比较蛋白质组定量分析及其在疾病研究中的应用
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摘要
蛋白质组学技术是生命科学中的分析化学的主要内容,是当前的研究前沿,是化学生物学近年来的新研究方向。本论文工作是在建立蛋白质组研究实验室的过程中,建立和发展了蛋白质组、比较蛋白质组和定量蛋白质组研究的相关技术平台,并将其应用于人类重大疾病的研究。
    定量蛋白质组学是通过某种方法或技术,对生物样品(细胞、组织或体液等)在某些过程中蛋白质的含量进行比较分析。从蛋白质组水平上对基因表达进行准确的定量分析,是比较蛋白质组学的重要内容,是当前研究重大疾病致病机制以及药理控制机制的必要手段及研究前沿。
    本论文工作的主要贡献是,建立了一套稳定可靠的蛋白质顺序提取-双向凝胶电泳分离-半自动胶上酶解-质谱鉴定的高通量技术分析平台;建立了一种新的、基于肽段乙酰基化的稳定同位素标记定量蛋白质组分析技术,并在实际生物样品体系中进行了验证;将建立、优化的蛋白质组定量分析技术应用于动脉粥样硬化、冠心病以及肝癌的复发转移相关的多个实际生物样品的比较分析,并从分子水平上评价了几种药物的药效。本文还研究了对基于生物素-抗生物素蛋白特异性结合的亲和色谱分离体系,结果显示该体系有望实现与乙酰基化同位素标记技术的有效对接,建立新的定量分析技术。
    一、在优化和发展传统双向凝胶电泳蛋白质组、比较蛋白质组方法的基础上,建立了蛋白质组顺序提取-双向凝胶电泳分离-半自动胶上酶解-质谱鉴定的高通量技术分析平台,为蛋白质组学方法学研究和应用研究奠定了实验基础
    鉴于蛋白质组的高度复杂性,在进行双向凝胶电泳前对蛋白质进行预分组是十分必要的。顺序提取按蛋白质溶解能力的不同将复杂的蛋白质组预分组,是目前常用的比较有效的样品预分组的方法之一。如何根据实验需求合理选择不同溶解能力的顺序提取液,不同的蛋白质提取液可否直接进行双向凝胶电泳分离并得到良好的分离效果等问题,是影响蛋白质组分析的重要因素。
    本论文提出了一套完整的蛋白质三步提取方案,可以确保几乎所有的蛋白质进入相应的溶液中。其中,T1体系 (1 mmol/L PMSF的水溶液) 由于不含任何的蛋白质去垢剂、变性剂等,背景溶液组成简单,可以很方便地采取各种色谱分离的手段进行分离,也可以在直接补加一定量的蛋白质去垢剂、变性剂后采用双向凝胶电泳进行分离;T2 (7 mol/L 尿素,2 mol/L硫脲,2% CHAPS,2% SB3-10,
    
    
    50 mmol/L DTT,1 mmol/L PMSF) 背景溶液的组成与双向凝胶电泳分离的缓冲体系相容性较好,因此可以利用双向凝胶电泳优越的分离能力和直观的检测方式直接对E2进行分离分析。由于高丰度蛋白质多存在于胞浆中,可溶性较好,E2中大量高丰度蛋白质已被提取,间接提高了上样量,使一些中、低丰度的蛋白质得到检测,提高了蛋白质的检出率;在T2提取液的组成中加入离子性去垢剂SDS作为第三级提取液T3,将T2提取后的不溶物基本上全部溶解,同时由于SDS的存在,稀释不会导致蛋白质的析出,通过稀释,可以直接采取多维色谱进行分离分析。
    作为该平台中联系双向凝胶电泳分离和质谱鉴定的桥梁,胶内酶解过程是影响肽段回收率的主要因素。本论文将原手工胶上酶解过程经适当调整,应用于高通量半自动酶解分析,提高了分析速度和通量;实验考察了对半自动胶上酶解过程中严重影响肽段回收率和蛋白质鉴定的确定性的诸多环节,包括酶液使用量的多少、酶解时间的长短、是否去盐等问题,优化了实验参数。即当用96孔板酶解一粒直径1.4 mm的胶粒时,使用3 ?l的胰蛋白酶液(12.5 ng/?l)足以使其完全酶解,酶解时间长(酶解过夜)有助于得到较多的肽段,胶上酶解所得的肽段是否去盐对质谱分析所得的谱图质量的影响,主要取决于肽段溶液中含盐量及溶液中肽段的相对多少等等。
    二、双向凝胶电泳-质谱鉴定定量蛋白质组学在疾病研究中的应用
     本论文应用双向凝胶电泳-质谱鉴定比较蛋白质组的方法对心血管、肝癌等两类重大疾病相关的细胞系或组织的蛋白质组进行了比较分析,奠定了致病过程中关键蛋白质筛选的基础,结果对药物的研发、药效的评价也具有指导意义。
    1、动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)泡沫细胞模型比较蛋白质组研究。AS是心脑血管疾病的共同病理基础,而泡沫细胞是AS斑块内出现的特征性病理细胞。AS早期,单核细胞首先粘附于血管内皮,然后迁移至内皮下分化为巨噬细胞,后者主要通过清道夫受体无节制地吞噬大量氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL),形成巨噬源性泡沫细胞,进而堆积成AS斑块。
    利用双向凝胶电泳对正常巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞进行了差异蛋白质组分析。对其中26个高表达蛋白质点及11个差异蛋白质点进行手工胶上酶解,1D LC-ESI/MS鉴定;对鉴定出的差异蛋白质按功能进行了归类,并讨论了其在泡沫细胞形成过程中可能的作用。研究了具有抗AS功效的银杏叶提取物(GbE)、香豆素提取单体(IMP)作用后泡沫细胞蛋白质组的变化情况。通过比较分析双向凝胶电泳分离所得的图谱,发现两种药物对差异蛋白质皆有一定的回调作用,但
    
