HEV锂离子电池组管理关键技术研究
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摘要
随着汽车工业的迅猛发展,能源和环境问题更加突出。世界各国对此密切关注,并采取积极的应对措施。混合动力汽车(Hybrid-Electric Vehicle, HEV)是为减少燃油汽车的能源消耗和所引起的污染这两个问题而产生的。混合动力汽车动力电池的荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)是电池管理系统的重要数据,HEV动力电池组的SOC要求实时、在线、准确估算,它是HEV整车能量控制策略的前提,是不使电池组因过充、过放而提前损坏的保证。HEV动力电池组工作有自身的特点：温度间距大,温度间距能达到60摄氏度；充放电频繁且变化大。但现有的很多HEV电池组SOC估算算法中要么没有考虑温度因素,要么把温度当成常量来处理；另外,电池的SOC和电池的端电压之间是非线性关系,但现有的很多算法直接把这种关系当成线性来处理,导致HEV动力电池组SOC估算误差大。此外,储能装置存在的问题已经成为HEV发展的瓶颈。HEV用储能装置多采用串联电池组,电池在串联使用时,其性能和使用寿命比不上单体电池。研究表明,这主要是由电池组中单体间的不均衡性造成的。相比电池的制作材料、数学模型、充电方法等方面的研究,蓄电池的均衡性研究是一个新的研究方向,给国内外的研究者提出了大量的挑战性课题。这种不均衡性是客观存在的,只能尽量减小而不可能彻底消除；这种不均衡性在蓄电池的使用过程因过充过放等因素的影响会加剧,因此不均衡性的控制是一个动态过程。
针对上述情况,围绕HEV锂离子电池组管理的几个关键技术,本文主要做了以下几个方面的工作：
第一、在介绍汽车的发展趋势和混合动力汽车应解决的关键技术及锂离子电池的工作机理的基础上,对影响SOC估算的因素及效果做了全面的分析,并对当前常用电池模型进行了研究,提出了以传统EMF(Electromotive force)模型为基础的改进型EMF模型以改善其温度特性,并对改进模型的参数给出了辩识方法。
第二、对现有SOC估算算法做了分析,研究了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的SOC估算策略,该策略的目的是要将线性卡尔曼滤波算法应用于非线性系统。论文给出了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的SOC估算算法的实现,提出了基于EKF-AH法的SOC混合估算方法,并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,基于EKF-AH的SOC估算算法能满足HEV的SOC估算精度要求,温度适应能力明显比改进前强。
第三、对电池组不均衡性扩大的原因做了分析,对现有的几种主要均衡方法作了比较研究,提出了多绕组变压器磁性均衡模型,并对传统的DC-DC隔离转换均衡法做了改进。针对电动汽车串联电池组数目大和充放电电流大的应用场合,在多绕组变压器磁性均衡法和改进的DC-DC均衡法的基础上提出了一种二级均衡法,给出了系统的具体实现,包括各硬件模块的设计原理、电路原理图及主要模块的详细实现过程。最后对提出的二级均衡法给出了实验验证,实验结果说明用改进后DC-DC组成的分级均衡系统进行均衡充电是有效的,并具有其优越性。
第四、针对目前在电池组管理方面对电池组能量管理重视不够,或者缺乏能量管理策略,从而导致电池的健康状况下降,影响电池的能量利用和使用寿命等问题,提出了蓄电池多分组能量管理策略和基于备份电源的能量管理策略,分析了备份电源的能量管理策略的适用性,该策略主要包括电池分组的原则、能量回馈控制和充放电的控制方法等。对实验数据的分析表明,采用本能量管理策略的系统比无能量管理的未分组系统有更高的能量利用率和更好的工作状态。
第五、给出了HEV锂离子电池组管理系统的总体功能和硬软件设计方案,该管理系统以微处理器作为各种功能控制的核心,具有锂离子电池组SOC估算、充放电管理及均衡、能量管理等功能,可使电池组的使用更加合理,有效延长其使用寿命。
本文的工作对从事混合动力汽车的研制,尤其是对从事HEV锂离子电池组管理研究的人员有参考价值。
Along with rapid development of automobile industry, the energy problem and the environment problem are more prominent. All countries pay attention closely to them, and take positively the measure for those problems. The electric automobiles have been researched for reducing the pollution emissioned by fuel oil automobile and the consumption of energy. SOC of batteries used in HEV is the important data of battery management system.SOC requires to be estimated real-time, on-line, accurately. This is the premise of energy control strategy of HEV too, the guarantee which prevents batteries damage from overcharging or over-discharging. Battery Group of HEV has its own characteristics when it works:large interval of the temperature, the interval of temperature can reach 60 degrees Celsius; charge and discharge frequently and the large variation of current. However, many estimation algorithms of SOC which people often used in HEV don't take temperature factor into account or accept it as a constant. The relationship between SOC and the terminal voltage of batteries is non-linear, but many algorithms deal with them directly as a linear relationship, and result in large estimation error of SOC. In addition, the problem of energy storing device becomes the bottleneck in the development of HEV. Energy storing device equipped on HEV generally uses series battery stack. When batteries are connected in series, its performance and life span are not a circumstance to single cell. Studies have shown that it's primarily caused by imbalance between cells in series battery stack. Compared to the research of battery materials, mathematical models, charging methods, the balance between batteries is a new research field and has a bright future in application. The imbalance between cells can't be eliminated completely because of the outwardness of it. It will be intensified during the course of being used, so the control of it becomes a dynamic process.
