] Ye M, Hu S, Quigley W W C, et al. 2004. J. Chromatogr. A 1022:201-206.
[35] Ye M, Hu S, Schoenherr R M, et al. 2004. Electrophoresis 25:13191326.
[36] Nirode W F, Staller T D, Cole R O, et al. 1998. Anal. Chem. 70:182-186.
[37] Sieben V J, Backhouse C J. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:4729-4742.
[38] Yu C Z, He Y Z, Han F, et al. 2007. J. Chromatogr. A 1171.133-139.
[39] Perrin D D, Dempsey B. 1974. Buffers for pH and Metal Ion Control, 1~(st) Ed. London:Chapman and Hall, Appendix Ⅱ p. 156.
[40] Kane R S, Glink P T, Chapman R G, et al. 2001. Anal. Chem. 73:4028-4036.
[1] Hempel G. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:691 -698.
[2] Tsuda T, Sweedler JV, Zare RN. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:2149-2152.
[3] Chervet JP, Van Soest REJ, Ursem M. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 543:439-449.
[4] Moring SE, Reel RT, Van Soest REJ. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65: 3454-3459.
[5] Bruin GJM, Stegeman G, Van Asten AC, et al. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:163-81.
[6] Liang Z, Chiem N, Ocvirk G, et al. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:1040-046.
[7] Hewlett-Packard Company. 1993. Peak 2:11.
[8] Xue Y, Yeung ES. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:3575-3580.
[9] Tseng WL, Lin YW, Chen KC, et al. 2002. Electrophoresis 23:2477-2484.
[10] Djordjevic NM, Widder M, Kuhn R. 1997. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 20:189-192.
[11] Lord GA, Gordon DB, Myers P, et al. 1997. J. Chromatogr. A 768:9-16.
[12] Xue Y, Yeung ES. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:1988-1993.
[13] Xue Y, Yeung ES. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:2923-2927.
[14] Wu S, Dovichi NJ. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:141-155.
[15] Chen DY, Swerdlow HP, Harke HR, et al. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:237-246.
[16] Diebold GJ, Zare RN. 1977. Science 196:1439-1441.
[17] Liu H, Dasgupta PK. 1997. Microchemical J. 57:127-136.
[18] Miller KE, Synovec RE. 2000. Talanta 51:921-933.
[19] Liu H, Dasgupta PK. 1995. Anal. Chem. 67:4221-4228.
[20] Liu H, Dasgupta PK. 1996. Anal. Chim. Acta 326:13-22.
[21] Cabalin LM, Ruperez A, Laserna JJ. 1996. Anal. Chim. Acta 318:203-210.
[22] Yang RH, Wang KM, Xiao D, et al. 2000. Analyst 125:877-882.
[23] Yang RH, Wang KM, Xiao D, et al. 2001. Anal. Chim. Acta 432:135-141.
[24] Feng F, Wang K, Chen Z, et al. 2004. Anal. Chim. Acta. 527:187-193.
[25] Chen PC, Joyner CC, Patrick ST, et al. 2003. Anal. Chem. 75:3066-3072.
[26] Xu J, Yang BC, Tian HZ, et al. 2006. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 384:1590-1593.
[27] Cassidy RM, Lu W, Tse VP. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:2578-2583.
[28] Pentoney Jr SL, Huang X, Burgi DS, et al. 1988. Anal. Chem. 60:2625-2629.
[29] Albin M, Weinberger R, Sapp E, et al. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:417-422.
[30] Emmer A, Roeraade J. 1994. Chromatographia 39:271-278.
[31] Zhu R, Kok WT. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 716:123-133.
[32] Abler JK, Reddy KR, Lee CS. 1997. J. Chromatogr. A 759:139-147.
[33] Kostel KL, Lunte SM. 1997. J. Chromatogr. B 695:27-38.
[34] Wei H, Li SFY. 1998. Anal. Chem.70:5097-5102.
[35] Hardy S, Jones P, Riviello JM, et al. 1999. J. Chromatogr. A 834:309-320.
[36] Rezenom YH, Lancaster III JM, Pittman JL, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:1572-1577.
[37] Kuhr WG, Licklider L, Amankwa L. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:277-282.
[38] Yu CZ, He YZ, Han F, et al. 2007. J. Chromatogr. A 1171:133-139.