    
    回调的蛋白质种类和程度却不完全相同,提示两种药物的抗AS作用在机制上存在差异。本工作用双向凝胶电泳分离技术成功地筛选并确定了不同药物的作用靶点。
    2、冠心病(Coronary Heart Disease, CHD)家兔主动脉血管、肝脏组
Proteomic techniques investigation is the main content of analytical chemistry in the field of Life Sciences, and becomes the leading area in recent years. This dissertation is focused on the investigation of proteomics and quantitative proteomics methodology together with its applications to the human serious diseases in the course of Proteomics Lab foundation.
    
    The goal of quantitative proteomics is to examine all of the changes induced by a certain perturbation in a biological system. Quantitative proteomics is the main aspects of comparative proteomics, and can provide major approaches to the elucidation of disease mechanisms and to the identification of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
    
    The main contributions are, Establishment of a technique platform with high throughput involving protein sequential extraction - two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) separation - semi automatic in gel digestion - MS identification; Establishment of a new quantitative proteomic technique based on the acetylation stable-isotope labeling combining with 1D PAGE separation, which has been successfully confirmed by applying it to real bio-samples; Comparative proteomic investigations of several real-bio-samples involving Atherosclerosis, Coronary Heart Disease and metastasis of liver cancer, and evaluation of some kinds of pharmaceutics from the protein level. Meanwhile, investigations on affinity isolation based on the firm combination between biotin and avidin, in order to eventually realize the efficient combination of affinity isolation and acetylation isotope labeling. The main contents can be descried as follows:
    
    1. Establishment of a high throughput technique platform including protein sequential extraction -2DE separation - semi automatic in gel digestion - MS identification,found a solid experimental basis for proteomics investigations
    
    
    (1) Sample pre-fractionation is essential to the proteomic investigation because of the complexity of a certain proteome, and sequential extraction holds a great promise on protein fractionation prior to further analysis. Reasonable selection of the extraction solution is the key factor to the successive analysis of proteomics study.
    
    A feasible three-step protein extraction protocol was proposed. Almost all the proteins were entered into the related extracts. Briefly, an aqueous solution containing 1 mmol/L PMSF was used as the first extract solution (T1) and only restricted sorts of proteins were extracted because of no denaturant and detergent was contained, so that E1 was suited for the direct separation by chromatography or electrophoresis, etc. because of its clean background. Also, in case a definite quantity of urea and CHAPS were added into the rehydration system of E1, 2DE separation on E1 can be carried out. The mixture of 7 mol/L urea, 2 mol/L thiourea, 2% CHAPS, 2% SB3-10, 50 mmol/L DTT, 1 mmol/L PMSF was used as the second extract solution (T2) which possesses the greatest solubility and can still be used to the 2D gel separation. Moreover, the proteins with relatively low abundance can thus be detected because of the removal of large quantity of cytosolic proteins. At last, 2% SDS substituted 2% SB3-10 of T2 was used as T3, and nearly no residue was remained. E3 obtained can be analyzed via either 1D PAGE-LC/MS or 2D LC/MS. Thus, almost all proteins in a certain proteome can be solubilized by using such a three-step sequential extraction protocol described above.
    
    As the linkage of 2DE separation and MS identification, in-gel digestion remains the primary procedure for peptide coverage. The original protocol of manual in-gel digestion has been re-adjusted to some extent, and was applied to the semi-automatic analysis, resulting in high speed and throughput; Many factors during the semi-automatic in-gel digestion, such as trypsin quantity, digestion duration, pre-desalting or not prior to MS, et al, which would interfere with the peptide coverage and definition of MS identification severely are tested.
    
