供港澳食用动物检验检疫管理模式研究
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摘要
从1959年国家开通“三趟快车”以来，内地每年向港澳地区供应数以百万计的食用动物，不仅满足了港澳市民的生活需要，维护了港澳地区的稳定，而且每年为国家创汇数十亿港币，促进了内地经济和畜牧业的发展。但是随着人民生活水平的提高，港澳特别行政区政府对供应的食用动物卫生和安全质量要求的不断提高，如何在境内境外动物疫情形势严峻，兽药生产、经营、使用还不完善的情况下，确保内地供应香港、澳门的食用动物的健康与安全，已经成为摆在出入境检验检疫机构面前的一个重要问题。
本研究课题应用在食品加工管理中普遍采用的HACCP(Hazard Analysis CriticalControl Point)理论，依据内地相关法律法规和香港、澳门特别行政区政府的要求，通过调查了解和结合检验检疫工作实际，围绕动物健康和食用安全两大主题，从供港澳食用动物生产、运输、检验检疫等环节进行分析，对影响动物健康和安全的关键点进行控制，建立起动物疫病防疫模式、药物残留控制模式、检验检疫监督管理模式，达到全面质量管理的要求，保障港澳市民吃上“放心肉”。通过三个模式的实施，有利于提高管理者、生产者、经营者的动物防疫意识、产品安全意识、质量意识和管理水平，经过该研究成果的推广，从而提升我国畜牧业养殖的整体水平。通过实践证明，该管理模式是有效的，已经在出入境检验检疫系统推广应用，成效得到了港澳特区政府的认可。
Millions of animals have been supplied from mainland of China to Hong Kong & Macao annually for human consumption since 1959 when the three special trains has been run. The supply not only meets the requirements of the citizen of Hong Kong & Macao but also maintain the stabilization of the two areas. At the same time, the mainland can get foreign currency of billions of Hong Kong dollars from this trade, and it promotes the development of economic and livestock of mainland. But the Entry_exit inspection and Quarantine face a series of problem to ensure the health and safety of the animal for supply in the situation that the animal diseases become more complex, the management for medicine's producing, dealing and using has not perfect, and the requirements on animal health, food safety and quality go on higher.
The research adopts the theories of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), which use generally in the fields of food producing. I done the study base on the relevant laws of mainland of China and the requirements of the special region government of Hong Kong and Macao, by means of investigation and combination of the actual situation of inspection and quarantine, focus on the two aspects of animal health and food safety, analysis the procedures of animal breeding, dealing and quarantine, controlling the critical points connected to the animal health and food safety, set up three models of which include the model of animal disease control, the model of medicine residue control and the model of supervision of inspection and quarantine. The purpose of this study is to ensure the safety of the consumption animals supply to Hong Kong or Macao by way of the quality management. The influence of the study will be to promote the animal disease preventing consciousness, food safety consciousness, quality management consciousness and the management level of the manager, producer and businessman. The industry of livestock will be developed to high level by using of the research result. The mode has been used in the field of inspection and quarantine, and been proved succeed by the practice and been recognized by the SARG of Hong Kong and Macao.
本研究课题应用在食品加工管理中普遍采用的HACCP(Hazard Analysis CriticalControl Point)理论，依据内地相关法律法规和香港、澳门特别行政区政府的要求，通过调查了解和结合检验检疫工作实际，围绕动物健康和食用安全两大主题，从供港澳食用动物生产、运输、检验检疫等环节进行分析，对影响动物健康和安全的关键点进行控制，建立起动物疫病防疫模式、药物残留控制模式、检验检疫监督管理模式，达到全面质量管理的要求，保障港澳市民吃上“放心肉”。通过三个模式的实施，有利于提高管理者、生产者、经营者的动物防疫意识、产品安全意识、质量意识和管理水平，经过该研究成果的推广，从而提升我国畜牧业养殖的整体水平。通过实践证明，该管理模式是有效的，已经在出入境检验检疫系统推广应用，成效得到了港澳特区政府的认可。
Millions of animals have been supplied from mainland of China to Hong Kong & Macao annually for human consumption since 1959 when the three special trains has been run. The supply not only meets the requirements of the citizen of Hong Kong & Macao but also maintain the stabilization of the two areas. At the same time, the mainland can get foreign currency of billions of Hong Kong dollars from this trade, and it promotes the development of economic and livestock of mainland. But the Entry_exit inspection and Quarantine face a series of problem to ensure the health and safety of the animal for supply in the situation that the animal diseases become more complex, the management for medicine's producing, dealing and using has not perfect, and the requirements on animal health, food safety and quality go on higher.