[39] Gliszczynska-Swiglo A, Koziolowa A. 2000. J. Chromatogr. A 881:285-297.
[40] Cataldi TRI, Nardiello D, Carrara V, et al. 2003. Food Chemistry. 82:309-314.
[41] Cataldi TRI, Nardiello D, De Benedetto GE, et al. 2002. J. Chromatogr. A 968:229-239.
[42] Perez-Ruiz T, Martinez-Lozano C, Sanz A, et al. 2001. Electrophoresis 22:1170-1174.
[43] Alonso M, Finn EJ. 1967. Fundamental University Physics. Menlo Park, CA:Addison-Wesley, p. 442-446.
[2] Jorgenson J W, Lukacs K D. 1981. Anal. Chem. 53:1298-1302.
[3] Hjerten S. 1983. J. Chromatogr. 271:1-6.
[4] Terabe S, Otsuka K, Ichikawa K. 1984. Anal. Chem. 56:111-122.
[5] Hjerten S. 1985. J. Chromatogr. 347:191-198.
[6] Hjerten S, Eblebring K, Kilar F, et al. 1987. J. Chromatogr. 403:47-61.
[7] Tsuda T, Nomura K, Nakagawa G. 1982. J. Chromatogr. 248:241-247.
[8] Chu Y H, Whitesides G M. 1992. J. Org. Chem. Chromatogr. 57:3524-3525.
[9] Bjomsdottir I, Hansen S H. 1995. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13:1473-1481.
[10] Roberts G O, Rhodes P H, Snyder R S. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:35-67.
[11] Giddings J C. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:21-33.
[12] Foley J P. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:1302-1308.
[13] Rasmussen H T, McNair H M. 1990. J. Chromatogr. 516:223-231.
[14] Khaledi M G, Smith S C, Strasters J K. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:1820-1830.
[15] Grushka E, McCormick R M, Kirkland J J. 1989. Anal. Chem. 61:241-246.
[16] Green J S, Jorgenson J W. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 478:63-70.
[17] Guzman N A. (Eds.) 1993. Capillary Electrophoresis Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Chapter 20-30. p. 617-841.
[18] 邓延倬，何金兰．1996．高效毛细管电泳．北京：科学出版社，p．272-345．
[19] 陈义．2000．毛细管电泳技术及应用．北京：化学工业出版社，p．103-221．
[20] 邹汉法，刘震，叶明亮，张玉奎．2001．毛细管电色谱及其应用．北京：科学出版社， p.165-203．
[21] 方肇伦．2003．微流控分析芯片．北京：科学出版社，p．312-361．
[22] 汪尔康．1999．21世纪的分析化学．北京：科学出版社，p．102-111．
[23] Jorgenson J W，Lukas K D．1988．Science 222：266-272．
[24] 马明生，韩慧婉，刘国诠．1995．色谱13：257-261．
[25] http://www.beckman.com/products/pr2.asp (2008/04/20)
[26] http://www.chem.agilent.com/scripts/PHome.asp (2008/04/20)
[27] http://www.picometrics.com/ html/somprod.htm (2008/04/20)
[28] 杨丙成，关亚风，黄威东，车迅．2002．色谱 20：332-334．
[29] 杨丙成，谭峰，关亚风．2004．分析试验室 23：14-16．
[30] 周小棉，戴忠鹏，林炳承．2004．高等学校化学学报，25：436-440．
[31] Hempel G. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:691-698.
[32] Petersson M, Wahlund K G, Nilsson S. 1999. J Chromatogr. A 841:249-261.
[33] Viberg P, Nilsson S, Skog K. 2004. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378:1729-1734.
[34] Zhang P, Xu G, Xiong J, et al. Yang, 2003. J. Sep. Sci. 26:1527.
[35] Strausbauch M A, Landers J P, Wettstein P J. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:306-314.
[36] Knudsen C B, Beattie J H. 1997. J Chromatogr. A 792:463-473.
[37] Bonneil E, Waldron K C. 1999. J. Chromatogr. B 736:273-287.
[38] Rohde E, Tomlinson A J, Johnson D H, Naylor S. 1998. J.Chromatogr. B 713:301-311.
[39] Herring C J, Qin J. 1999. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13:1-7.
[40] Mardones C, Rios A, Valcarcel M. 2001. Electrophoresis 22:484-490.