    2. Applications of comparative prote
引文
蛋白质组技术
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    Jun Qin, David Fenyo1, Yingming Zhao,et al., A Strategy for Rapid, High-Confidence Protein Identification, Anal. Chem. 1997, 69: 3995-4001
    U Tessmer, T Quack, F Donn, A Leuner, et al, Biological activity of
    
    
    prostate-specific antigen isolated by sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroelution, Electrophoresis, 1995, 16(5): 793-799
    GJ Vos and PR Gardiner, Parasite-specific antibody responses of ruminants infected with Trypanosoma vivax, Parasitology, 1990, 100 (1): 93-100
    LD Adams and KM Weaver, Detection and recovery of proteins from gels following zinc chloride staining, Appl Theor Electrophor, 1990, 1(5): 279-282
    ……
    
    蛋白质的电洗脱:
    Stanislav Yefimov , Alfred L. Yergey , Andreas Chrambach, Transfer of SDS-proteins from gel electrophoretic zones into mass spectrometry, using electroelution of the band into buffer without sectioning of the gel, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 2000, 42: 65-78
    Paula Sa′–Pereira, Jose′ Duarte, Maria Costa–Ferreira, Electroelution as a simple and fast protein purification method: isolation of an extracellular xylanase from Bacillus sp. CCMI 966, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2000, 27: 95–99
    Einar K. Fridriksson, Barbara Baird, and Fred W. McLafferty, Electrospray Mass Spectra from Protein Electroeluted from Sodium Dodecylsulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Gels, J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 1999, 10: 453-455
    C. Jensen, S.O. Andersen, P. Roepstor, Primary structure of two major cuticular proteins from the migratory locust, locusta migratoria, and their identification in polyacrylamide gels by mass spectrometry, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1998, 1429: 151-162
    Ansgar Poetsch, Dirk Ne, Holger Seelert, et al, Dye removal, catalytic activity and 2D crystallization of chloroplast H+-ATP synthase purified by blue native electrophoresis, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2000, 1466: 339-349
    Javier Martynez Gonzalez, Amparo Jimenez Gonzalez, Filomena Rodryguez Caabeiro, Purification of Trichinella spiralis tubulin: comparison of several analytic procedures, Veterinary Parasitology, 1998, 77: 115-121
    Aguinaldo Roberto Pinto, Carolina Guilherme Prestes Beyrodt, Renato Antonio Migliano Lopes, et al, Identification of a 30 kDa antigen from Leishmania (L.) chagasi amastigotes implicated in protective cellular responses in a murine model,
    
    
    International Journal for Parasitology, 2000, 30: 599-607
    María José Quiles, Araceli García, Juan Cuello, Separation by blue-native PAGE and identification of the whole NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex from barley stroma thylakoids, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2000, 38 (3): 225-232
    José A. Baranda, Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez, Ana Oleaga, Purification, N-terminal sequencing and diagnostic value of the major antigens of Ornithodoros erraticus and O. moubata, Veterinary Parasitology, 2000, 87: 193-206
    Pia Davidsson, Carol L. Nilsson, Peptide mapping of proteins in cerebrospinal fluid utilizing a rapid preparative two-dimensional electrophoretic procedure and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1999, 1473: 391-399
    Aaron T. Timperman, Ruedi Aebersold, Peptide Electroextraction for Direct Coupling of In-Gel Digests with Capillary LC-MS/MS for Protein Identification and Sequencing, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72: 4115-4121
    ……
    
    转膜与免疫印迹
    Biji T. Kurien, R. Hal Scofield, Protein blotting: a review, Journal of Immunological Methods, 2003, 274: 1-15(综述)
    Andreas P. Jonsson, Youssef Aissouni, Carina Palmberg, Recovery of Gel-Separated Proteins for In-Solution Digestion and Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 5370-5377
    ……
    
    胶上酶解
    Shevchenko A., Wilm M., Vorm O., Mann M, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68: 850–858.
    Jensen, O.N., Larsen, M.R. and Roepstor, P., Mass spectrometric identification and microcharacterization of proteins from electrophoretic gels: Strategies and applications. Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. (Proteins Suppl. 2), 1998, 999: 74-89
    Rosenfeld, J., Capdevielle, J., Guillemot, J.C. and Ferrara, P., In-gel digestion of proteins for internal sequence analysis after one or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem. 1992, 203: 173-179
    