The research adopts the theories of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), which use generally in the fields of food producing. I done the study base on the relevant laws of mainland of China and the requirements of the special region government of Hong Kong and Macao, by means of investigation and combination of the actual situation of inspection and quarantine, focus on the two aspects of animal health and food safety, analysis the procedures of animal breeding, dealing and quarantine, controlling the critical points connected to the animal health and food safety, set up three models of which include the model of animal disease control, the model of medicine residue control and the model of supervision of inspection and quarantine. The purpose of this study is to ensure the safety of the consumption animals supply to Hong Kong or Macao by way of the quality management. The influence of the study will be to promote the animal disease preventing consciousness, food safety consciousness, quality management consciousness and the management level of the manager, producer and businessman. The industry of livestock will be developed to high level by using of the research result. The mode has been used in the field of inspection and quarantine, and been proved succeed by the practice and been recognized by the SARG of Hong Kong and Macao.
引文
[1]七届人大常委会第二十二次会议通过，中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法，1991年10月30日
[2]八届人大常委会第二十六次会议通过，中华人民共和国动物防疫法，1997年7月3日
[3]国务院令第206号，中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法实施条例，1996年12月2日
[4]八届人大常委会第十六次会议通过，中华人民共和国食品卫生法，1995年10月30日
[5]国务院令第325号修订，中华人民共和国兽药管理条例，2001年11月29日
[6]国务院令第327号修订，中华人民共和国饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例，2001年11月29日
[7]农业部，允许使用的饲料添加剂品种目录，1999年7月26日
[8]农业部，饲料药物添加剂使用规范，2001年9月4日
[9]农业部，食品动物禁用的兽药及其它化合物清单，2002年4月15日
[10]农业部，动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量，2002年12月24日
[11]农业部，动物疫情报告管理办法，1999年10月19日
[12]农业部，兽用生物制品管理办法，2001年10月16日
[13]国家环保总局，畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法，2001年5月8日
[14]香港渔农处，对内地H5禽流感的检疫要求
[15]香港渔农处，供港生猪的检疫和出口监管措施安排
[16]香港渔农处，供港牛羊的具体细节
[17]香港，《公众卫生(动物及禽鸟)(化学物残余)规例》第139章
[18]叶培根，唐万勇，刘连意，等．规模化猪场卫生消毒技术操作规程．华中农业大学学报，2000，10(33)：85～89
[19]叶培根，唐万勇，刘连意，等．规模化猪场兽医卫生保健措施．华中农业大学学报，2000，10(33)：90～96
[20]华中农业大学动物医学院编，全国规模化猪场疫病控制与净化第三次研讨会资料专辑，2000年4月
[21]韩谦，梅景良，王振华，等．规模化猪场寄生虫控制模式的研究．中国兽医杂志，1995，21(11)：17～18
[22]吴清民，兽医传染病学，中国农业大学出版社
[23]佘锐萍，兽医公共卫生学，中国农业大学出版社
[24]殷震，刘景华，动物病毒学，科学出版社，1997年第二版
[25]杨汉春，兽医免疫学，中国农业大学出版社
[26]沈建忠，谢联金编著．兽医药理学．中国农业大学出版社，2000
[27] 沈建忠主编．动物毒理学．中国农业出版社，2002
[28] 李俊锁，邱月明，王超著．兽药残留分析．上海科学技术出版社，2002
[29] Prithipal Singh et al. Enzyme Immunoassay for Screening of Sulfamethazine in Swine. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 1989,37:109-114.
[30] Hugh-Jones M.E., W.H. Allan, F.A. Dark, et al. The evidence for airborne spread of Newcastle disease. J Hygiene Cambridge, 1973, 71:325—339.
