商品混凝土收缩性能的试验研究
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摘要
商品混凝土以其进度快、质量好、劳力省、消耗低、技术先进、现场文明等诸多优点，已成为城市建筑业不可缺少的组成部分。然而，由于商品混凝土使用要求流动性大，配合比中水泥和细骨料比例偏大、粗骨料比例偏小，使得商品混凝土收缩偏大，容易出现裂缝。据统计，在混凝土结构的裂缝中，有70％以上为非荷载裂缝，其中就包括混凝土材料本身在收缩过程中产生的裂缝。如何找出混凝土的收缩机理，从而更好的控制收缩裂缝，是有待解决的问题。
本文通过连续180天对24组99个商品混凝工收缩试件收缩应变的量测，分析得出商品混凝土在标准条件下的收缩应变计算公式，利用多系数叠加法分析给出非标准条件商品混凝土的多系数收缩应变计算公式，并根据本试验数据、参考国内外收缩试验资料，给出各影响系数的确定方法。
此外将本文所给收缩应变计算公式与ACI收缩公式、Trost收缩公式、中国建筑科学研究院收缩公式、王铁梦收缩公式进行分析比较，证明本文所给公式更适用于商品混凝土。
配筋商品混凝土收缩试件收缩时，混凝土受拉，钢筋受压。利用拉压平衡和同条件下素商品混凝土试件和配筋商品混凝土试件的收缩差值，给出了商品混凝土时随收缩应力计算公式和以及商品混凝土时随弹性模量的计算公式，为控制商品混凝土收缩裂缝提供了依据。
最后，通过收缩机理研究分析，给出混凝土收缩的补偿控制措施。
本课题为国家混凝土结构设计规范第六批科研课题。
Merchandise concrete with merit of accomplished quickly, good quality, spared manpower, low expend, state-of-art technology and civilized scene, has became the indispensable part in the civil architecture field. However, owing to the larger liquidity, the larger ratio of cement and fine aggregate in mixing proportion and the smaller ratio of coarse aggregate, merchandise concrete has larger shrinkage and emerges cracks easily. According to statistics, non-load cracks occupy more than 70 percent in all concrete structure cracks. So, how to find out the shrinkage reasons of merchandise concrete and control shrinkage cracks still to be solved problem.
Through measured 24 groups 99 lumps of merchandise concrete shrinkage specimens' shrinkage strain in series 180 days, this paper analyzed and worked out the shrinkage strain-time computing formula of merchandise concrete under standard condition. Shrinkage strain-time multi-coefficient computing formula of merchandise concrete under nonstandard conditions was gave out by using multi-coefficient superposition method, at the same time, each influence coefficients were offered basing this experiment dates and referencing shrinkage text material of home and abroad.
Besides, the comparing and analyzing were proceeded both computing formula given by this paper and ACI formula, Trost formula, the Building Research Council of China formula and Wang Tie-meng formula, though which prove that the formula given by this paper was true of merchandise concrete.
When merchandise concrete specimens placed steel bar shrank, concrete was tensioned and steel bar was pressed. Utilizing the equilibria of pull and press and the dispersion between placed and unplaced steel bar specimens, this paper put forward the shrinkage stress-time computing formula and elastic modulus-time computing formula of merchandise concrete that offered the reference for controlling merchandise concrete cracks.
At last, based on the research and analyses, this paper gave the measures of compensating and controlling the merchandise concrete shrinkage.
This research subject is the sixth passel subject of code for design of concrete structure.
本文通过连续180天对24组99个商品混凝工收缩试件收缩应变的量测，分析得出商品混凝土在标准条件下的收缩应变计算公式，利用多系数叠加法分析给出非标准条件商品混凝土的多系数收缩应变计算公式，并根据本试验数据、参考国内外收缩试验资料，给出各影响系数的确定方法。
此外将本文所给收缩应变计算公式与ACI收缩公式、Trost收缩公式、中国建筑科学研究院收缩公式、王铁梦收缩公式进行分析比较，证明本文所给公式更适用于商品混凝土。
配筋商品混凝土收缩试件收缩时，混凝土受拉，钢筋受压。利用拉压平衡和同条件下素商品混凝土试件和配筋商品混凝土试件的收缩差值，给出了商品混凝土时随收缩应力计算公式和以及商品混凝土时随弹性模量的计算公式，为控制商品混凝土收缩裂缝提供了依据。
最后，通过收缩机理研究分析，给出混凝土收缩的补偿控制措施。
本课题为国家混凝土结构设计规范第六批科研课题。
Merchandise concrete with merit of accomplished quickly, good quality, spared manpower, low expend, state-of-art technology and civilized scene, has became the indispensable part in the civil architecture field. However, owing to the larger liquidity, the larger ratio of cement and fine aggregate in mixing proportion and the smaller ratio of coarse aggregate, merchandise concrete has larger shrinkage and emerges cracks easily. According to statistics, non-load cracks occupy more than 70 percent in all concrete structure cracks. So, how to find out the shrinkage reasons of merchandise concrete and control shrinkage cracks still to be solved problem.
Through measured 24 groups 99 lumps of merchandise concrete shrinkage specimens' shrinkage strain in series 180 days, this paper analyzed and worked out the shrinkage strain-time computing formula of merchandise concrete under standard condition. Shrinkage strain-time multi-coefficient computing formula of merchandise concrete under nonstandard conditions was gave out by using multi-coefficient superposition method, at the same time, each influence coefficients were offered basing this experiment dates and referencing shrinkage text material of home and abroad.
