超声强化中草药成分提取
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摘要
中草药在我国资源丰富,运用中草药防病、治病历史悠久。随着中药现代化的需要和超声技术的广泛应用,超声强化中草药成分提取研究对于推进中医药现代化和发展有着重要的意义。
本文从Fick第一定律出发,基于超声对植物细胞的破壁效果,建立了超声强化中草药成分提取的传质动力学方程,得到了中草药成分提取液浓度与超声提取时间、超声功率的关系,并通过银杏叶中黄酮成分及甘草中甘草酸成分的提取实验进行了验证。
银杏叶分布于我国大部,银杏叶中黄酮成分具有极强的清除自由基和抗氧化性能。本文以水为提取介质,利用超声细胞粉碎机插入式提取和超声清洗槽提取两种提取方式对银杏叶中黄酮成分进行了提取实验。以芦丁为标准品,建立了浓度范围在12.16-97.28mg/L的分光光度法标准曲线。用硝酸铝和亚硝酸钠络合法对银杏叶提取液中黄酮成分进行分析与浓度测量,并与浸提结果进行了对比。实验结果表明,超声能够实现强化银杏叶黄酮成分的提取；超声功率一定时,在一定提取时间范围内,提取时间越长,提取液浓度越大；在相同的提取时间内,超声功率越大,提取液浓度越大；相同提取条件下,插入式提取方式提取效果优于超声清洗槽提取效果。
甘草被称为“百药之王”,应用非常广泛。甘草酸是甘草中的重要成分,具有抗病毒、抗血栓等功能。本文以水为提取介质,使用超声细胞粉碎机、超声清洗槽及粉碎机加清洗槽的复合提取方式对甘草切片、甘草纤维、甘草粉进行了超声强化提取实验。以甘草酸为标准品,利用甘草酸在30%-60%乙醇溶液中浓度与吸光率的线性关系建立了浓度范围为20-100mg/L的标准曲线,用分光光度法对不同条件下得到的提取液浓度进行测量。实验结果表明：超声细胞粉碎机的提取效果均明显优于超声清洗槽的提取效果；复合提取方式的提取效果优于单一提取方式效果；对不同基质甘草药材颗粒超声处理前后的外形进行观察,在超声破壁效果作用下,药材颗粒外形发生了很大变化,超声破壁效果明显；超声对不同基质药材颗粒的提取效果顺序是：甘草粉优于甘草纤维,甘草纤维优于甘草片。
超声提取装置的声场分析是设备设计和制造的理论基础。本文基于SYSNOISE和ANSYS软件的振动-声场分析计算功能,以H66MC型超声清洗槽实际尺寸为参数进行建模,模拟计算了清洗槽在39.7KHz频率工作时的声场,绘制了平行于底板的平面声压分布云图和垂直于底板的断面声压分布云图,得到了清洗槽内声场的分布规律。利用美国物理声学公司的Ultra-PAC超声C扫描成像系统对H66MC型超声清洗槽声场进行了测量,得到了实际的声压分布云图。用PPB US TK型超声波能量计分别测量了100W、200W、250W功率时该清洗槽平行于底板且距底板1cm、4cm、7cm、10cm、13cm、16cm平面的声场声强分布；测量了12个换能器在声场辐射方向的声强分布,对测量数据用Matlab绘制了声强分布图。结果表明：基于SYSNOISE和ANSYS的模拟计算结果与实际测量的结果相符合,通过测量得到了清洗槽内声场分布的规律。
利用SYSNOISE和ANSYS软件分别计算了长宽比为1：1、2：1、3：2的超声清洗槽的声场；换能器呈单排、双排、三排分布时的超声清洗槽声场；清洗槽在声源单独工作、清洗槽单独工作、复合提取方式时的声场。探讨了清洗槽声场分布与清洗槽长宽比、换能器的分布方式及提取方式之间的关系。计算了圆柱形反应器分别在一个换能器置于底板中心激励时的声场和七个换能器呈轴对称分布时的声场；探讨了圆柱形反应器声场分布与换能器排布方式之间的规律。计算得到的声场分布规律为超声提取装置的设计提供了模拟计算支持。
本文的主要创新点：
(1)以Fick第一定律为基础,基于超声破壁效果,建立了超声提取中草药成分传质动力学方程。
(2)以水为提取介质,对银杏叶中黄酮成分和甘草中甘草酸成分进行了超声提取,验证了建立的传质动力学方程,得到了银杏黄酮、甘草酸超声提取规律。
(3)建立了基于SYSNOISE和ANSYS的超声提取装置内部声场计算方法。
(4)基于SYSNOISE和ANSYS计算了超声槽式提取装置和圆柱形反应器的声场,得到了声场分布规律。
Chinese herbs in China is rich in resources, the use of Chinese herb for disease treatment and prevention has a long history. With the needs of modernization of Chinese medicine and the extensive application of ultrasonic technology, researches on ultrasonic extraction of Chinese herbs have great influence on promoting the modernization and development of Chinese medicine.
