全营养保健代乳粉及甘露寡糖对犊牛代谢及生长发育影响的研究
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摘要
本研究通过用代乳粉哺喂早期断奶犊牛,在牛奶中添加甘露寡糖,研究各营养水平代乳粉和甘露寡糖不同添加水平对犊牛生产性能、血液指标、肠道菌群、营养物质消化率、健康状况和经济效益的影响。
试验一、全营养保健代乳粉的研究:本试验选用荷斯坦犊牛24头(加拿大优良胚胎,当地黄牛为受体,胚胎移植所生),按照体重、出生日期相近原则分为4组,每组6头。其中1组为对照组,按当地以牛奶哺喂常规断奶,2、3、4组为试验组,分别饲喂三种不同能量蛋白水平的代乳粉(自配):2组为高能量高蛋白组(HEHP),其营养水平为消化能23.74MJ/kg,粗蛋白27.20%;3组为中能量中蛋白组(MEMP),其营养水平为消化能21.76MJ/kg,粗蛋白24.80%;4组为低能量低蛋白组(LELP),其营养水平为消化能19.78MJ/kg,粗蛋白22.40%。试验中观测代乳粉不同能量蛋白水平对犊牛体尺变化、日增重、腹泻率、死亡率、养分消化率以及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:在整个试验过程中各个组均无犊牛的死亡,四个组的死亡率均为0。饲喂代乳粉的三个试验组中,HEHP组犊牛腹泻率为0,远低于对照组的2.08%和LELP组的4.46%。MEMP组的犊牛腹泻率为1.49%。试验中对照组、HEHP组、MEMP组、LELP组的前期平均日增重分别为262.14g、299.11g、250.00g、205.36g,后期平均日增重分别为443.21g、540.18g、464.29g、379.46g,全期平均日增重分别为352.68g、419.64g、357.14g、292.41g,从试验全期来看,HEHP组的平均日增重极显著高于LELP组(p<0.01),显著高于对照组和MEMP组(p<0.05),而MEMP组的平均日增重与对照组无明显差异(p>0.05)。LELP组和对照组体高、体斜长无明显差异(p>0.05),HEHP组体高、体斜长极显著高于对照组和LELP组(p<0.01);MEMP组体高、体斜长显著高于对照组和LELP组(p<0.05);HEHP组胸围的增长显著高于对照组和LELP组(p<0.05)。HEHP组、MEMP组、LELP组营养物质消化率不如对照组,但无明显差异(p>0.05)。HEHP组犊牛血清中的血糖和总蛋白含量高于其他三组,但差异均不显著(p>0.05);血清尿素氮随粗蛋白水平的增加而提高。代乳粉组培育一头犊牛所需的费用都比对照组少,HEHP组比对照组总费用减少了118.07元,节约费用22.96%;MEMP组比对照组总费用减少了116.57元,节约费用22.67%;LELP组比对照组总费用减少了116.87元,节约费用22.66%。综合评定认为:在本试验的能量蛋白水平下,以高能量高蛋白组的效果为最佳,可以作为实际生产中犊牛培育的参考,并为进一步研究奠定基础。
试验二、甘露寡糖对犊牛代谢及生长发育的研究:本试验选用当地7日龄左右荷斯坦犊牛15头,分为3组,每组5头。其中1组为对照组,不添加任何添加剂;2组和3组为试验组,分别添加0.1%和0.2%水平的葡萄糖甘露寡糖(Bio-Mos),各组采食营养水平相当,采食相同的牛乳、精料补充料和粗料,自由采食,自由饮水,饲喂时间30天。试验中观测甘露寡糖不同添加水平对犊牛肠道菌群、血液指标、生产性能和营养物质消化率的影响。结果表明:0.1%添加水平组平均日增重比对照组提高29.35%;0.1%添加水平组腹泻率低于对照组和0.2%添加组,用抗生素治疗几率也低
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of milk replacer and Bio-Mos on performance, blood parameters, density of bacterial populations, nutrient apparent digestibility, health condition and economy benefit in calves.The research of feeding early-weaned calf with milk replacer: 24 holstein calves were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 in each group according to the principle of body weight and birth similarity. Regarded the first group as control group, fed with milk; the second, the third and the forth group fed with 3 kinds of milk replacer in different digestible energy and different crude protein: the second group is high digestible energy and high crude protein (HEHP), its nutrient level is 23.74MJ/kg, 27.20%; the third group is middle digestible energy and middle crude protein (MEMP), its nutrient level is 21.76MJ/kg, 24.80%; the forth group is low digestible energy and low crude protein (LELP), its nutrient level is 19.78MJ/kg, 22.40%. The effect of different digestible energy and different crude protein level on body size, average daily gain (ADG), diarrhea rate, death rate, nutrient digestion rate, and blood biochemistry index of calves was studied in the experiment. During the experiment, the death rate is 0% of 4 groups. In 3 groups feed with milk replacer, the diarrhea rate of HEHP group is 0%, lower than control group, which is 2.08%; but the diarrhea rate of LELP group is 4.46%, higher than control group, and MEMP group is 