[41] Whang C W, Pawliszyn J. 1998. Anal. Commun. 35:353-356.
[42] Guzman N A. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:3718-3727.
[43] Schweitz L, Andersson L I, Nilsson S. 1998. J Chromatogr. A 817:5-13.
[44] Chien R L, Burgi D S. 1992. Anal. Chem. 64:1046-1050.
[45] Chien R L, Burgi D S. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:141-152.
[46] Kaniansky D, Marak J. 1990. J. Chromatogr. 498:191-204.
[47] Hadwiger M E, Torchia S R, Park S R, et al. 1996. J. Chromatogr. B 681:241-249.
[48] Xiong Y, Park S R, Swerdlow H. 1998. Anal. Chem. 70:3605-3611.
[49] Britz-McKibbin P, Wong J, Chen D D Y. 1999. J. Chromatogr. A 853:535-540.
[50] Kim J B, Okamoto Y, Terabe S. 2003. J. Chromatogr. A 1018:251-256.
[51] Quirino J P, Terabe S. 1998. Science 282:465-468.
[52] Quirino J P,Terabe S. 1999. Anal. Chem. 71:1638-1644.
[53] Shihabi Z K. 1996. J. Chromatogr. A 744:231-240.
[54] Shihabi Z K, Friedberg M. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 807:129-133.
[55] Cao C X. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 813:153-172.
[56] Cao C X, Zhou S L, He Y Z, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. A 891:337-347.
[57] Cao C X. Zhou S L, He Y Z, et al. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 907:347-352.
[58] Cao C X. Zhou S L, He Y Z, et al. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 922:283-292.
[59] Cao C X, Zhou S L, Qian Y T, et al. 2002. J. Chromatogr. A 952:29-38.
[60] Cao C X, He Y Z, Li M, et al. 2002. J. Chromatogr. A 952:39-46.
[61] Cao C X, He Y Z, Li M, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:4167-4174.
[62] Choi K, Kim Y, Chung D S. 2004. Anal. Chem. 76:855-858.
[63] Ortega C, Cerutti S, Olsina R A. 2004. J. Pharm. and Biomed. Anal. 36:721-727.
[64] Mardones C, Rios A, Valcarcel M. 2000. Anal. Chem. 72:5736-5739.
[65] Yang F J. 1981. J. High Resolut.Chromatogr. Commun. 4;83-85.
[66] Tsuda T, Sweedler J V, Zare R N. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:2149-2152.
[67] Chervet J P, Van Soest R E J, Ursem M. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 543:439-449.
[68] Moring S E, Reel R T, Van Soest R E J. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:3454-3459.
[69] Bruin G J M, Stegeman G, Van Asten A C, et al. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:163-181.
[70] Liang Z, Chiem N, Ocvirk G, et al. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:1040-1046.
[71] Hewlett-Packard Company. 1993. Peak 2:11.
[72] Xue Y, Yeung E S. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:3575-3580.
[73] Djordjevic N M, Widder M, Kuhn R. 1997. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 20:189-192.
[74] Xue Y, Yeung E S. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:1988-1993.
[75] Xue Y, Yeung E S. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:2923-2927.
[76] Ewing A G, Mesaros J M, Gavin P F, Anal. Chem. 66 (1994) 527A-537A.
[77] Huang X J, Fang Z L. 2000. Anal. Chim. Acta 414:1-14.
[78] Jiang H L, He YZ, Zhao Y Q, Hu Y Y, 2004. Anal. Chim. Acta 512:111-119.
[79] Huang X J, Wang S L, Fang Z L. 2002. Anal. Chim. Acta 456:167-175.
[80] Forbes G A, Nieman TA, Sweedler J V. 1997. Anal. Chim. Acta 347:289-293.
[81] Diebold G J, Zare RN. 1977. Science 196:1439-1441.
[82] Gassmann E, Kuo J E, Zare RN, 1985.Science 230:813-814.
[83] 许金钩，王尊本．2006．荧光分析法．第三版．北京：科学出版社，p．18-63．
[84] 张华山，王红，赵媛媛．2002．分子探针与荧光试剂．第一版．北京：科学出版社，p．163-203．
[85] Lakowicz J R. 1983. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. New York. Plenum Press, p.187-214.