[31] Rott, R. Molecular basis of infectivity and pathogenicity of myxoviruses. Arch Virol. 1979, 59:285298.
[32] Erickson, GA.,C.J. Mare, G.A. Gustafson. et al. Interaction between viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease and pet birds of six species. 1. Clinical and serologic responses and viral excretions. Avian Diseases. 1977, 21:264272.
[33] Vickers, M.L., Hanson, R.P. Experimental Newcastle disease virus infections in three species of wild birds. Avian Diseases. 1979, 23:7079.
[34] Hugh-Jones M.E., W.H. Allan, F.A. Dark, et al. The evidence for airborne spread of Newcastle disease. J Hygiene Cambridge, 1973, 71:325—339.
[35] Rott, R. Molecular basis of infectivity and pathogenicity of myxoviruses. Arch Virol. 1979, 59:285298.
[36] Erickson, GA.,C.J. Mare, G.A. Gustafson. et al. Interaction between viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease and pet birds of six species. 1. Clinical and serologic responses and viral excretions. Avian Diseases. 1977, 21:264-272.
[37] Vickers, M.L., Hanson, R.P. Experimental Newcastle disease virus infections in three species of wild birds. Avian Diseases. 1979, 23:70-79.
[38] 朱蓓蕾主编．动物性食品药物残留．上海科学技术出版社，1994
[39] Gerry J. Reimen and Agripina Suarel. Development of a screening methodfor five sulfonamides in salmon muscle tissue using thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatograp场.1991,555:315-320
[40] Joseph Unruh et al. Solid-phase extration of sulfamethazine in milk with quantitation at low ppb levels using thin-layer chromatograp 场.J. Chromatography, 1990, 519: 179-187.
[41] Panigrahy B.,D.A. Senne, J.E. Pearson, et al. Occurrence of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease in pet and exotic birds in 1991. Avian Diseases. 1993.37:254-258.
[42] Meulemans. G Control by vaccination In D.J. Alexander(ed.) Newcastle Disease. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. MA. PP: 1988.318332.
[43] Bram R.A., S.W. Wilson, J.B. Sardesai. Fly control in support of the exotic Newcastle disease eradication program in southern California. Bull
Entomol. Soc Amer, 1974,20(3):228-280.
[44] Joseph Unnuh et al. Quantitatim of Sulfamethazine in Pork Tissue by Thin-Layer Chromatography. J. AOAC, 1993, 76(2): 335-341.
[45] Kmostak-s et al. Capillary gas chromatographic determination of sulphadimidine in pork tissues. J. Chromatography, 1990, 503(1): 260-265.
[46] Toyoda T.M., M. Hamaguchi, YNagai, Detection of polycistronic transcripts in Newcastle disease virus infected cells and identification of the sequence content. Arch Virol, 1987.95:97—110.
[47] W. J. McCaughey. et al. Sulphadimidine in the urine of experimentally fed rigs. J. the Veterinary Record. 1998, 3:323-326.
[48] Willem Haasnoot et al. Sulphonamide Antibodies: From specific Polyclonals to Generic Monoclonals. J. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 2000(12): 15-30.
[49] 孙振钧．畜牧业污染与畜牧环保技术。中国动物保健，2000，11：26-27．
[50] Pelan. Manure and microbe: public and animal health problem. J Am Vet. Med. Assoc, 1997,210(9):1288—1289.
[51] Honey manms. Sustainability issue of U S swine production. J. anim. SC1, 1996, 74(6):1410-1417.
[52] Jongdloedaw, Lenisnp. Environmental concerns about animal manure. J. anim.Sci, 1998,76(10):2641—2648.
[53] Minerjr. Alter nativesto minmize the environmental impactoflarge swine production units. J anim. Sci, 1999,77(2):440—444.
[54] J. Eryl Liddell and A. Cryer. A Practical Guide to monoclonal Antibodies, John wiley and sons Ltd. 1991
[55] James W. Goding. Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and practice. Academic press. Inc. Ltd. 1983.
