东亚小花蝽人工饲养技术及捕食作用的研究
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摘要
东亚小花蝽是一种有效的温室害虫的捕食性天敌。目前因人工饲养技术不成熟而未能得到有效利用。根据东亚小花蝽的食性特点，本文筛选出两种人工饲料，并用生命表方法对冻干粉饲料的有效性进行了评价。测定了温度、光照和相对湿度在东亚小花蝽人工饲养中的影响。通过对成虫低温短光照预处理以延长冷藏寿命。对东亚小花蝽数值反应和对猎物偏好性的研究为其田间释放提供理论依据。主要结果如下：
1．室内用意蜂雄蜂蛹冻干粉饲料和柞蚕卵赤眼蜂蛹连续3代饲喂东亚小花蝽，测定了两种饲料对东亚小花蝽若虫生长发育和成虫生殖力以及成虫寿命的影响，结果表明取食赤眼蜂蛹的东亚小花蝽若虫死亡率高，平均为23.9％，各代死亡率、单雌产卵量之间差异均显著；随饲养代数增加，单雌产卵量急剧下降。取食冻干粉饲料的东亚小花蝽，若虫平均死亡率为19.3％，各代发育历期基本相同，虽然成虫生殖力逐代下降，但下降幅度不明显。
2．应用生命表方法全面评价了意蜂雄蜂蛹冻干粉饲料对东亚小花蝽的饲养效果，分析了人工饲料饲养效果的影响因子。结果表明饲料的营养和剂型是东亚小花蝽若虫死亡的主要原因。营养不完全适合致使若虫发育期缩短，成虫个体变小，雌雄性比偏低，单雌产卵量降低。饲料微颗粒易吸潮成糊状，若虫取食时容易被粘住淹死。但总体来看，取食饲料的小花蝽若虫死亡率低，与对照无显著差异；成虫获得率率高。所获成虫个体虽小，但活动能力没有明显降低。如果若虫期饲喂饲料，成虫期改喂豆蚜，小花蝽成虫生殖力能够明显提高，产卵量也大大提高。
3．在室内不同温度、光照和相对湿度条件下测定了东亚小花蝽卵和若虫的死亡率、发育历期以及成虫生殖力和寿命。结果表明，温度是影响东亚小花蝽卵、若虫生长发育和成虫生殖力的主要因子。20℃～30℃，卵孵化所需时间从7.9d减少至2.5d，若虫平均发育历期从24.9d减少至8.0d；20℃～25℃，若虫死亡率为18.6％～20.6％，30℃时死亡率为24.8％～28.7％，显著高于20℃和25℃时的死亡率。相对湿度对卵孵化率有很大影响，RH为55％时，卵孵化率均最低。短光照主要在低温下才对雌虫生殖力产生影响。雌虫在20℃和11h光照条件下不产卵；25℃以上，所有短光照下的雌成虫全部产卵。此外，短光照对若虫发育有促进作用，但作用不明显。
4．冷藏前经过不同预处理的东亚小花蝽成虫和卵的冷藏试验表明：在15±1℃，
华中农业大学硕士学位论文
004届
8L:16D条件下预处理的雌成虫，其冷藏寿命均较18士1℃，10L:14D和21士1℃，
12L:12D条件下的以及对照的成虫寿命显著为长。经15士1℃，8L:16D预处理7d
(雌成虫)或ld(雄成虫)后进行黑暗冷藏(10℃)，有利于延长东亚小花蜷的冷
藏寿命，提高冷藏存活率。雄成虫预处理1一7d后，冷藏寿命从8.7d降为4.3d，50%
和70%个体死亡的时间分别为7.3d和Io.7d。雌成虫经15士1℃，SL:16D预处理7d
后进行冷藏，40d内其冷藏存活率都明显高于预处理1一5d的冷藏存活率;50%个体
死亡的时间为43.6d，70%个体死亡的时间为50.5d。短期冷藏(蕊10d)对小花蜷的
产卵能力影响不明显。冷藏期11d以内，卵孵化率保持60%以上。冷藏期超过15d，
雌虫产卵量迅速下降，冷藏Zld仅有13.9%的卵可以孵化
5.在田间调查了首稽、番茄、黄瓜和甜玉米上东亚小花蜷和猎物(蓟马、蚜虫
和粉虱)的自然种群动态，结果表明小花蜻在黄瓜和番茄上是行为型数值反应，而
在首楷和玉米上则主要是生殖型数值反应。室内选择试验结果表明东亚小花蜻对不
同寄主植物上的同种粉虱捕食量差异显著。黄瓜上粉虱的被捕食量显著大于番茄上
粉虱的被捕食量。同种寄主植物上的温室粉虱的被捕食量显著高于烟粉虱的被捕食
里巨。
O. sauteri was an efficient polyphagous predator in greenhouse. But it was not still biocontrol agent available in market because of the unsuccessful artificial diets and rearing methods. According to the predatory property of O. sauteri, two artificial diets were selected and the efficiency of frozen powder of male pupae of Apis mellifera Lwas assessed by the life table' method. The effects of temperature, day-length and relevant humility on the development and reproduction were measured. The adult pretreatment contributed to cold storage. The study of numerical response and preference of O. sauteri to prey provided theoridical base for field releasing of O. sauteri. The main results were as follow:
1 . Development, reproductive, and adult longevity of O. sauteri were studied for 3 generations in the laboratory using the frozen powder of male pupae of A. mellifera and Trichogramma ostriniae pupae in Anther aea pernyi eggs as prey. The mortality and per female fecundity of O. sauteri reared T. ostriniae pupae was 23.9%, and differed significantly between each generation. Per female fecundity decreased sharply with the generation. The mean mortality of O. sauteri fed on frozen powder was 19.3%; the developmental time of each generation was similar. There was no significant decrease scope among each generation although female fecundity decreased with the rearing time.