[86] Yeung E S, Wang P, Li W, Giese R W. 1992. J. Chromatogr. 608:73-77.
[87] Kurosu Y, Sasaki T, Saito M. 1991. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 14:186-190.
[88] Wu S, Dorvichi N J. 1989. J Chromatogr. 480:141-155.
[89] Cheng Y F, Wu S, Chen D Y, Dovichi N J. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:496-503.
[90] Chen D Y, Swerdlow H P, Harke H R, et al. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:237-246.
[91] Miller K J, Lytle F E. 1993. J. Chromatogr. 648:245-250.
[92] 马养武，陈钰清．2002．激光器件．杭州：浙江大学出版社，p．135-162．
[93] Dorvich N J, Martin J C, Jett J H, Keller R A. 1983. Science 219:845-847.
[94] Cheng Y F, Dovichi N J. 1988. Science 242:562-564.
[95] Hernandez L, Escalona J, Joshi N, Guzman N. 1991 J. Chromatogr. 559:183-196.
[96] Jansson M, Roeraade J, Laurell F. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:2766-2769.
[97] Hill E K, Mello de A J. 2000. Analyst 125:1033-1036.
[98] Sweedler J V, Shear J B, Fishman H A, et al. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:496-502.
[99] Taylor J A, Yeung E S. 1992. Anal. Chem. 64:1741-1744.
[100] Taylor J A, Yeung E S. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:956-960.
[101] Bardelmeijer H A, Waterval J, Lingeman H, et al. 1997. Electrophoresis 18:2214-2227.
[102] Waterval J C M, Lingeman H, Bult A, et al. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:4029-4045.
[103] Underberg W J M., Waterval J C M. 2002. Electrophoresis 23:3922-3933.
[104] Craig D B, Arriaga E A, Wong J C Y, et al. 1998. Anal. Chem. 7039A-43A.
[105] Lau S K, Zaccardo F, Little M, Banks P. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 809:203-210.
[106] Rose Jr D J, Jorgenson J W. 1988. J. Chromatogr. 447:117-131.
[107] Nickerson B, Jorgenson J W. 1989.J. Chromatogr. 480:157-168.
[108] Zhang L, Yeung E S. 1996. J. Chromatogr. A 734:331-337.
[109] Feltus A, Hentz N G, Daunert S. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 918:381-392.
[110] Rose Jr DJ. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 540:343-353.
[111] Oldenburg K E, Xi X, Sweedler J V. 1997. Analyst 122:1581-1585.
[112] Nirode W F, Staller T D, Cole R O, Sepaniak M J. 1998. Anal. Chem. 70:182-186.
[113] Coble P G, Timperman A T. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 829:309-315.
[114] Ye M, Hu S, Quigley W W C, Dovichi N J. 2004. J. Chromatogr. A 1022:201-206.
[115] Ye M, Hu S, Schoenherr R M, Dovichi N J. 2004. Electrophoresis 25:1319-1326.
[116] Pentoney Jr S L, Huang X, Burgi D S, Zare RN. 1988. Anal. Chem. 60:2625-2629.
[117] Albin M, Weinberger R, Sapp E, Moring S. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:417-422.
[118] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 716:123-133.
[119] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1997. Anal. Chem. 69:4010-4016.
[120] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 814:213-221.
[121] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1998. Anal. Chim. Acta 371:269-277.
[122] Abler J K, Reddy K R, Lee C S. 1997. J. Chromatogr. A 759:139-147.
[123] Kelly J A, Reddy K R, Lee C S. 1997. Anal. Chem. 69:5152-5158.
[124] Kostel K L, Lunte S M. 1997. J. Chromatogr. B 695:27-38.
[125] Wei H, Li S F Y. 1998. Anal. Chem.70:5097-5102.
[126] Hardy S, Jones P, Riviello J M, Avdalovic N. 1999. J. Chromatogr. A 834:309-320.
[127] Rezenom Y H, Lancaster III J M, Pittman J L, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:1572-1577.
[128] Jacobson S C, Koutny L B, Hergenroder R, et al. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:3472-3476.
[129] Gottschlich N, Culbertson C T, McKnight T E, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. B. 745:243-249.
[130] Fluri K, Fitzpatrick G, Chiem N, Harrison D J. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:4285-4290.