    Rosenfeld J., Capdeveille J., Guillemot J. C., Ferrara, P. Anal. Biochem. 1992, 203: 173-179
    Katalin F. Medzihradszky, Hakon Leffler, Michael A. Baldwin and A. L. Burlingame, Protein Identification by In-Gel Digestion, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, and Mass Spectrometry: Peptide Analysis by Complementary Ionization Techniques, J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 2001, 12: 215-221
    Stephanie Lamer, Peter R. Jungblut, Matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization mass spectrometry peptide mass fingerprinting for proteome analysis: identification efficiency after on-blot or in-gel digestion with and without desalting procedures, Journal of Chromatography B, 2001, 752: 311-322
    Bart A. van Montfort, Mark K. Doeven, Benito Canas, Liesbeth M. Veenhoff, et al, Combined in-gel tryptic digestion and CNBr cleavage for the generation of peptide maps of an integral membrane protein with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2002, 1555: 111-115
    Y. Surroca, J. Haverkamp, A.J.R. Heck, Towards the understanding of molecular mechanisms in the early stages of heat-induced aggregation of b-lactoglobulin AB, Journal of Chromatography A, 2000,1
    Per Holse Mygind, Gunna Christiansen, Peter Roepstorff Svend Birkelund, Membrane proteins PmpG and PmpH are major constituents of Chlamydia trachomatis L2 outer membrane complex, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2000, 186: 163-169
    Clas-Tomas Larsson, Per Hofvander, Jamshnoodi, Bo Ek, et al, Three isoforms of starch synthase and two isoforms of branching enzyme are present in potato tuber starch, Plant science, 1996, 117: 9-16
    Catalin E. Doneanu, An Exponential Dilution Gradient System for Nanoscale Liquid Chromatography in Combination with MALDI or Nano-ESI Mass Spectrometry for Proteolytic Digests, J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 2001, 12: 1205-1213
    Nigel J.Clarke, Feng Li and Andy J. Tomlinson, One step microelectroelution concentration method for efficient coupling of sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry for protein analysis, J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 1998, 9: 88-91
    
    M. Utt, I. Nilsson, A. Ljungh, T. Wadstrom, Identification of novel immunogenic proteins of Helicobacter pylori by proteome technology, Journal of Immunological Methods, 2002, 259: 1-10
    Michael T.Davis and Terry D.Lee, Variable flow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the comparative analysis of complex protein digest mixtures, J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 1997, 8: 1059-1069
    Tatyana Golovina, Gulnara Fattakhova, Kristine Swiderek, Eugeni Makarov, et al, Specific binding of glucosaminylmuramyl peptides to histones, FEBS Letters, 1999, 454: 152-156
    Mustafa Unlu, Robert P.J. de Lange, Rajith de Silv, Raj Kalaria, et al, Detection of complement factor B in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy disease using twodimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, Neuroscience Letters, 2000, 282: 149-152
    Brian M.Cavagnari, Osvaldo L.Cordoba L.Cordoba, Jorge M.Affanni, Jose A.Santome, Purification and partial structural characterization of a fatty acid-binding protein from the liver of the South American armadillo Chaetophractus villosus, Comp Biochem physiol, 1997, 118B: 173-180
    ……
    
    三、稳定同位素标记定量分析:
    综述:
    Daniel Figeys, Proteomics in 2002: A year of technical development and wide-ranging applications, Anal Chem, 2003, 75:2891-2905
    Michael B Goshe, Richard D Smith, Stable isotope-coded proteomic mass spectrometry, Current opinion in biobechnology, 2003, 14: 101-109
    Steven P Gygi, Ruedi Aebersold, Using mass spectrometry for quantitative proteomics, Proteomics: A trends guide, 2000, (7): 31-36
    Steven P Gygi, Beate Rist, Ruedi Aebersold, Measuring gene expression by quantitative proteome analysis, Current opinion in biobechnology, 2000, 11: 396-401
    Walter P Blackstock, Malcolm P Weir, Proteomics: quantitative and physical mapping of cellular proteins, TIBTECH, 1999, 17: 121-127
    
    Michael P Washburn, John R Yates, Analysis of the microbial proteome, Current Opinion in Microbiology 2000, 3: 292-297
    Derek T McLachlin, Brian T Chait, Analysis of phosphorylated proteins and peptides by mass Spectrometry, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2001, 5: 591-602
    M. Arthur Moseley, Current trends in differential expression proteomics: isotopically coded tags, TRENDS in Biotechnology, 2001, 19: s10-s16
    袁泉、赵辅昆,蛋白质组新前沿-定量蛋白质组学,生物化学与生物物理学报, 2001,33(5):477-482
    ……
    
