智能白度测量仪的研制
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摘要
在印刷、包装领域中,纸张作为一种重要的信息载体而被广泛使用,而白度作为纸张光学物理性质的主要参数之一,是衡量纸及纸板性能的一个重要指标,因此,白度值的准确测量对于提高印刷品质量有着十分重要的意义。本课题在对白度测量方法进行深入分析及对智能化仪器仪表设计研究的基础上,设计了一套基于光度测量的双光路光学系统式智能化白度测量仪。该设计采用光电池作为光信号采集前端,通过采用可编程控制器构成了以单片机为核心的光电信号采集转换系统,进而实现了白度值的测量；良好的人机交互界面是现代化智能仪表的必要组成部分,该测量仪采用了目前较为先进的触摸屏加以实现显示与控制。
本课题的主要研究内容：
1.分析白度测量方法及研究现状,根据相关国家标准(《纸和纸板白度测定法45／0定向反射法》QB/T 2804-2006 (GB8940.1原))针对45／0白度测试法相应内容进行深入分析,结合纸张白度测量在实际中存在的问题——纸张纵横向性对白度测量值的影响,提出了一种新型光路设计——“双光路”光学系统,从而有效消除纸张方向性对白度测量的影响。
2.通过对光电测量理论的研究,结合白度测量所需物理量,进行了光信号采集器件的选择——光电池,其转换效率高、线性度非常好,依据光电工作原理,搭建相应转换电路。
3.理论分析测量白度的所需物理量与光电池所测物理量的关系,根据硬件电路设计推导白度理论计算公式,将最终推导公式加以编程实现。
4.根据白度测量相关理论研究,搭建硬件构架,包括光学系统机械结构和电路硬件部分。按照光学结构设计要求,仪器主体结构采用材质易加工的铝材。
5.人机显示界面的设计。经过实践核算,合理分配LCD“有限”显示区域,实现了测量所需功能按键及相应显示信息界面设计,经字模提取将“图形”量化；采用触控技术。
6.相应软件编程设计,其中包括白度测量值计算、LCD和触摸屏等可编程器件驱动程序。
7.对所研制的样机组装、调试,进行实验数据采集、分析,根据对样机的实践操作、结构分析等提出不足及相应的改进措施。
In the printing and packaging fields, paper has been widely used as an important information carrier. Whiteness that is one of the main parameters of the physics-optical properties of paper is an important indicator to measure the performance of paper and paperboard, so the exact value of whiteness measurement is of great significance for improving the quality of printed matter. Double optical path system of photometric measuring-whiteness instrument that is designed, based on the dialogue-depth analysis of whiteness measuring methods and research of instrumentation for intelligent design. Photovoltaic cell is used as an optical signal acquisition front-end to achieve photoelectric conversion. Through using of programmable controller, a single-chip constitutes the core of the optical signal acquisition conversion systems, so as to realize the value of the measurement of whiteness. A good man-machine interface is a essential component of the modern intelligent instrument, and the measuring instrument uses touch-screen that is more advanced at present to display and control.
The main contents and innovation are follows:
1. Whiteness measuring methods and application status have been analyzed, and according to the relevant national standard ("Whiteness Determination Act about paper and cardboard 45/0 directional reflection method" QB/T 2804-2006 (GB8940.1 old edition)) to analyze in depth corresponding contents on 45/0 whiteness measurement, and considering existing problems in the measurement of paper whiteness - different measurement values as vertical and horizontal tropism, and a new type of optical design - "double optical path" optical system has been proposed so as to effectively reduce the paper-directional influence.
2. According to the theory of optical measurements and combining with physical quantities required for whiteness measurement, an optical signal acquisition device - photoelectric cell has been collected, its conversion is efficient and linearity is very good. Corresponding conversion circuitry has been constructed based on optical working principle.
3. Theoretical analysis to relationship was done between the physical quantity measured by the photocell and physical quantities required by whiteness measurement, according to the hardware circuit design, theoretic formula was educed and eventually programmed.
4. About man-machine display interface design. After practice-accounting, "limited" display area of liquid crystal displays was rational distributed to achieve the design of measurement function keys required, and through the matrix extraction, the "graphics" is quantified the "digital", and touch-control technology was used.
5. According to whiteness measurement-related theoretical research, hardware structure was built, including the mechanical structure of measuring-meter and hardware circuit. In accordance with design requirements, the main structure of instruments used easily machined aluminum materials
6. Program was compiled for microcontroller, including whiteness measurement,LCD, touch screen and other programmable device drivers.
7. After assembling and debugging prototype, experimental data were collected and analyzed. According to the practical operation of the equipment, structural analysis and so on, shortage and corresponding measures for improvement were proposed.