[131] Sieben V J, Backhouse C J. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:4729-4742.
[132] Tsuda T, Kobayashi Y. 1988. J. Chromatogr. 456:375-381.
[133] Stead DA. 2000. J. Chromatogr. B 747:69-93.
[134] Hernandez M, Borrull F, Calull N, 2003. Trends Anal. Chem. 22:416-427.
[135] Hardman J G, Limbird L E (Eds.). 2001. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10~(th) Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 1219.
[136] 中国药典二部．1900．北京：化学工业出版社，附录p．113．
[137] Lin C C, Veals J, Korduba C, Hilbert M J, Nomeir A. 1997. Therap. Drug Monit. 19:675.
[138] Haasnoot W, Stouten P, Cazemier H, et al. 1999. Analyst 124:301-305.
[139] White L O. 1998. Therap. Drug Monit. 20:464-468.
[140] Touw D J, de Graaf A I, de Goede P. 1996. Therap. Drug Monit. 18:189-193.
[141] Wild D, Davies C, Wild D. (Eds.). 1994. The Immunoassay Handbook, Stockton Press, NewYork, p.49.
[142] Roets E, Adams E, Muriithi I G, et al. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 696:131-138.
[143] Preu M, Guyot D, Petz M, 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 818:95-108.
[144] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006. J. Chromatogr. A 1117:176-183.
[145] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006 J. Chromatogr. B 843:20-24.
[146] Guo M X, Wrisley L, Maygoo E. 2006. Anal. Chim. Acta 571:12-16.
[147] Bogialli S, Curini R, Di Corcia A, et al. 2005 J. Chromatogr. A 1067:93-100.
[148] Ackermans M T, Everaerts F M, Beekers J L. 1992. J. Chromatogr. 606:229-235.
[149] Flure C L., Wolnik K A. 1994. J. Chromatogr. A 663:259-263.
[150] Flurer C L. 1995. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13:809-816.
[151] Wienen F, Holzgrabe U. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:2948-2957.
[152] Yeh H H, Lin S J, Ko J Y, et al. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:947-953.
[153] Kaale E, Leonard S, Van Schepdael A, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. A 895:67-79.
[154] Kaale E, Long Y, Fonge H A, et al. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:640-647.
[155] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, et al. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 924:451-458.
[156] Long Y H, Hernandez M, Kaale E, et al. 2003, J. Chromatogr. B 784:255-264.
[157] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, et al. 2002. Electrophoresis 23:1695-1701.
[158] Kaale E, Van Goidsenhoven E, Van Schepdael A, et al. 2001. Electrophoresis22:2746-2754.
[159] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E. et al. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:1119-1125.
[160] Curiel H, Vanderaerden W, Velez H, et al. 2007. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44:49-56.
[161] Yuan L L, Wei H P, Li S F Y. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:196-201.
[162] Yuan L L, Wei H P, Feng H T, et al. 2006. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385:1575-1579.
[163] Law W S, Kuban P, Yuan L L, et al. 2006. Electrophoresis 27:1932-1938.
[164] Fang X M, Ye J N, Fang Y Z. 1996. Anal. Chim. Acta 329:49-55.
[165] Voegel P D, Baldwin R P. 1997. Electroanalysis 9:1145-1151.
[166] Yang W C, Yu A M, Chen H Y. 2001. J. Chroinatogr. A 905:309-318.
[167] Oguri S, Miki Y. 1996. J. Chromatogr. B 686:205-210.
[168] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006. Electrophoresis 27:4703-4710.
[1] Guzman N A. (Eds.) 1993. Capillary Electrophoresis Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Chapter 19, p.605-614.
[2] 汪尔康．1999．21世纪的分析化学．北京：科学出版社，p．102-111．
[3] 马养武，陈钰清．2002．激光器件．杭州：浙江大学出版社，p．135-162．
[4] 张华山，王红，赵媛媛．2002．分子探针与检测试剂．北京：科学出版社，p．349-429．
[5] 许金钩，王尊本．2006．荧光分析法．北京：科学出版社，p．18-48．
[6] 杨丙成，谭峰，关亚风．2004．分析试验室 23：14-16．
[7] Dorvich N J, Martin J C, Jett J H,Keller R.A. 1983. Science 219:845-847.