In view of the above situation, regarding several key technologies of HEV lithium ion battery management system, the main work of this dissertation includes:
First, this dissertation introduces the development trend of the vehicle, key technologies of HEV and the working principle of lithium ion battery, analyses completely the affecting factors of SOC, studies on battery model in common use, sets up improved EMF battery model based on traditional EMF battery model, which takes into account the impact of temperature to the SOC and puts forward the way of parameter recognizing of improved EMF battery model.
Second, this dissertation analyses the estimate algorithm of SOC existing, studies on the estimate algorithm of SOC based on EKF in order to fit the non-linear system, puts forward a kind of hybrid estimate algorithm of SOC based on EKF-AH, and verifies its effect with experiments. The results of experiment have indicated that estimate algorithm of SOC based on EKF-AH may meet the accuracy requirement of HEV, the temperature adaptability of improved battery model is obviously better than the model which has not been modified.
Third, the dissertation also discusses the reasons for the extension of equalization and several existing balanced approach, puts forward the multiple winding magnetic model, and has improved the balancing method of the traditional DC-DC isolation. Against the application occasions of large number cells and high charge and discharge current on electric vehicles, according to the multiple winding magnetic balancing method and the improved DC-DC balancing method, the thesis proposes one kind of second-level balancing method, describes the detail design process, including the hardware module design principle, the circuit schematic diagram and the main modules of the detailed process of implementation. Finally, gives the experimental verification for the second-level balancing method which has proposed, the experimental result shows the equalizing charge which replace graduation balanced system by the improved DC-DC system is effective and the system has its superiority.
Forth, at present, the battery management system takes insufficiently the battery energy management into account, or lacks the energy management strategy, thus causes drop of battery's state of health, affects the using and the service life of battery's energy. In view of this problem, the dissertation proposes the strategy based on multiple grouping of batteries power energy management and the strategy based on backup power energy management, analysises the applicability of the strategy based on backup power energy management, it mainly includes the principle of the battery groups, the control method of power feedback and the method of the charging and discharging control, and so on. The date of experiment indicates that those BMS which adopts energy management are better than those systems which have not adopted the energy management.
Fifth, this dissertation proposes a functional frame of HEV lithium ion battery group management system and designs hardware and software of the system. The system uses the MCU as the core controller of every functional model. The system possesses functions of estimating battery groups' SOC, controlling and balancing charging and discharging of battery group, energy management. It will lead us use the battery group more properly and enhance the lifetime effectively.
The main work of this dissertation has probably successful experiences of those who engage research of EV or HEV and especially those who engage research of HEV lithium ion battery group management to consult.
针对上述情况,围绕HEV锂离子电池组管理的几个关键技术,本文主要做了以下几个方面的工作：
第一、在介绍汽车的发展趋势和混合动力汽车应解决的关键技术及锂离子电池的工作机理的基础上,对影响SOC估算的因素及效果做了全面的分析,并对当前常用电池模型进行了研究,提出了以传统EMF(Electromotive force)模型为基础的改进型EMF模型以改善其温度特性,并对改进模型的参数给出了辩识方法。
第二、对现有SOC估算算法做了分析,研究了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的SOC估算策略,该策略的目的是要将线性卡尔曼滤波算法应用于非线性系统。论文给出了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的SOC估算算法的实现,提出了基于EKF-AH法的SOC混合估算方法,并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,基于EKF-AH的SOC估算算法能满足HEV的SOC估算精度要求,温度适应能力明显比改进前强。
第三、对电池组不均衡性扩大的原因做了分析,对现有的几种主要均衡方法作了比较研究,提出了多绕组变压器磁性均衡模型,并对传统的DC-DC隔离转换均衡法做了改进。针对电动汽车串联电池组数目大和充放电电流大的应用场合,在多绕组变压器磁性均衡法和改进的DC-DC均衡法的基础上提出了一种二级均衡法,给出了系统的具体实现,包括各硬件模块的设计原理、电路原理图及主要模块的详细实现过程。最后对提出的二级均衡法给出了实验验证,实验结果说明用改进后DC-DC组成的分级均衡系统进行均衡充电是有效的,并具有其优越性。
第四、针对目前在电池组管理方面对电池组能量管理重视不够,或者缺乏能量管理策略,从而导致电池的健康状况下降,影响电池的能量利用和使用寿命等问题,提出了蓄电池多分组能量管理策略和基于备份电源的能量管理策略,分析了备份电源的能量管理策略的适用性,该策略主要包括电池分组的原则、能量回馈控制和充放电的控制方法等。对实验数据的分析表明,采用本能量管理策略的系统比无能量管理的未分组系统有更高的能量利用率和更好的工作状态。
第五、给出了HEV锂离子电池组管理系统的总体功能和硬软件设计方案,该管理系统以微处理器作为各种功能控制的核心,具有锂离子电池组SOC估算、充放电管理及均衡、能量管理等功能,可使电池组的使用更加合理,有效延长其使用寿命。
本文的工作对从事混合动力汽车的研制,尤其是对从事HEV锂离子电池组管理研究的人员有参考价值。