    代谢标记定量分析:
    Haining Zhu, Songqin Pan, Sheng Gu, E.Morton Bradbury, et al, Amino acid residue specific stable isotope labeling for quantitative proteomics, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry, 2002, 16:1-9
    Scott J. Berger, Sang-Won Lee, Gordon A. Anderson, Liljana Pas?|a-Tolic′, et al,High-Throughput Global Peptide Proteomic Analysis by Combining Stable Isotope Amino Acid Labeling and Data-Dependent Multiplexed-MS/MS,Anal. Chem. 2002, 74: 4994-5000
    Thomas C. Hunter, Li Yang, Haining Zhu, Vahid Majidi, et al, Peptide Mass Mapping Constrained with Stable Isotope-Tagged Peptides for Identification of Protein Mixtures, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 4891-4902
    Haining Zhu, Thomas C. Hunter, Songqin Pan, Peter M. Yau, et al, Residue-specific Mass Signatures for the Efficient Detection of Protein Modifications by Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74: 1687-1694
    John R. Engen, E. Morton Bradbury, Xian Chen, Using Stable-Isotope-Labeled Proteins for Hydrogen Exchange Studies in Complex Mixtures, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74: 1680-1686
    Xian Chen, Lloyd M. Smith,?E. Morton Bradbury, Site-Specific Mass Tagging with Stable Isotopes in Proteins for Accurate and Efficient Protein Identification, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72: 1134-1143
    Songqin Pan, Sheng Gu, E. Morton Bradbury, Xian Chen, Single Peptide-Based Protein Identification in Human Proteome through MALDI-TOF MS Coupled
    
    
    with Amino Acids Coded Mass Tagging, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 1316-1324
    Sheng Gu, Songqin Pan, E. Morton Bradbury, Xian Chen, Use of Deuterium-Labeled Lysine for Efficient Protein Identification and Peptide de Novo Sequencing, Anal. Chem.2002, 74,5774-5785
    Thomas P. Conrads, Kim Alving, Timothy D. Veenstra, Mikhail E. Belov, et al, Quantitative Analysis of Bacterial and Mammalian Proteomes Using a Combination of Cysteine Affinity Tags and 15N-Metabolic Labeling, Anal. Chem.2001, 73,2132-2139
    ……
    
    化学标记技术:
    Steven P. Gygi, Beate Rist, Scott A. Gerber, Frantisek Turecek, et al, Quantitative analysis of complex proteinmixtures using isotope-coded affinity tags, Nature biotechnology, 1999, 17: 994-999
    Marcus B. Smolka, Huilin Zhou, Subhasish Purkayastha, Ruedi Aebersold, Optimization of the Isotope-Coded Affinity Tag-Labeling Procedure for Quantitative Proteome Analysis, Anal Biochem, 2001, 297: 25-31
    Steven P. Gygi, Beate Rist, Timothy J. Griffin, Jimmy Eng, et al, Proteome Analysis of Low-Abundance Proteins Using Multidimensional Chromatography and Isotope-Coded Affinity Tags, Journal of Proteome Research, 2002, 1: 47- 54
    Timothy J. Griffin, Steven P. Gygi, Beate Rist, Ruedi Aebersold, Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Using a MALDI Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 978-986
    Shihong Wang, Fred E. Regnier, Proteomics based on selecting and quantifying cysteine containing peptides by covalent chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, 2001, 924: 345-357
    Junyan Ji, Asish Chakraborty, Ming Geng, Xiang Zhang, et al, Strategy for qualitative and quantitative analysis in proteomics based on signature peptides, Journal of Chromatography B, 2000, 745: 197-210
    Asish Chakraborty, Fred E. Regnier, Global internal standard technology for comparative proteomics, Journal of Chromatography A, 2002, 949 : 173-184
    Shihong Wang, Xiang Zhang, Fred E. Regnier, Quantitative proteomics strategy
    
    
    involving the selection of peptides containing both cysteine and histidine from tryptic digests of cell lysates, Journal of Chromatography A, 2002, 949: 153-162
    Roujian Zhang, Cathy S. Sioma, Shihong Wang, and Fred E. Regnier, Fractionation of Isotopically Labeled Peptides in Quantitative Proteomics, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 5142-5149
    Jue-Liang Hsu, Sheng-Yu Huang, Nan-Haw Chow, and Shu-Hui Chen, Stable-Isotope Dimethyl Labeling for Quantitative Proteomics, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75: 6843-6852
    Yongchang Qiu, Eric A. Sousa, Rodney M. Hewick, and Jack H. Wang, Acid-Labile Isotope-Coded Extractants: A Class of Reagents for Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Complex Protein Mixtures, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74: 4969-4979
    Y. Karen Wang, Zhixiang Ma, Douglas F. Quinn, Emil W. Fu, Inverse 18O Labeling Mass Spectrometry for the Rapid Identification of Marker/Target Proteins, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 3742-3750
    Satomi Niwayama, Sadamu Kuronob and Hiroyuki Matsumotob, Synthesis of d-Labeled N-Alkylmaleimides and Application to Quantitative Peptide Analysis by Isotope Differential Mass Spectrometry, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2001, 11: 2257-2261
    ……
    