本课题的主要研究内容：
1.分析白度测量方法及研究现状,根据相关国家标准(《纸和纸板白度测定法45／0定向反射法》QB/T 2804-2006 (GB8940.1原))针对45／0白度测试法相应内容进行深入分析,结合纸张白度测量在实际中存在的问题——纸张纵横向性对白度测量值的影响,提出了一种新型光路设计——“双光路”光学系统,从而有效消除纸张方向性对白度测量的影响。
2.通过对光电测量理论的研究,结合白度测量所需物理量,进行了光信号采集器件的选择——光电池,其转换效率高、线性度非常好,依据光电工作原理,搭建相应转换电路。
3.理论分析测量白度的所需物理量与光电池所测物理量的关系,根据硬件电路设计推导白度理论计算公式,将最终推导公式加以编程实现。
4.根据白度测量相关理论研究,搭建硬件构架,包括光学系统机械结构和电路硬件部分。按照光学结构设计要求,仪器主体结构采用材质易加工的铝材。
5.人机显示界面的设计。经过实践核算,合理分配LCD“有限”显示区域,实现了测量所需功能按键及相应显示信息界面设计,经字模提取将“图形”量化；采用触控技术。
6.相应软件编程设计,其中包括白度测量值计算、LCD和触摸屏等可编程器件驱动程序。
7.对所研制的样机组装、调试,进行实验数据采集、分析,根据对样机的实践操作、结构分析等提出不足及相应的改进措施。
In the printing and packaging fields, paper has been widely used as an important information carrier. Whiteness that is one of the main parameters of the physics-optical properties of paper is an important indicator to measure the performance of paper and paperboard, so the exact value of whiteness measurement is of great significance for improving the quality of printed matter. Double optical path system of photometric measuring-whiteness instrument that is designed, based on the dialogue-depth analysis of whiteness measuring methods and research of instrumentation for intelligent design. Photovoltaic cell is used as an optical signal acquisition front-end to achieve photoelectric conversion. Through using of programmable controller, a single-chip constitutes the core of the optical signal acquisition conversion systems, so as to realize the value of the measurement of whiteness. A good man-machine interface is a essential component of the modern intelligent instrument, and the measuring instrument uses touch-screen that is more advanced at present to display and control.
The main contents and innovation are follows:
1. Whiteness measuring methods and application status have been analyzed, and according to the relevant national standard ("Whiteness Determination Act about paper and cardboard 45/0 directional reflection method" QB/T 2804-2006 (GB8940.1 old edition)) to analyze in depth corresponding contents on 45/0 whiteness measurement, and considering existing problems in the measurement of paper whiteness - different measurement values as vertical and horizontal tropism, and a new type of optical design - "double optical path" optical system has been proposed so as to effectively reduce the paper-directional influence.
2. According to the theory of optical measurements and combining with physical quantities required for whiteness measurement, an optical signal acquisition device - photoelectric cell has been collected, its conversion is efficient and linearity is very good. Corresponding conversion circuitry has been constructed based on optical working principle.
3. Theoretical analysis to relationship was done between the physical quantity measured by the photocell and physical quantities required by whiteness measurement, according to the hardware circuit design, theoretic formula was educed and eventually programmed.
4. About man-machine display interface design. After practice-accounting, "limited" display area of liquid crystal displays was rational distributed to achieve the design of measurement function keys required, and through the matrix extraction, the "graphics" is quantified the "digital", and touch-control technology was used.
5. According to whiteness measurement-related theoretical research, hardware structure was built, including the mechanical structure of measuring-meter and hardware circuit. In accordance with design requirements, the main structure of instruments used easily machined aluminum materials
6. Program was compiled for microcontroller, including whiteness measurement,LCD, touch screen and other programmable device drivers.
7. After assembling and debugging prototype, experimental data were collected and analyzed. According to the practical operation of the equipment, structural analysis and so on, shortage and corresponding measures for improvement were proposed.
引文
[1]朱小清.照明技术手册[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004：318-319.
[2]齐晓坤.印刷材料及适性[M]第2版.北京：印刷工业出版社,2008：72.
[3]董太和,董有年.ZBD白度仪光谱特性探讨[J].上海造纸,1987／Z1：30.
[4]Evalution of whitness Using Reletive Spectral Radiance Measurements.Franc Grum and John M. Pavtek. Tappi/June 1965 Vol 45 NO 6.
[5]张清文.三种纸张白度仪的比较[J].纸和造纸.1999／04：34.
[6]宋宗明.白度评价及白度公式[J].纺织基础科学学报.1991(1)：71-75.
[7]QB／T 2804-2006.纸和纸板白度测定法45／0定向反射法[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2006.