[56] Mary. A. Ritter and Healther M. Lodyman, Monoclonal Antibodies:Production, Engineering and clinical application. 1995
[57] Jackwood, D. H. et al. Antigenic diversity of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Disease, 1987,31:766-770
[58] Kohler, G. and C. Milstein. Continuous culture of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 1975,256:495-497
[59] Wojehouski, O. W. et al. Hybridoma production by simplified avidinmediated dectrofusion. J. Immonol Method. 1986, (90): 173—177
[60] Peters, J. H. et al. Monoclonal antibodies Springer-verlay. 1992. Berlin
[61] Deborah. e et al. Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Sulfamethazine Residues in Swine Urine and Muscle Tissue. J. AOAC. 1988, 71(6): 1137-1140.
[62] C. Renson, G. Degand. et al, Determination of Sulphamethazine in animal tissues by enzyme immunoassay. J. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1993, 275:323-328.
[2]八届人大常委会第二十六次会议通过，中华人民共和国动物防疫法，1997年7月3日
[3]国务院令第206号，中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法实施条例，1996年12月2日
[4]八届人大常委会第十六次会议通过，中华人民共和国食品卫生法，1995年10月30日
[5]国务院令第325号修订，中华人民共和国兽药管理条例，2001年11月29日
[6]国务院令第327号修订，中华人民共和国饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例，2001年11月29日
[7]农业部，允许使用的饲料添加剂品种目录，1999年7月26日
[8]农业部，饲料药物添加剂使用规范，2001年9月4日
[9]农业部，食品动物禁用的兽药及其它化合物清单，2002年4月15日
[10]农业部，动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量，2002年12月24日
[11]农业部，动物疫情报告管理办法，1999年10月19日
[12]农业部，兽用生物制品管理办法，2001年10月16日
[13]国家环保总局，畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法，2001年5月8日
[14]香港渔农处，对内地H5禽流感的检疫要求
[15]香港渔农处，供港生猪的检疫和出口监管措施安排
[16]香港渔农处，供港牛羊的具体细节
[17]香港，《公众卫生(动物及禽鸟)(化学物残余)规例》第139章
[18]叶培根，唐万勇，刘连意，等．规模化猪场卫生消毒技术操作规程．华中农业大学学报，2000，10(33)：85～89
[19]叶培根，唐万勇，刘连意，等．规模化猪场兽医卫生保健措施．华中农业大学学报，2000，10(33)：90～96
[20]华中农业大学动物医学院编，全国规模化猪场疫病控制与净化第三次研讨会资料专辑，2000年4月
[21]韩谦，梅景良，王振华，等．规模化猪场寄生虫控制模式的研究．中国兽医杂志，1995，21(11)：17～18
[22]吴清民，兽医传染病学，中国农业大学出版社
[23]佘锐萍，兽医公共卫生学，中国农业大学出版社
[24]殷震，刘景华，动物病毒学，科学出版社，1997年第二版
[25]杨汉春，兽医免疫学，中国农业大学出版社
[26]沈建忠，谢联金编著．兽医药理学．中国农业大学出版社，2000
[27] 沈建忠主编．动物毒理学．中国农业出版社，2002
[28] 李俊锁，邱月明，王超著．兽药残留分析．上海科学技术出版社，2002
[29] Prithipal Singh et al. Enzyme Immunoassay for Screening of Sulfamethazine in Swine. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 1989,37:109-114.
[30] Hugh-Jones M.E., W.H. Allan, F.A. Dark, et al. The evidence for airborne spread of Newcastle disease. J Hygiene Cambridge, 1973, 71:325—339.
[31] Rott, R. Molecular basis of infectivity and pathogenicity of myxoviruses. Arch Virol. 1979, 59:285298.
[32] Erickson, GA.,C.J. Mare, G.A. Gustafson. et al. Interaction between viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease and pet birds of six species. 1. Clinical and serologic responses and viral excretions. Avian Diseases. 1977, 21:264272.
[33] Vickers, M.L., Hanson, R.P. Experimental Newcastle disease virus infections in three species of wild birds. Avian Diseases. 1979, 23:7079.
[34] Hugh-Jones M.E., W.H. Allan, F.A. Dark, et al. The evidence for airborne spread of Newcastle disease. J Hygiene Cambridge, 1973, 71:325—339.