    磷酸化蛋白质的定量分析:
    Michael B. Goshe, Thomas P. Conrads, Ellen A. Panisko, Nicolas H. Angell, et al, Phosphoprotein Isotope-Coded Affinity Tag Approach for Isolating and Quantitating Phosphopeptides in Proteome-Wide Analyses, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 2578-2586
    Andreas Schlosser, Ruediger Pipkorn, Dirk Bossemeyer, and Wolf D. Lehmann, Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation by a Combination of Elastase Digestion and Neutral Loss Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 170-176
    Mark P. Molloy, Philip C. Andrews, Phosphopeptide Derivatization Signatures To Identify Serine and Threonine Phosphorylated Peptides by Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 5387-5394
    
    Michael B. Goshe, Timothy D. Veenstra, Ellen A. Panisko, Thomas P. Conrads, et al, Phosphoprotein Isotope-Coded Affinity Tags: Application to the Enrichment and Identification of Low-Abundance Phosphoproteins, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74: 607-616
    ……
    
    其他定量分析方法:
    Pavel V. Bondarenko, Dirk Chelius, and Thomas A. Shaler, Identification and Relative Quantitation of Protein Mixtures by Enzymatic Digestion Followed by Capillary Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74: 4741-4749
    Yuzhong Deng, Hongwei Zhang, and Jack Henion, Chip-Based Quantitative Capillary Electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry Determination of Drugs in Human Plasma, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 1432-1439
    Xudong Yao, Amy Freas, Javier Ramirez, Plamen A. Demirev, et al, Proteolytic 18O Labeling for Comparative Proteomics: Model Studies with Two Serotypes of Adenovirus, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73: 2836-2842
    ……
    
    四、疾病研究
    D20裸鼠模型:
    Sun FX, Tang ZY, Liu KD, et al, Metastatic models of human liver cancer in nude mice orthotopocally constructed by using histoligically intact patient specimens, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 1996, 122: 397-402
    Sun FX, Tang ZY, Liu KD, et al: Establishment of a metastatic models of human hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice orthotopic implantation of histoligically intact tissue Int. J Cancer, 1996, 66: 239-243
    ……
    
    MHCC97-H高转移细胞模型:
    Li Y, Tang ZY, Ye SL, Liu YK, et al, Establishment of cell clones with different metastatic potential from the metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line
    
    
    MHCC97, World J Gastroentero, 2001, 7 (5): 630-636
    Yang J, Qin LX, Ye SL, Liu YK, et al, The abnormalities of chromosome 8 in two hepatocellular carcinoma cell clones with the same genetic background and different metastatic potential, J CANCER RES CLIN, 2003, 129 (5): 303-308
    Li Y, Tang ZY, Ye SL, Liu BB, et al, Establishment of a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line with unique metastatic characteristics through in vivo selection and screening for metastasis-related genes through cDNA microarray, J CANCER RES CLIN, 2003, 129 (1): 43-51
    ……
    
    泡沫细胞模型:
    Yang PY, RuiYC, Zhang L, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in U937 foam cells and the inhibitory effect of drugs. Acta Pharm Sin, 2002, 37(2): 86-89 (in Chinese)
    Yang PY, Rui YC, Li K, et al. Expression of intercellular molecule-1 in U937 foam cells and the inhibitory effect of imperatorin. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2002, 23(4): 327-330
    ……
    
    心血管、肝癌疾病及其蛋白质组研究:
    D. Jager, P.R. Jungblut, U. Muller-Werdan, Separation and identification of human heart proteins, Journal of Chromatography B, 2002,771: 131-153 (综述)
    A.H. Smith, E.A. Wolfgang, D.M. Flynn, C.P.A. Doe,et al, Tachycardia-induced primate model of heart failure in cardiovascular drug discovery, Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 2000, 43: 125-131
    Michael J. Dunn, Studying heart disease using the proteomic approach, DDT, 2000, 5(2): 76-84 (综述)
    James D. Cavalcoli, Genomic and Proteomic Databases: Large-Scale Analysis and Integration of Data, TCM, 2001, 11(2)
    Franc?ois Le Naour, Lyndon Hohenkirk, Annabelle Grolleau, David E. Misek, et al, Profiling Changes in Gene Expression during Differentiation and Maturation of Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells Using Both Oligonucleotide Microarrays and Proteomics, the Journal of biological chemistry, 2001, 276 (21): 17920-17931
    