Along with rapid development of automobile industry, the energy problem and the environment problem are more prominent. All countries pay attention closely to them, and take positively the measure for those problems. The electric automobiles have been researched for reducing the pollution emissioned by fuel oil automobile and the consumption of energy. SOC of batteries used in HEV is the important data of battery management system.SOC requires to be estimated real-time, on-line, accurately. This is the premise of energy control strategy of HEV too, the guarantee which prevents batteries damage from overcharging or over-discharging. Battery Group of HEV has its own characteristics when it works:large interval of the temperature, the interval of temperature can reach 60 degrees Celsius; charge and discharge frequently and the large variation of current. However, many estimation algorithms of SOC which people often used in HEV don't take temperature factor into account or accept it as a constant. The relationship between SOC and the terminal voltage of batteries is non-linear, but many algorithms deal with them directly as a linear relationship, and result in large estimation error of SOC. In addition, the problem of energy storing device becomes the bottleneck in the development of HEV. Energy storing device equipped on HEV generally uses series battery stack. When batteries are connected in series, its performance and life span are not a circumstance to single cell. Studies have shown that it's primarily caused by imbalance between cells in series battery stack. Compared to the research of battery materials, mathematical models, charging methods, the balance between batteries is a new research field and has a bright future in application. The imbalance between cells can't be eliminated completely because of the outwardness of it. It will be intensified during the course of being used, so the control of it becomes a dynamic process.
In view of the above situation, regarding several key technologies of HEV lithium ion battery management system, the main work of this dissertation includes:
First, this dissertation introduces the development trend of the vehicle, key technologies of HEV and the working principle of lithium ion battery, analyses completely the affecting factors of SOC, studies on battery model in common use, sets up improved EMF battery model based on traditional EMF battery model, which takes into account the impact of temperature to the SOC and puts forward the way of parameter recognizing of improved EMF battery model.
Second, this dissertation analyses the estimate algorithm of SOC existing, studies on the estimate algorithm of SOC based on EKF in order to fit the non-linear system, puts forward a kind of hybrid estimate algorithm of SOC based on EKF-AH, and verifies its effect with experiments. The results of experiment have indicated that estimate algorithm of SOC based on EKF-AH may meet the accuracy requirement of HEV, the temperature adaptability of improved battery model is obviously better than the model which has not been modified.
Third, the dissertation also discusses the reasons for the extension of equalization and several existing balanced approach, puts forward the multiple winding magnetic model, and has improved the balancing method of the traditional DC-DC isolation. Against the application occasions of large number cells and high charge and discharge current on electric vehicles, according to the multiple winding magnetic balancing method and the improved DC-DC balancing method, the thesis proposes one kind of second-level balancing method, describes the detail design process, including the hardware module design principle, the circuit schematic diagram and the main modules of the detailed process of implementation. Finally, gives the experimental verification for the second-level balancing method which has proposed, the experimental result shows the equalizing charge which replace graduation balanced system by the improved DC-DC system is effective and the system has its superiority.
Forth, at present, the battery management system takes insufficiently the battery energy management into account, or lacks the energy management strategy, thus causes drop of battery's state of health, affects the using and the service life of battery's energy. In view of this problem, the dissertation proposes the strategy based on multiple grouping of batteries power energy management and the strategy based on backup power energy management, analysises the applicability of the strategy based on backup power energy management, it mainly includes the principle of the battery groups, the control method of power feedback and the method of the charging and discharging control, and so on. The date of experiment indicates that those BMS which adopts energy management are better than those systems which have not adopted the energy management.
Fifth, this dissertation proposes a functional frame of HEV lithium ion battery group management system and designs hardware and software of the system. The system uses the MCU as the core controller of every functional model. The system possesses functions of estimating battery groups' SOC, controlling and balancing charging and discharging of battery group, energy management. It will lead us use the battery group more properly and enhance the lifetime effectively.
The main work of this dissertation has probably successful experiences of those who engage research of EV or HEV and especially those who engage research of HEV lithium ion battery group management to consult.
引文
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