1.49%. In the early experiment, the ADG of control group, HEHP group, MEMP group, LELP group is 262.14g, 299.11g, 250.00g and 205.36g, respectively; In the late experiment, the ADG of control group, HEHP group, MEMP group, LELP group is 443.21g, 540.18g, 464.29g and 379.46g, respectively; During the whole experiment, the ADG of control group, HEHP group, MEMP group, LELP group is 352.68g, 419.64g, 357.14g and 292.41g, respectively. The ADG of HEHP group is evidently higher than LELP group (p<0.01); The ADG of MEMP group is higher than control group and MEMP group (p<0.05); but the ADG of MEMP group and control group were not significantly (p >0.05). From the whole experiment, the body height and the body inclined length of LELP group and control group have no difference (p>0.05), the body height and the body inclined length of LELP group and control group were lower than HEHP group evidently (p<0.01), MEMP group is higher than control group and LELP group (p<0.05); Body heart girth of HEHP group is higher than control group (p<0.05). The nutrient digestion rate of milk replacer groups were not so good as the milk group but not significant(p>0.05). Blood glucose and total protein (TP) of HEHP group is higher than the other groups, but have no evident difference(p>0.05), too. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of each group increased with the rising of crude protein level. The cost of feed with milk replacer was lower Y46.95, $30.20, $13.85 than control group, respectively. Analysis indicates that the feeding effect of HEHP group is the best, and may be regarded
试验一、全营养保健代乳粉的研究:本试验选用荷斯坦犊牛24头(加拿大优良胚胎,当地黄牛为受体,胚胎移植所生),按照体重、出生日期相近原则分为4组,每组6头。其中1组为对照组,按当地以牛奶哺喂常规断奶,2、3、4组为试验组,分别饲喂三种不同能量蛋白水平的代乳粉(自配):2组为高能量高蛋白组(HEHP),其营养水平为消化能23.74MJ/kg,粗蛋白27.20%;3组为中能量中蛋白组(MEMP),其营养水平为消化能21.76MJ/kg,粗蛋白24.80%;4组为低能量低蛋白组(LELP),其营养水平为消化能19.78MJ/kg,粗蛋白22.40%。试验中观测代乳粉不同能量蛋白水平对犊牛体尺变化、日增重、腹泻率、死亡率、养分消化率以及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:在整个试验过程中各个组均无犊牛的死亡,四个组的死亡率均为0。饲喂代乳粉的三个试验组中,HEHP组犊牛腹泻率为0,远低于对照组的2.08%和LELP组的4.46%。MEMP组的犊牛腹泻率为1.49%。试验中对照组、HEHP组、MEMP组、LELP组的前期平均日增重分别为262.14g、299.11g、250.00g、205.36g,后期平均日增重分别为443.21g、540.18g、464.29g、379.46g,全期平均日增重分别为352.68g、419.64g、357.14g、292.41g,从试验全期来看,HEHP组的平均日增重极显著高于LELP组(p<0.01),显著高于对照组和MEMP组(p<0.05),而MEMP组的平均日增重与对照组无明显差异(p>0.05)。LELP组和对照组体高、体斜长无明显差异(p>0.05),HEHP组体高、体斜长极显著高于对照组和LELP组(p<0.01);MEMP组体高、体斜长显著高于对照组和LELP组(p<0.05);HEHP组胸围的增长显著高于对照组和LELP组(p<0.05)。HEHP组、MEMP组、LELP组营养物质消化率不如对照组,但无明显差异(p>0.05)。HEHP组犊牛血清中的血糖和总蛋白含量高于其他三组,但差异均不显著(p>0.05);血清尿素氮随粗蛋白水平的增加而提高。代乳粉组培育一头犊牛所需的费用都比对照组少,HEHP组比对照组总费用减少了118.07元,节约费用22.96%;MEMP组比对照组总费用减少了116.57元,节约费用22.67%;LELP组比对照组总费用减少了116.87元,节约费用22.66%。综合评定认为:在本试验的能量蛋白水平下,以高能量高蛋白组的效果为最佳,可以作为实际生产中犊牛培育的参考,并为进一步研究奠定基础。
试验二、甘露寡糖对犊牛代谢及生长发育的研究:本试验选用当地7日龄左右荷斯坦犊牛15头,分为3组,每组5头。其中1组为对照组,不添加任何添加剂;2组和3组为试验组,分别添加0.1%和0.2%水平的葡萄糖甘露寡糖(Bio-Mos),各组采食营养水平相当,采食相同的牛乳、精料补充料和粗料,自由采食,自由饮水,饲喂时间30天。试验中观测甘露寡糖不同添加水平对犊牛肠道菌群、血液指标、生产性能和营养物质消化率的影响。结果表明:0.1%添加水平组平均日增重比对照组提高29.35%;0.1%添加水平组腹泻率低于对照组和0.2%添加组,用抗生素治疗几率也低