[8] Gassmann E, Kuo J E, Zare R N, 1985. Science 230:813-814.
[9] Cheng Y F, Dovichi N J. 1988. Science 242:562-564.
[10] Wu S, Dorvichi N J. 1989. J Chromatogr. 480:141-155.
[11] Yeung E S, Wang P, Li W., Giese R W. 1992. J Chromatogr. 608:73-77.
[12] Sweedler J V, Shear J B, Fishman H A, et al. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:496-502.
[13] Taylor J A, Yeung E S. 1992. Anal. Chem. 64:1741-1744.
[14] Taylor J A, Yeung E S. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:956-960.
[15] Hernandez L, Escalona J, Joshi N, Guzman N. 1991. J Chromatogr. 559:183-196.
[16] Jansson M, Roeraade J, Laurell F. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:2766-2769.
[17] Hill E K, de Mello A J. 2000. Analyst 125:1033-1036.
[18] 杨丙成，关亚风，黄威东，车迅．2002．色谱 20：332-334．
[19] 周小棉，戴忠鹏，林炳承．2004．高等学校化学学报 25：436-440．
[20] Cataldi T R I, Nardiello D, Benedetto De G E, et al. 2002. J. Chromatogr. A 968:229-239.
[21] Wilson T. 1989. J. Microscopy 154:143-156.
[22] 张晓彤，云自厚．2000．液相色谱检测方法．北京：化学工业出版社，p．91-92．
[1] Hempel G. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:691-698.
[2] Weston A, Brown P R. 1997. HPLC and CE: Principles and Practice. San Diego: AcademicPress, Chapter 6, p.185-213.
[3] Waterval J C M, Lingeman H, Bult A, et al. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:4029-4045.
[4] Underberg W J M, Waterval J C M. 2002. Electrophoresis 23:3922-3933.
[5] Zhu R, Kok W T, 1998. J. Pharm Biomed. Anal. 17:985-999.
[6] Rose Jr D J, Jorgenson J W. 1988. J. Chromatogr. 447:117-131.
[7] Nickerson B, Jorgenson J W. 1989.J. Chromatogr. 480:157-168.
[8] Emmer A, Roeraade J. 1994. J. Chromatogr. A 662:375-381.
[9] Zhang L. Yeung E S. 1996. J. Chromatogr. A 734:331-337.
[10] Feltus A, Hentz N G, Daunert S. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 918:381-392.
[11] Oldenburg K E, Xi X, Sweedler J V. 1997. Analyst 122:1581-1585.
[12] Nirode W F, Staller T D, Cole R O, Sepaniak M J. 1998. Anal. Chem. 70:182-186.
[13] Coble P G, Timperman A T. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 829:309-315.
[14] Ye M, Hu S, Quigley W W C, Dovichi N J. 2004.J. Chromatogr. A 1022:201-206.
[15] Rose Jr DJ. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 540:343-353.
[16] Pentoney Jr S L, Huang X, Burgi D S, Zare RN. 1988. Anal. Chem. 60:2625-2629.
[17] Albin M, Weinberger R, Sapp E, Moring S. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:417-422.
[18] Emmer A, Roeraade J. 1994. Chromatographia. 39:271-278.
[19] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 716:123-133.
[20] Abler J K, Reddy K R, Lee C S. 1997. J. Chromatogr. A 759:139-147.
[21] Kostel K L, Lunte S M. 1997. J. Chromatogr. B 695:27-38.
[22] Wei H, Li S F Y. 1998. Anal. Chem.70:5097-5102.
[23] Hardy S, Jones P, Riviello J M, Avdalovic N. 1999. J. Chromatogr. A 834:309-320.
[24] Rezenom Y H, Lancaster III J M, Pittman J L, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:1572-1577.
[25] Jacobson S C, Koutny L B, Hergenroder R, et al. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:3472-3476.
[26] Fluri K, Fitzpatrick G, Chiem N, Harrison D J. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:4285-4290.
[27] Gottschlich N, Culbertson C T, McKnight T E, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. B 745:243-249.
[28] Sieben V J, Backhouse C J. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:4729-4742.
[29] Wu S, Dovichi N J. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:141-155.
[30] Cheng Y F, Wu S, Chen D Y, Dovichi N J. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:496-503.
[31] Kuhr W G, Licklider L, Amankwa L. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:277-282.