    Joseph Macri and Stephen T. Rapundalo, Application of Proteomics to the Study of Cardiovascular Biology, TCM, 2001, 11(2) (综述)
    Wayne F. Patton, Hediye Erdjument-Bromage, Andrew R. Marks, Paul Tempsti, et al, Components of the Protein Synthesis and Folding Machinery Are Induced in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Hypertrophic and Hyperplastic Agents, the journal of biological chemistry, 1995, 270 (36): 21404-21410
    Sergio Fazio, and MacRae F. Linton, The Inflamed Plaque: Cytokine roduction and Cellular Cholesterol Balance in the Vessel Wall, Am J Cardiol, 2001; 88(suppl): 12E-15E
    Naohiko Sakai, Boris L. Vaisman, Christine A. Koch, Robert F. Hoyt, et al, Targeted Disruption of the Mouse Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Gene, the journal of biological chemistry, 1997, 272 (11): 7506-7510
    Fazio S, Linton MF, The inflamed plaque: Cytokine production and cellular cholesterol balance in the vessel wall. Am J Cardiol, 2001, 88 (2A): 12E-15E
    Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobiological significance. J Biol Chem, 1997, 272 (34): 20963-20966
    Berliner JA, Heinecke JW. The role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherogenesis. Free Radical Bio Med, 1996, 20 (5): 707-727
    Russell R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature, 1993, 362(4): 801-809
    Russell R, Masada J., Raines EW. et al. Location of PDGF-βprotein in macrophage on all phases of atherogenesis. Science, 1990, 248: 1009-1012
    ……
    
    五、亲和色谱分离技术:
    Dimitrios Tsikas, Affinity chromatography as a method for sample preparation in gas chromatography mass spectrometry, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 2001, 49: 705-731(综述)
    Michele A. Kelly, Thomas J. McLellan, Philip J. Rosner, Strategic Use of Affinity-Based Mass Spectrometry Techniques in the Drug Discovery Process, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74: 1-9
    Antonio Cosma, Affinity Biotinylation: Nonradioactive Method for Specific Selection and Labeling of Cellular Proteins, analytical biochemistry, 1997, 252:
    
    
    10-14
    M.R. van Bommel, A.P.J.M. de Jong, U.R. Tjaden, H. Irth, et al, Enzyme amplification as detection tool in continuous-flow systems II. On-line coupling of liquid chromatography to enzyme-amplified biochemical detection after pre-column derivatization with biotin, Journal of Chromatography A, 1999, 855: 397-409
    M.R. van Bommel, A.P.J.M. de Jong, U.R. Tjaden, H. Irth, et al, Enzyme amplification as detection tool in continuous-flow systems I. Development of an enzyme-amplified biochemical detection system coupled on-line to flow-injection analysis, Journal of Chromatography A, 1999, 855: 383-396
    James D. Hirsch, Leila Eslamizar, Brian J. Filanoski, Nabi Malekzadeh, et al, Easily reversible desthiobiotin binding to streptavidin, avidin, and other biotin-binding proteins: uses for protein labeling, detection, and isolation, Analytical Biochemistry, 2002, 308: 343-357
    Patricia J. Anderson and Paul E. Bock, Biotin Derivatives of D-Phe-Pro-Arg- CH2Cl for Active-Site-Specific Labeling of Thrombin and Other Serine Proteinases, Analytical Biochemistry, 2001, 296, 254-261
    Takeshi Sano, Sandor Vajda, Charles R. Cantor, Genetic engineering of streptavidin, a versatile affinity tag, Journal of Chromatography B, 1998, 715: 85-91 (综述)
    D. Scott Wilbur, Pradip M. Pathare, Donald K. Hamlin, Patrick S. Stayton, et al, Development of new biotin:streptavidin reagents for pretargeting, Biomolecular Engineering, 1999, 16: 113-118
    Camillo Rosano, Paolo Arosio, Martino Bolognesi, The X-ray three-dimensional structure of avidin, Biomolecular Engineering, 1999, 16: 5-12
    Keiichi Konoki, Naoyuki Sugiyama, Michio Murata, Kazuo Tachibana, et al, Development of Biotin-Avidin Technology to Investigate Okadaic Acid-Promoted Cell Signaling Pathway, Tetrahedron, 2000, 56: 9003-9014
    M.R. van Bommel, A.P.J.M. de Jong, U.R. Tjaden, H. Irth, et al, High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to enzyme-amplified biochemical detection for the analysis of hemoglobin after pre-column biotinylation, Journal of Chromatography A, 2000, 886: 19-29
    Bir A, Christopher J. Scott, S. Lorraine Martin, Andrew Wallace, et al,
    