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of milk replacer and Bio-Mos on performance, blood parameters, density of bacterial populations, nutrient apparent digestibility, health condition and economy benefit in calves.The research of feeding early-weaned calf with milk replacer: 24 holstein calves were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 in each group according to the principle of body weight and birth similarity. Regarded the first group as control group, fed with milk; the second, the third and the forth group fed with 3 kinds of milk replacer in different digestible energy and different crude protein: the second group is high digestible energy and high crude protein (HEHP), its nutrient level is 23.74MJ/kg, 27.20%; the third group is middle digestible energy and middle crude protein (MEMP), its nutrient level is 21.76MJ/kg, 24.80%; the forth group is low digestible energy and low crude protein (LELP), its nutrient level is 19.78MJ/kg, 22.40%. The effect of different digestible energy and different crude protein level on body size, average daily gain (ADG), diarrhea rate, death rate, nutrient digestion rate, and blood biochemistry index of calves was studied in the experiment. During the experiment, the death rate is 0% of 4 groups. In 3 groups feed with milk replacer, the diarrhea rate of HEHP group is 0%, lower than control group, which is 2.08%; but the diarrhea rate of LELP group is 4.46%, higher than control group, and MEMP group is 1.49%. In the early experiment, the ADG of control group, HEHP group, MEMP group, LELP group is 262.14g, 299.11g, 250.00g and 205.36g, respectively; In the late experiment, the ADG of control group, HEHP group, MEMP group, LELP group is 443.21g, 540.18g, 464.29g and 379.46g, respectively; During the whole experiment, the ADG of control group, HEHP group, MEMP group, LELP group is 352.68g, 419.64g, 357.14g and 292.41g, respectively. The ADG of HEHP group is evidently higher than LELP group (p<0.01); The ADG of MEMP group is higher than control group and MEMP group (p<0.05); but the ADG of MEMP group and control group were not significantly (p >0.05). From the whole experiment, the body height and the body inclined length of LELP group and control group have no difference (p>0.05), the body height and the body inclined length of LELP group and control group were lower than HEHP group evidently (p<0.01), MEMP group is higher than control group and LELP group (p<0.05); Body heart girth of HEHP group is higher than control group (p<0.05). The nutrient digestion rate of milk replacer groups were not so good as the milk group but not significant(p>0.05). Blood glucose and total protein (TP) of HEHP group is higher than the other groups, but have no evident difference(p>0.05), too. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of each group increased with the rising of crude protein level. The cost of feed with milk replacer was lower Y46.95, $30.20, $13.85 than control group, respectively. Analysis indicates that the feeding effect of HEHP group is the best, and may be regarded
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