[32] Bird R B, Stewart W E, Lightfoot E N. 2002. Transport Phenomena. New York: Wiley, Chapter 2, p.40-74.
[33] Shen Z Y. 2003. Chin. J. Food Sci. 23:33-35.
[1] Hardman J G, Limbird L E (Eds.). 2001. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics. 10~(th) Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 1219.
[2] Stead D A. 2000. J. Chromatogr. B 747:69-93.
[3] Roets E, Adams E, Muriithi I G, et al. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 696:131-138.
[4] Preu M, Guyot D, Petz M. 1998. J. Chromatogr. A 818:95-108.
[5] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006. J. Chromatogr. B 843:20-24.
[6] Guo M X, Wrisley L, Maygoo E. 2006. Anal. Chim. Acta 571:12-16.
[7] Bogialli S, Curini R, Corcia Di A, et al. 2005. J. Chromatogr. A 1067:93-100.
[8] Ackermans M T, Everaerts F M, Beekers J L. 1992. J. Chromatogr. 606:229-235.
[9] Flurer C L. 1995. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13:809-816.
[10] Wienen F, Holzgrabe U. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:2948-2957.
[11] Yeh H H, Lin S J, Ko J Y, et al. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:947-953.
[12] Kaale E, Leonard S, Van Schepdael A, et al. 2000. J. Chromatogr. A 895:67-79.
[13] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, et al. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 924:451-458.
[14] Kaale E, Van Goidsenhoven E, Van Schepdael A, et al. 2001. Electrophoresis 22:2746-2754.
[15] Kaale E, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, et al. 2003. Electrophoresis 24:1119-1125.
[16] Yuan L L, Wei H P, Li S F Y. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:196-201.
[17] Yuan L L, Wei H P, Feng H T, et al. 2006. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385:1575-1579.
[18] Law W S, Kuban P, Yuan L L, et al. 2006. Electrophoresis 27:1932-1938.
[19] Fang X M, Ye J N, Fang Y Z. 1996. Anal. Chim. Acta 329:49-55.
[20] Voegel P D, Baldwin R P. 1997. Electroanalysis 9:1145-1151.
[21] Yang W C, Yu A M, Chen H Y. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 905:309-318.
[22] Oguri S, Miki Y. 1996. J. Chromatogr. B 686:205-210.
[23] Serrano J M, Silva M. 2006. Electrophoresis 27:4703-4710.
[24] Nickerson B, Jorgenson J W. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:157.
[25] Rose Jr D J, Jorgenson J W. 1988. J. Chromatogr. 447:117.
[26] Albin M, Weinberger R, Sapp E, et al. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:417.
[27] Zhu R, Kok W T. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 716:123-133.
[28] Zhang L, Yeung E S. 1996. J. Chromatogr. A 734:331-337.
[29] Oldenburg K E, Xi X, Sweedler J V. 1997. Analyst 122:1581.
[30] Kostel K L, Lunte S M. 1997. J. Chromatogr. B 695:27-38.
[31] Wei H, Li S F Y. 1998. Anal. Chem.70:5097-5102.
[32] Feltus A, Hentz N G, Daunert S. 2001. J. Chromatogr. A 918:381-392.
[33] Rezenom Y H, Lancaster J M III, Pittman J L, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:1572-1577.
[34] Ye M, Hu S, Quigley W W C, et al. 2004. J. Chromatogr. A 1022:201-206.
[35] Ye M, Hu S, Schoenherr R M, et al. 2004. Electrophoresis 25:13191326.
[36] Nirode W F, Staller T D, Cole R O, et al. 1998. Anal. Chem. 70:182-186.
[37] Sieben V J, Backhouse C J. 2005. Electrophoresis 26:4729-4742.
[38] Yu C Z, He Y Z, Han F, et al. 2007. J. Chromatogr. A 1171.133-139.
[39] Perrin D D, Dempsey B. 1974. Buffers for pH and Metal Ion Control, 1~(st) Ed. London:Chapman and Hall, Appendix Ⅱ p. 156.
[40] Kane R S, Glink P T, Chapman R G, et al. 2001. Anal. Chem. 73:4028-4036.
[1] Hempel G. 2000. Electrophoresis 21:691 -698.
[2] Tsuda T, Sweedler JV, Zare RN. 1990. Anal. Chem. 62:2149-2152.