Based on Fick's first law and ultrasound effect of breaking plant cells, extracting dynamic equations of mass transfer on ultrasonic extracting herbs has been established. The relationships between the concentration of herbs and extraction time and the concentration of herbs and ultrasonic power have been found. It has been verified by the extraction experiments of extracting Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo leaves and extracting Glycyrrhizin from Licorice.
Ginkgo tree is planted in many regions of our country. Ginkgo flavonoids has strong scavenge free radicals and antioxidant activity. In this paper, the experiment of extracting Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo leaves has been completed in two ways. One is using cell disruptor and the other is using ultrasonic cleaning tank. Spectrophotometric standard curve of Ginkgo flavonoids concentration ranging in 12.16-97.28mg/L is set up with Rutin acting as the standard. Ginkgo flavonoids is analyzed and concentration is measured by Al (NO3)3 and NaN02 complexion method, and the results are compared with the soak extraction. The results show that ultrasound strenghs the process of extracting Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo leaves. For the same extraction time, the concentration of Ginkgo flavonoids increases with the ultrasonic power. When the ultrasonic power is fixed, the concentration of Ginkgo flavonoids increases with the extraction time. Under the same extraction conditions, plug-in extraction ways are more efficient than ultrasonic cleaning extraction ways.
Licorice is widely used in medicine. Glycyrrhizic acid, an important ingredient in licorice, has anti-virus, anti-thrombosis and other functions. In the Glycyrrhizic extraction experiments, with the use of water as the extraction medium, cell disruptor and ultrasonic cleaning tank is used as extraction equipment. Licorice slices, Licorice fiber and Licorice powder are used to extract Glycyrrhizic from them. Based on a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration of Glycyrrhizic acid in 30%-60% ethanol, spectrophotometric standard curve of concentration ranging in 20-100mg/L is set up. The concentration of the extraction liquid that is obtained under different conditions is measured. The results show that the way of using cell disruptor is more efficient than that of using ultrasonic cleaning and the way of complex extraction is more efficient than others. By comparing the particle shapes and the shapes extracted by ultrasound, we have found that shapes of particle change obviously. The effect of ultrasonic breaking cells is that licorice powder is better than fiber, fiber is better than slices.
The analysis of sound field is the theoretical basis for designing and manufacturing ultrasonic extraction equipment. Based on the analysis and vibration calculation function of SYSNOISE and ANSYS software, the sound field of H66MC ultrasonic cleaning tanks working at 39.7KHz is calculated. The sound pressure distribution pictures and laws of the plane located at different distances from bottom are obtained. With the help of the Ultra-PAC ultrasonic C scanning system, the sound field of H66MC ultrasonic cleaning tank is measured and the sound pressure distribution images are obtained, too. Using the PPB US TK ultrasonic energy meter, the sound intensity distribution of the plane located at different distances (1cm,4cm,7cm,10cm,13 cm, 16cm) from bottom is measured with the cleaning tank's power of 100W,200W and 250W; the sound intensity distributions in radiation direction of every transducer are measured; the images of sound intensity distributions are plotted with Matlab, whose results are based on SYSNOISE and ANSYS calculation in accord with the results of measurement.
Based on the calculation method of SYSNOISE and ANSYS, the sound pressure distributions of an ultrasonic cleaning tank are calculated under the conditions:different aspect ratio (1:1,2:1,3:2), different rows of transducers settled, and different ways of extraction. The relation between sound field distribution and the influence factors is found. The sound field distributions of cylindrical reactors are calculated as the calculation process as ultrasonic cleaning tank. The results of sound field distribution hereinbefore will provide simulation support for the ultrasonic extraction device designing.
The main contributions of this thesis are as follows:
(1) Based on the Fick's first law and the effect of ultrasonic breaking plant cells, ultrasonic extraction dynamic equations of mass transfer are established.
(2) The experiments of extracting Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo leaves and extracting Glycyrrhizic acid from Licorice, are completed. The ultrasonic extraction dynamic equation is verified.
(3) Based on the calculation function of SYSNOISE and ANSYS, the method of sound field calculation is established.