Besides, the comparing and analyzing were proceeded both computing formula given by this paper and ACI formula, Trost formula, the Building Research Council of China formula and Wang Tie-meng formula, though which prove that the formula given by this paper was true of merchandise concrete.
When merchandise concrete specimens placed steel bar shrank, concrete was tensioned and steel bar was pressed. Utilizing the equilibria of pull and press and the dispersion between placed and unplaced steel bar specimens, this paper put forward the shrinkage stress-time computing formula and elastic modulus-time computing formula of merchandise concrete that offered the reference for controlling merchandise concrete cracks.
At last, based on the research and analyses, this paper gave the measures of compensating and controlling the merchandise concrete shrinkage.
This research subject is the sixth passel subject of code for design of concrete structure.
引文
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[2] 过镇海．钢筋混凝土原理[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[3] 王铁梦．工程结构裂缝控制[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998
[4] 陈肇元，崔京浩，朱金铨，安明喆，俞哲夫．钢筋混凝土裂缝分析与控制[J]．工程力学增刊，2001：57～84
[5] 熊耀莹．住宅建筑裂缝因果关系漫谈[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003
[6] W.P.S.Dias. Influence of mix and environment on plastic shrinkage cracking [J].Magazine of Concrete Research, 2003, 55(4): 387～394
[7] CEB-FIP. International recommendations for the design and construction of concrete structures [S].Cement and concrete association, London, 1970
[8] GBJ50010-2002，混凝土结构设计规范[S]
[9] ACI Committee 209. Prediction of creep、shrinkage and temperature effects in concrete structures[S].American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1971
[10] 游宝坤，李光明，黄春江．建筑结构裂缝控制与防水新技术，中国建筑材料科学研究院，2002(内部资料)
[11] 韩素芳等．混凝土工程病害与修补加固[M]．北京：海洋出版社，1996
[12] 陈士良，徐伟，潘延平．现浇楼板的裂缝控制[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003
[13] 周磊．现浇钢筋混凝土楼板裂缝的成因及防治[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003
[14] 陶建民，王旭峰．现浇钢筋混凝土楼板采用商品混凝土施工的裂缝分析及控制[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003
[15] 潘延平．住宅工程钢筋混凝土现浇楼板裂缝分析[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003
[16] 王铁梦．钢筋混凝土结构的裂缝控制[J]．安徽建筑，2001(1)：10～13
[17] W.P.S.Dias. Influence of mix and environment on plastic shrinkage cracking[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research,2003,55(4):385～374
[18] 混凝土结构裂缝预控和防治技术的研究与应用——调研分析报告．上海住乐建设发展总公司，2003年6月
[19] 富文权，韩素芳．混凝土工程裂缝分析与控制[M]中国铁道出版社，2002
[20] 冯乃谦．商品混凝土在施工应用中的开裂与对策[J]．混凝土，2000(9)：3～6
[21] Pietro Lura, Klaas van Breugel, Ippei Maruyama. Effect of curing temperature and type of cement on early-age shrinkage of high-performance concrete [J]. Cement and concrete Research, 2001(31): 1846～1872
[22] 万在龙．混凝土结构早期温度和收缩变形的理论分析与数值模拟[D]．上海：同济大学，2001
[23] 朱伯芳，王同生，丁宝瑛，郭之章．水工混凝土结构的温度应力和温度控制[M]．水利电力出版社，1976
[24] Arshad A.Khan, William D.Cook, and Denis Mithell. Creep, shrinkage, and temperature strains in normal, medium, and high-strength concretes during hydration[J].ACI Material Journal, 1997(3-4): 156～163
[25] Mitchell.D, Khan.A.A, Cook.W.D.Early age properties for thermal and stress analysis during hydration[M], American Ceramic Society,1998
[26] 叶青．高强混凝土的收缩及其补偿机理[J]．混凝土与水泥制品．1997(1)：20～24
[27] 黄国兴，惠荣炎．混凝土的收缩[M]．北京：中国铁道出版社，1990
[28] J.Branch, D.J.Harmant and M.Mulheron. Factors affecting the plastic shrinkage cracking of high-strength concrete [J]. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2002, 54(5): 347～354
[29] Eioichi Tazawa, Shingo Miyzawa, Tetsurou Kasai. Chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of hydrating cement paste[J].Cement & Concrete Research, 1995, 25 (2): 282～292
[30] Young.J.E. Physical mechanisms and mathematical description, Mathematical modeling of creep and shrinkage of concrete[M].Wiley Chichester, 1988
[31] P.C.Aticin, A.M.Neville, P.Acker. Intergrated view of shrinkage deformation[J].Concrete International, 1997, 9:35～45
[32] Salah.A.A. Early age stress and creep-shrinkage interaction of restrained concrete[D].Doctoral thesis, UIUC, Division of Structural Engineering,2000
[33] James Andrew Gilliand. Thermal and shrinkage effects in high performance concrete structures during construction[D].USA: the University of Calgary, 2000
[34] Ei-ichi Tazawa and Shingo Miyazawa. Influence of cement and admixture on autogenous shrinkage of cement paste [J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 1995(25):281～287
[35] Y.Yuan, Z.L.Wan. Prediction of cracking within early-age concrete due to thermal, drying and creep behavior[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2002(32): 1053～1059
[36] Li Jianyong, Yao Yan. A study on creep and drying shrinkage of high performance concrete[J].Cement and Concrete Research, 2001(31): 1203～1206
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