[35] Rott, R. Molecular basis of infectivity and pathogenicity of myxoviruses. Arch Virol. 1979, 59:285298.
[36] Erickson, GA.,C.J. Mare, G.A. Gustafson. et al. Interaction between viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease and pet birds of six species. 1. Clinical and serologic responses and viral excretions. Avian Diseases. 1977, 21:264-272.
[37] Vickers, M.L., Hanson, R.P. Experimental Newcastle disease virus infections in three species of wild birds. Avian Diseases. 1979, 23:70-79.
[38] 朱蓓蕾主编．动物性食品药物残留．上海科学技术出版社，1994
[39] Gerry J. Reimen and Agripina Suarel. Development of a screening methodfor five sulfonamides in salmon muscle tissue using thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatograp场.1991,555:315-320
[40] Joseph Unruh et al. Solid-phase extration of sulfamethazine in milk with quantitation at low ppb levels using thin-layer chromatograp 场.J. Chromatography, 1990, 519: 179-187.
[41] Panigrahy B.,D.A. Senne, J.E. Pearson, et al. Occurrence of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease in pet and exotic birds in 1991. Avian Diseases. 1993.37:254-258.
[42] Meulemans. G Control by vaccination In D.J. Alexander(ed.) Newcastle Disease. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. MA. PP: 1988.318332.
[43] Bram R.A., S.W. Wilson, J.B. Sardesai. Fly control in support of the exotic Newcastle disease eradication program in southern California. Bull
Entomol. Soc Amer, 1974,20(3):228-280.
[44] Joseph Unnuh et al. Quantitatim of Sulfamethazine in Pork Tissue by Thin-Layer Chromatography. J. AOAC, 1993, 76(2): 335-341.
[45] Kmostak-s et al. Capillary gas chromatographic determination of sulphadimidine in pork tissues. J. Chromatography, 1990, 503(1): 260-265.
[46] Toyoda T.M., M. Hamaguchi, YNagai, Detection of polycistronic transcripts in Newcastle disease virus infected cells and identification of the sequence content. Arch Virol, 1987.95:97—110.
[47] W. J. McCaughey. et al. Sulphadimidine in the urine of experimentally fed rigs. J. the Veterinary Record. 1998, 3:323-326.
[48] Willem Haasnoot et al. Sulphonamide Antibodies: From specific Polyclonals to Generic Monoclonals. J. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 2000(12): 15-30.
[49] 孙振钧．畜牧业污染与畜牧环保技术。中国动物保健，2000，11：26-27．
[50] Pelan. Manure and microbe: public and animal health problem. J Am Vet. Med. Assoc, 1997,210(9):1288—1289.
[51] Honey manms. Sustainability issue of U S swine production. J. anim. SC1, 1996, 74(6):1410-1417.
[52] Jongdloedaw, Lenisnp. Environmental concerns about animal manure. J. anim.Sci, 1998,76(10):2641—2648.
[53] Minerjr. Alter nativesto minmize the environmental impactoflarge swine production units. J anim. Sci, 1999,77(2):440—444.
[54] J. Eryl Liddell and A. Cryer. A Practical Guide to monoclonal Antibodies, John wiley and sons Ltd. 1991
[55] James W. Goding. Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and practice. Academic press. Inc. Ltd. 1983.
[56] Mary. A. Ritter and Healther M. Lodyman, Monoclonal Antibodies:Production, Engineering and clinical application. 1995
[57] Jackwood, D. H. et al. Antigenic diversity of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Disease, 1987,31:766-770
[58] Kohler, G. and C. Milstein. Continuous culture of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 1975,256:495-497
[59] Wojehouski, O. W. et al. Hybridoma production by simplified avidinmediated dectrofusion. J. Immonol Method. 1986, (90): 173—177
[60] Peters, J. H. et al. Monoclonal antibodies Springer-verlay. 1992. Berlin
[61] Deborah. e et al. Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Sulfamethazine Residues in Swine Urine and Muscle Tissue. J. AOAC. 1988, 71(6): 1137-1140.
[62] C. Renson, G. Degand. et al, Determination of Sulphamethazine in animal tissues by enzyme immunoassay. J. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1993, 275:323-328.