(4) The sound fields of the rectangular cleaning tank and the cylindrical reactor are calculated, based on the calculation function of SYSNOISE and ANSYS. The sound field distributions are obtained.
本文从Fick第一定律出发,基于超声对植物细胞的破壁效果,建立了超声强化中草药成分提取的传质动力学方程,得到了中草药成分提取液浓度与超声提取时间、超声功率的关系,并通过银杏叶中黄酮成分及甘草中甘草酸成分的提取实验进行了验证。
银杏叶分布于我国大部,银杏叶中黄酮成分具有极强的清除自由基和抗氧化性能。本文以水为提取介质,利用超声细胞粉碎机插入式提取和超声清洗槽提取两种提取方式对银杏叶中黄酮成分进行了提取实验。以芦丁为标准品,建立了浓度范围在12.16-97.28mg/L的分光光度法标准曲线。用硝酸铝和亚硝酸钠络合法对银杏叶提取液中黄酮成分进行分析与浓度测量,并与浸提结果进行了对比。实验结果表明,超声能够实现强化银杏叶黄酮成分的提取；超声功率一定时,在一定提取时间范围内,提取时间越长,提取液浓度越大；在相同的提取时间内,超声功率越大,提取液浓度越大；相同提取条件下,插入式提取方式提取效果优于超声清洗槽提取效果。
甘草被称为“百药之王”,应用非常广泛。甘草酸是甘草中的重要成分,具有抗病毒、抗血栓等功能。本文以水为提取介质,使用超声细胞粉碎机、超声清洗槽及粉碎机加清洗槽的复合提取方式对甘草切片、甘草纤维、甘草粉进行了超声强化提取实验。以甘草酸为标准品,利用甘草酸在30%-60%乙醇溶液中浓度与吸光率的线性关系建立了浓度范围为20-100mg/L的标准曲线,用分光光度法对不同条件下得到的提取液浓度进行测量。实验结果表明：超声细胞粉碎机的提取效果均明显优于超声清洗槽的提取效果；复合提取方式的提取效果优于单一提取方式效果；对不同基质甘草药材颗粒超声处理前后的外形进行观察,在超声破壁效果作用下,药材颗粒外形发生了很大变化,超声破壁效果明显；超声对不同基质药材颗粒的提取效果顺序是：甘草粉优于甘草纤维,甘草纤维优于甘草片。
超声提取装置的声场分析是设备设计和制造的理论基础。本文基于SYSNOISE和ANSYS软件的振动-声场分析计算功能,以H66MC型超声清洗槽实际尺寸为参数进行建模,模拟计算了清洗槽在39.7KHz频率工作时的声场,绘制了平行于底板的平面声压分布云图和垂直于底板的断面声压分布云图,得到了清洗槽内声场的分布规律。利用美国物理声学公司的Ultra-PAC超声C扫描成像系统对H66MC型超声清洗槽声场进行了测量,得到了实际的声压分布云图。用PPB US TK型超声波能量计分别测量了100W、200W、250W功率时该清洗槽平行于底板且距底板1cm、4cm、7cm、10cm、13cm、16cm平面的声场声强分布；测量了12个换能器在声场辐射方向的声强分布,对测量数据用Matlab绘制了声强分布图。结果表明：基于SYSNOISE和ANSYS的模拟计算结果与实际测量的结果相符合,通过测量得到了清洗槽内声场分布的规律。
利用SYSNOISE和ANSYS软件分别计算了长宽比为1：1、2：1、3：2的超声清洗槽的声场；换能器呈单排、双排、三排分布时的超声清洗槽声场；清洗槽在声源单独工作、清洗槽单独工作、复合提取方式时的声场。探讨了清洗槽声场分布与清洗槽长宽比、换能器的分布方式及提取方式之间的关系。计算了圆柱形反应器分别在一个换能器置于底板中心激励时的声场和七个换能器呈轴对称分布时的声场；探讨了圆柱形反应器声场分布与换能器排布方式之间的规律。计算得到的声场分布规律为超声提取装置的设计提供了模拟计算支持。
本文的主要创新点：
(1)以Fick第一定律为基础,基于超声破壁效果,建立了超声提取中草药成分传质动力学方程。
(2)以水为提取介质,对银杏叶中黄酮成分和甘草中甘草酸成分进行了超声提取,验证了建立的传质动力学方程,得到了银杏黄酮、甘草酸超声提取规律。
(3)建立了基于SYSNOISE和ANSYS的超声提取装置内部声场计算方法。
(4)基于SYSNOISE和ANSYS计算了超声槽式提取装置和圆柱形反应器的声场,得到了声场分布规律。
Chinese herbs in China is rich in resources, the use of Chinese herb for disease treatment and prevention has a long history. With the needs of modernization of Chinese medicine and the extensive application of ultrasonic technology, researches on ultrasonic extraction of Chinese herbs have great influence on promoting the modernization and development of Chinese medicine.