[8]刘仁庆.印刷包装用纸手册[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003.4：205—206.
[9]刘武辉主编.纸包装印刷技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2003：19-20.
[10]高岳等编著.光电检测技术与系统.北京：电子工业出版社,2009.6：21-22
[11]安毓英,曾晓东.光电探测原理[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社.2004：38-41
[12]Senior,J.M.Optical Fiber Communications.Prentice-Hall International London.1998:93-103.
[13]浦昭邦主编.光电测试技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004.10：9-11,82-83
[14]吴继宗,叶关荣.光辐射测量[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1992：272-281
[15]陈荣圻.染料化学[M].北京：纺织工业出版社,1989：394-399
[16]苏文强,杨磊.造纸助剂[M]..哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社.2004,8：260-267
[17]李亨.颜色应用分类辞典[M].广东：广东教育出版社.2001：89-95
[18]ISO/DIS 7856 Paper and board-Determination of diffuse reflectance-factor of fluorseseent with materials(Z brighter)
[19]徐艳芳.印刷应与光学[M].北京：印刷工业出版社.2007.9： 137-139
[20]夏丽峰,马忻.纸和纸板物理特性及其试验方法[M].北京：轻工业出版社.1990：22-23
[21]爱伦巴斯(W.Elenbaas)著,方道腴,张泽琏译.光源[M].轻工业出版社,1981：51-55
[22]ATMEL. AT89C55Datasheet. America. Page 1.
[23]曾光宇.现代传感器技术与应用基础.北京：北京理工大学出版社.2006.3：135-140.
[24]赵庆海.测试技术与工程应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2005：117-118.
[25]王学众,郭纯洁等.硅蓝光电池[J].仪表技术与传感器.1981(06).
[26]李汉军,杨士亮,杨恩智.光电池原理及其应用[J].现代物理知识.1999,(03)
[27]许泽鹏.电子技术[M].北京：人民邮电出版社.2004：104.
[28]Zheng Lv,Qiming Fan,Liang Lv.Self-absorption effect and its correc-tion with integrating sphere to measuring LEDs luminous flux[J].Zha-oming Gongcheng Xuebao,2006,17(2):16-18.
[29]WANG Jun-sheng,Wen-hai.Rapid and compact optical measurement system for photosnthesis ability using LED excitation[J].Journal of Optoelectronics-Laser,2006,17(3):377-380.
[30]朱明光,李瑶.高精度集成运放ICL7650及其在数据采集系统中的应用[J].沈阳师范大学学报.1996.007.
[31]吴祖国.ICL7650斩波稳零运算放大器的原理及应用[J].国外电子元器件.2003(04).
[32]余圣发,易可可.单片机开关电容滤波器TLC04原理与应用[J].国外电子元器件.1998(06)
[33]李敬兆,杨岸.ICL7135与单片机的三种接口电路分析研究[J].安徽理工大学学报.2003(02)
[34]赵保经,罗振侯等编著.A／D和D／A转换器应用手册[M].上海：上海科学普及出版社.1995：314-321.
[35]姚德法,张洪林.串行时钟芯片DS1302的原理与使用[J].信息技术与信息化.2006(01).
[36]韩志军等.数字温度传感器DS18B20及其应用[J].南京工程学院学报(自然科学版).2003(01).
[37]高吉祥.模拟电子技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2004：308-309.
[38]戴仙金.51单片机及其C语言程序开发实例[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2008：185-195.
[39]刘艳玲.采用MAX232实现MCS_51单片机与PC机的通信[J].天津理工学院学报.1999(02).
[40]Photodiode Monitoring with Op Amps,BB Application Bulletin in USA.January,1995.
[41]颜颐欣,胡伟杰,赵非.MG_12864液晶显示器在智能仪表中的应用[J].电脑学习.2007(02).
[42]赵芝璞,金小俊.触摸屏控制器ADS7846的原理及应用[J].国外电子元器件.2002(05).
[43]Lavigne J.R.An Introduction to Paper Industry Instrume-ntation.1997.
[44]ZhengLv.LED's luminous fluxmeasurement of NIST[J].China lig-ht&lig-hting,2006,5:22-24.
[45]王晋海,张新丽,白度的目视评价和仪器度量[J].北方涂料工业研究设计院,兰州《现代涂料与涂装》2006.06.
[2]齐晓坤.印刷材料及适性[M]第2版.北京：印刷工业出版社,2008：72.
[3]董太和,董有年.ZBD白度仪光谱特性探讨[J].上海造纸,1987／Z1：30.
[4]Evalution of whitness Using Reletive Spectral Radiance Measurements.Franc Grum and John M. Pavtek. Tappi/June 1965 Vol 45 NO 6.