[3] Chervet JP, Van Soest REJ, Ursem M. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 543:439-449.
[4] Moring SE, Reel RT, Van Soest REJ. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65: 3454-3459.
[5] Bruin GJM, Stegeman G, Van Asten AC, et al. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:163-81.
[6] Liang Z, Chiem N, Ocvirk G, et al. 1996. Anal. Chem. 68:1040-046.
[7] Hewlett-Packard Company. 1993. Peak 2:11.
[8] Xue Y, Yeung ES. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:3575-3580.
[9] Tseng WL, Lin YW, Chen KC, et al. 2002. Electrophoresis 23:2477-2484.
[10] Djordjevic NM, Widder M, Kuhn R. 1997. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 20:189-192.
[11] Lord GA, Gordon DB, Myers P, et al. 1997. J. Chromatogr. A 768:9-16.
[12] Xue Y, Yeung ES. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:1988-1993.
[13] Xue Y, Yeung ES. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:2923-2927.
[14] Wu S, Dovichi NJ. 1989. J. Chromatogr. 480:141-155.
[15] Chen DY, Swerdlow HP, Harke HR, et al. 1991. J. Chromatogr. 559:237-246.
[16] Diebold GJ, Zare RN. 1977. Science 196:1439-1441.
[17] Liu H, Dasgupta PK. 1997. Microchemical J. 57:127-136.
[18] Miller KE, Synovec RE. 2000. Talanta 51:921-933.
[19] Liu H, Dasgupta PK. 1995. Anal. Chem. 67:4221-4228.
[20] Liu H, Dasgupta PK. 1996. Anal. Chim. Acta 326:13-22.
[21] Cabalin LM, Ruperez A, Laserna JJ. 1996. Anal. Chim. Acta 318:203-210.
[22] Yang RH, Wang KM, Xiao D, et al. 2000. Analyst 125:877-882.
[23] Yang RH, Wang KM, Xiao D, et al. 2001. Anal. Chim. Acta 432:135-141.
[24] Feng F, Wang K, Chen Z, et al. 2004. Anal. Chim. Acta. 527:187-193.
[25] Chen PC, Joyner CC, Patrick ST, et al. 2003. Anal. Chem. 75:3066-3072.
[26] Xu J, Yang BC, Tian HZ, et al. 2006. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 384:1590-1593.
[27] Cassidy RM, Lu W, Tse VP. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:2578-2583.
[28] Pentoney Jr SL, Huang X, Burgi DS, et al. 1988. Anal. Chem. 60:2625-2629.
[29] Albin M, Weinberger R, Sapp E, et al. 1991. Anal. Chem. 63:417-422.
[30] Emmer A, Roeraade J. 1994. Chromatographia 39:271-278.
[31] Zhu R, Kok WT. 1995. J. Chromatogr. A 716:123-133.
[32] Abler JK, Reddy KR, Lee CS. 1997. J. Chromatogr. A 759:139-147.
[33] Kostel KL, Lunte SM. 1997. J. Chromatogr. B 695:27-38.
[34] Wei H, Li SFY. 1998. Anal. Chem.70:5097-5102.
[35] Hardy S, Jones P, Riviello JM, et al. 1999. J. Chromatogr. A 834:309-320.
[36] Rezenom YH, Lancaster III JM, Pittman JL, et al. 2002. Anal. Chem. 74:1572-1577.
[37] Kuhr WG, Licklider L, Amankwa L. 1993. Anal. Chem. 65:277-282.
[38] Yu CZ, He YZ, Han F, et al. 2007. J. Chromatogr. A 1171:133-139.
[39] Gliszczynska-Swiglo A, Koziolowa A. 2000. J. Chromatogr. A 881:285-297.
[40] Cataldi TRI, Nardiello D, Carrara V, et al. 2003. Food Chemistry. 82:309-314.
[41] Cataldi TRI, Nardiello D, De Benedetto GE, et al. 2002. J. Chromatogr. A 968:229-239.
[42] Perez-Ruiz T, Martinez-Lozano C, Sanz A, et al. 2001. Electrophoresis 22:1170-1174.
[43] Alonso M, Finn EJ. 1967. Fundamental University Physics. Menlo Park, CA:Addison-Wesley, p. 442-446.