    
    Characterization of the Affinity of Streptavidin Toward a Peptide Sequence Previously Identified as a Target Substrate for Biotinylation by the Escherichia coli Biotin Holoenzyme Synthetase, Analytical Biochemistry, 2000, 284: 416-417
    Y. Cao, S. Christian, M.R. Suresh, Development of a bispecific monoclonal antibody as a universal immunoprobe for detecting biotinylated macromolecules, Journal of Immunological Methods, 1998, 220: 85-91
    Patrick S. Stayton, Stefanie Freitag, Lisa A. Klumb, Ashutosh Chilkoti, et al, Streptavidin–biotin binding energetics, Biomolecular Engineering, 1999, 16: 39-44
    Thomas Ruè, Lothar Hennig, Yasumaru Hatanaka, Klaus Burger et al, A trifunctional reagent for photoaffinity labeling, Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41: 4555-4558
    E.S.M. Lutz, H.Irth, U.R. Tjaden, J.van der Greef, Implementation of affinity solid-phases in continuous-flow biochemical detection, Journal of Chromatography A, 1997, 776: 169-178
    A.J. Oosterkamp, H.Irth, U.R.Tjaden, J.van der Greef, Theoretical concepts of on-line liquid chromatographic-biochemical detection sysyems: Ⅱ. Detection systems based on labeled affinity proteins, Journal of Chromatography A, 1997, 787: 37-46
    Dale Miles, Antonio A.Garcia, Separation of biotin labeled proteins from their unlabeled counterparts using immobilized platinum affinity, Journal of Chromatography A, 1995, 702: 173-189
    Christopher R Lowe, Combinatorial approaches to affinity chromatography, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2001, 5: 248-256
    Thomas Larsson, Jo′rgen Bergstro′m, Carol Nilsson, Karl-Anders Karlsson, Use of an a§nity proteomics approach for the identi¢cation of low-abundant bacterial adhesins as applied on the Lewis-binding adhesin of Helicobacter pylori, FEBS Letters, 2000, 469: 155-158
    ……
    
    六、中药及中药蛋白质组学
    Robert Yuan, Yuan Lin, Traditional Chinese medicine: an approach to scientific
    
    
    proof and clinical validation, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2000, 86: 191-198
    Byong-Hee Cho, The politics of herbal drugs in Korea, Social Science & Medicine, 2000 ,51: 505-509
    K. Harmsworth, G.T. Lewith, Attitudes to traditional Chinese medicine amongst Western trained doctors in the People's Republic of China, Social Science and Medicine, 2001, 52: 149-153
    Tung-Hu Tsai, Analytical approaches for traditional Chinese medicines exhibiting antineoplastic activity, Journal of Chromatography B, 2001, 764: 27-48
    Yuan-Yuan Wang, Kay-Hooi Khoo, Shui-Tein Chen, Chun-Cheng Lin, et al, Studies on the Immuno-Modulating and Antitumor Activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) Polysaccharides: Functional and Proteomic Analyses of a Fucose-Containing Glycoprotein Fraction Responsible for the Activities, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2002, 10: 1057-1062
    ……
    
    七、参考书目
    杨芃原、钱小红、盛龙生,《生物质谱技术与方法》,科学出版社,2002.11,北京
    贺福初等,《蛋白质组学:理论和方法》,科学出版社
    汪家政、范明主编,《蛋白质技术手册》,科学出版社,2000.8,北京
    孙崇荣、李玉民,《蛋白质化学导论》,复旦大学出版社1991.2
    张迺蘅,《生物化学》第二版,北京医科大学出版社,1999.2
    徐秀璋,《蛋白质顺序分析技术》,科学出版社,1988,北京
    彭秀玲、袁汉英、谢毅、王洪海,《基因工程实验技术》第二版,湖南科学技术出版社,1997.2,长沙
    杨安钢、毛积芳、药立波, 《生物化学与分子生物学实验技术》,高等教育出版社,2001.2
    王葆仁,《有机合成反应》,科学出版社,1985
    
    赵知中、周瑾、鲁桂堔、姜芸珍, 《有机化学中的保护基团》,科学出版社,1984
    刘汉生、张宝玉,《应用数理统计基础》,山西科学教育出版社
    奥?米克斯著,杨文澜、马延林、王文高译, 《色谱及有关方法的实验室手册》,机械工业出版社,1986.9
    严希康,《生化分离工程》,化学工业出版社,教材出版中心,2001.2
    Marcel Mulder著,李琳译,单德芳校,《膜技术基本原理》第二版,清华大学出版社,1999.7
    陶慰孙、李惟、姜涌明编著,《蛋白质分子基础》,高等教育出版社,1995.10
    冯万详、赵伯龙,《生化技术》第一版,湖南科学技术出版社,1989.11,长沙
    郭尧君,《蛋白质电泳实验技术》,科学出版社,1999.2,北京
    复旦大学化学系分析化学专业00级博士生张国安毕业论文
    复旦大学化学系分析化学专业99级硕士生张素艳毕业论文
    ……
    
    八、其他
    Bio-Rad 双向凝胶电泳培训及操作手册
    Amersham Pharmacia双向凝胶电泳培训及操作手册
    Millipore 膜过滤、Zip-Plate酶解及去盐操作手册
    Applied Biosystems 质谱(4700、Qstar XL)仪器操作手册
    Bruker质谱(Esquire 3000)仪器操作手册
    Agilent色谱(1100系列)仪器操作手册
    其他仪器、试剂公司的培训及操作手册
    ……

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