[5]张清文.三种纸张白度仪的比较[J].纸和造纸.1999／04：34.
[6]宋宗明.白度评价及白度公式[J].纺织基础科学学报.1991(1)：71-75.
[7]QB／T 2804-2006.纸和纸板白度测定法45／0定向反射法[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2006.
[8]刘仁庆.印刷包装用纸手册[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003.4：205—206.
[9]刘武辉主编.纸包装印刷技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2003：19-20.
[10]高岳等编著.光电检测技术与系统.北京：电子工业出版社,2009.6：21-22
[11]安毓英,曾晓东.光电探测原理[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社.2004：38-41
[12]Senior,J.M.Optical Fiber Communications.Prentice-Hall International London.1998:93-103.
[13]浦昭邦主编.光电测试技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004.10：9-11,82-83
[14]吴继宗,叶关荣.光辐射测量[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1992：272-281
[15]陈荣圻.染料化学[M].北京：纺织工业出版社,1989：394-399
[16]苏文强,杨磊.造纸助剂[M]..哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社.2004,8：260-267
[17]李亨.颜色应用分类辞典[M].广东：广东教育出版社.2001：89-95
[18]ISO/DIS 7856 Paper and board-Determination of diffuse reflectance-factor of fluorseseent with materials(Z brighter)
[19]徐艳芳.印刷应与光学[M].北京：印刷工业出版社.2007.9： 137-139
[20]夏丽峰,马忻.纸和纸板物理特性及其试验方法[M].北京：轻工业出版社.1990：22-23
[21]爱伦巴斯(W.Elenbaas)著,方道腴,张泽琏译.光源[M].轻工业出版社,1981：51-55
[22]ATMEL. AT89C55Datasheet. America. Page 1.
[23]曾光宇.现代传感器技术与应用基础.北京：北京理工大学出版社.2006.3：135-140.
[24]赵庆海.测试技术与工程应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2005：117-118.
[25]王学众,郭纯洁等.硅蓝光电池[J].仪表技术与传感器.1981(06).
[26]李汉军,杨士亮,杨恩智.光电池原理及其应用[J].现代物理知识.1999,(03)
[27]许泽鹏.电子技术[M].北京：人民邮电出版社.2004：104.
[28]Zheng Lv,Qiming Fan,Liang Lv.Self-absorption effect and its correc-tion with integrating sphere to measuring LEDs luminous flux[J].Zha-oming Gongcheng Xuebao,2006,17(2):16-18.
[29]WANG Jun-sheng,Wen-hai.Rapid and compact optical measurement system for photosnthesis ability using LED excitation[J].Journal of Optoelectronics-Laser,2006,17(3):377-380.
[30]朱明光,李瑶.高精度集成运放ICL7650及其在数据采集系统中的应用[J].沈阳师范大学学报.1996.007.
[31]吴祖国.ICL7650斩波稳零运算放大器的原理及应用[J].国外电子元器件.2003(04).
[32]余圣发,易可可.单片机开关电容滤波器TLC04原理与应用[J].国外电子元器件.1998(06)
[33]李敬兆,杨岸.ICL7135与单片机的三种接口电路分析研究[J].安徽理工大学学报.2003(02)
[34]赵保经,罗振侯等编著.A／D和D／A转换器应用手册[M].上海：上海科学普及出版社.1995：314-321.
[35]姚德法,张洪林.串行时钟芯片DS1302的原理与使用[J].信息技术与信息化.2006(01).
[36]韩志军等.数字温度传感器DS18B20及其应用[J].南京工程学院学报(自然科学版).2003(01).
[37]高吉祥.模拟电子技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2004：308-309.
[38]戴仙金.51单片机及其C语言程序开发实例[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2008：185-195.
[39]刘艳玲.采用MAX232实现MCS_51单片机与PC机的通信[J].天津理工学院学报.1999(02).
[40]Photodiode Monitoring with Op Amps,BB Application Bulletin in USA.January,1995.
[41]颜颐欣,胡伟杰,赵非.MG_12864液晶显示器在智能仪表中的应用[J].电脑学习.2007(02).
[42]赵芝璞,金小俊.触摸屏控制器ADS7846的原理及应用[J].国外电子元器件.2002(05).
[43]Lavigne J.R.An Introduction to Paper Industry Instrume-ntation.1997.
[44]ZhengLv.LED's luminous fluxmeasurement of NIST[J].China lig-ht&lig-hting,2006,5:22-24.
[45]王晋海,张新丽,白度的目视评价和仪器度量[J].北方涂料工业研究设计院,兰州《现代涂料与涂装》2006.06.