Based on Fick's first law and ultrasound effect of breaking plant cells, extracting dynamic equations of mass transfer on ultrasonic extracting herbs has been established. The relationships between the concentration of herbs and extraction time and the concentration of herbs and ultrasonic power have been found. It has been verified by the extraction experiments of extracting Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo leaves and extracting Glycyrrhizin from Licorice.
Ginkgo tree is planted in many regions of our country. Ginkgo flavonoids has strong scavenge free radicals and antioxidant activity. In this paper, the experiment of extracting Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo leaves has been completed in two ways. One is using cell disruptor and the other is using ultrasonic cleaning tank. Spectrophotometric standard curve of Ginkgo flavonoids concentration ranging in 12.16-97.28mg/L is set up with Rutin acting as the standard. Ginkgo flavonoids is analyzed and concentration is measured by Al (NO3)3 and NaN02 complexion method, and the results are compared with the soak extraction. The results show that ultrasound strenghs the process of extracting Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo leaves. For the same extraction time, the concentration of Ginkgo flavonoids increases with the ultrasonic power. When the ultrasonic power is fixed, the concentration of Ginkgo flavonoids increases with the extraction time. Under the same extraction conditions, plug-in extraction ways are more efficient than ultrasonic cleaning extraction ways.
Licorice is widely used in medicine. Glycyrrhizic acid, an important ingredient in licorice, has anti-virus, anti-thrombosis and other functions. In the Glycyrrhizic extraction experiments, with the use of water as the extraction medium, cell disruptor and ultrasonic cleaning tank is used as extraction equipment. Licorice slices, Licorice fiber and Licorice powder are used to extract Glycyrrhizic from them. Based on a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration of Glycyrrhizic acid in 30%-60% ethanol, spectrophotometric standard curve of concentration ranging in 20-100mg/L is set up. The concentration of the extraction liquid that is obtained under different conditions is measured. The results show that the way of using cell disruptor is more efficient than that of using ultrasonic cleaning and the way of complex extraction is more efficient than others. By comparing the particle shapes and the shapes extracted by ultrasound, we have found that shapes of particle change obviously. The effect of ultrasonic breaking cells is that licorice powder is better than fiber, fiber is better than slices.
The analysis of sound field is the theoretical basis for designing and manufacturing ultrasonic extraction equipment. Based on the analysis and vibration calculation function of SYSNOISE and ANSYS software, the sound field of H66MC ultrasonic cleaning tanks working at 39.7KHz is calculated. The sound pressure distribution pictures and laws of the plane located at different distances from bottom are obtained. With the help of the Ultra-PAC ultrasonic C scanning system, the sound field of H66MC ultrasonic cleaning tank is measured and the sound pressure distribution images are obtained, too. Using the PPB US TK ultrasonic energy meter, the sound intensity distribution of the plane located at different distances (1cm,4cm,7cm,10cm,13 cm, 16cm) from bottom is measured with the cleaning tank's power of 100W,200W and 250W; the sound intensity distributions in radiation direction of every transducer are measured; the images of sound intensity distributions are plotted with Matlab, whose results are based on SYSNOISE and ANSYS calculation in accord with the results of measurement.
Based on the calculation method of SYSNOISE and ANSYS, the sound pressure distributions of an ultrasonic cleaning tank are calculated under the conditions:different aspect ratio (1:1,2:1,3:2), different rows of transducers settled, and different ways of extraction. The relation between sound field distribution and the influence factors is found. The sound field distributions of cylindrical reactors are calculated as the calculation process as ultrasonic cleaning tank. The results of sound field distribution hereinbefore will provide simulation support for the ultrasonic extraction device designing.
The main contributions of this thesis are as follows:
(1) Based on the Fick's first law and the effect of ultrasonic breaking plant cells, ultrasonic extraction dynamic equations of mass transfer are established.
(2) The experiments of extracting Ginkgo flavonoids from Ginkgo leaves and extracting Glycyrrhizic acid from Licorice, are completed. The ultrasonic extraction dynamic equation is verified.
(3) Based on the calculation function of SYSNOISE and ANSYS, the method of sound field calculation is established.
(4) The sound fields of the rectangular cleaning tank and the cylindrical reactor are calculated, based on the calculation function of SYSNOISE and ANSYS. The sound field distributions are obtained.
引文
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