2. The efficiency of frozen powder on O. sauteri was evaluated through the life table method and the major factors influencing the rearing efficiency were analyzed. The results showed the nutrition and form of the artificial diet causing high mortality were the main reasons. O. sauteri fed on frozen powder suffered short developmental time, smaller size of adult body, a little lower sex ration( female/ male) and less fecundity. The frozen powder absorbing humidity easily became muddy and led nymph to be drowned. In the whole, however, the mortality didn't differ significantly with the control; the emergency rate was high. The size of adult body individual was a little smaller, but the predatory ability remained strong and active. When O. sauteri reared artificial diets during nymph and aphids during adult, the reproduction of O. sauteri increased significantly.
3. The development and reproduction of O. sauteri were studied at 3 constant temperature, 3 day-lengths and 3 relevant humidity (RH). The temperature significantly affected development of both egg and nymph. The duration of egg development
decreased significantly with each increase in temperature, which took 7.9 and 2.5 days at 20 "C and 30 C, respectively. Total nymph developmental time decreased significantly with the increase of the temperature.lt was 24.9 and 8.0 days at 20 C and 30 C, respectively. The nymph mortality ranged between 18.6%~20.6% at 20 C ~25 C, which was significantly lower than that at 30 C( 24.8%~28.7%). The RH had great effect on the egg survivorship and hatchability, both of which were lowest at RH55%. The short day-length affected female reproduction slightly only under low temperature. The female adult did not lay eggs both at 20 C and llh day-length. But when the temperature was above 25 C, all female adult laid eggs at all short day-length. In addition, the nymphal development period was shorter under short day-length than long day-length. But there was no significant difference between them.
4.The effect of pretreatment (low temperature and short day-length) on O.sauteri adult longevities was determined. The longevity of female adult reared under 1 5 1 C,8L:16D before cold storage was longer than that under 18 + 1 C,10L:14D and 21 1 C,12L:12D. Moreover, through this pretreatment, the survivorship of female adult reared for 7days was significantly higher than that reared for l~5d. The time of 50% and 70% individuals' death was 43. 6d and 50. 5d respectively. The longevity of male adult reared for only Id was 8.7d, but it reduced by 4.3d when reared for 7d. The survivorship of 50% and 70% individuals' death was 7.3d and 10. 7d respectively. The short p
1．室内用意蜂雄蜂蛹冻干粉饲料和柞蚕卵赤眼蜂蛹连续3代饲喂东亚小花蝽，测定了两种饲料对东亚小花蝽若虫生长发育和成虫生殖力以及成虫寿命的影响，结果表明取食赤眼蜂蛹的东亚小花蝽若虫死亡率高，平均为23.9％，各代死亡率、单雌产卵量之间差异均显著；随饲养代数增加，单雌产卵量急剧下降。取食冻干粉饲料的东亚小花蝽，若虫平均死亡率为19.3％，各代发育历期基本相同，虽然成虫生殖力逐代下降，但下降幅度不明显。
2．应用生命表方法全面评价了意蜂雄蜂蛹冻干粉饲料对东亚小花蝽的饲养效果，分析了人工饲料饲养效果的影响因子。结果表明饲料的营养和剂型是东亚小花蝽若虫死亡的主要原因。营养不完全适合致使若虫发育期缩短，成虫个体变小，雌雄性比偏低，单雌产卵量降低。饲料微颗粒易吸潮成糊状，若虫取食时容易被粘住淹死。但总体来看，取食饲料的小花蝽若虫死亡率低，与对照无显著差异；成虫获得率率高。所获成虫个体虽小，但活动能力没有明显降低。如果若虫期饲喂饲料，成虫期改喂豆蚜，小花蝽成虫生殖力能够明显提高，产卵量也大大提高。
3．在室内不同温度、光照和相对湿度条件下测定了东亚小花蝽卵和若虫的死亡率、发育历期以及成虫生殖力和寿命。结果表明，温度是影响东亚小花蝽卵、若虫生长发育和成虫生殖力的主要因子。20℃～30℃，卵孵化所需时间从7.9d减少至2.5d，若虫平均发育历期从24.9d减少至8.0d；20℃～25℃，若虫死亡率为18.6％～20.6％，30℃时死亡率为24.8％～28.7％，显著高于20℃和25℃时的死亡率。相对湿度对卵孵化率有很大影响，RH为55％时，卵孵化率均最低。短光照主要在低温下才对雌虫生殖力产生影响。雌虫在20℃和11h光照条件下不产卵；25℃以上，所有短光照下的雌成虫全部产卵。此外，短光照对若虫发育有促进作用，但作用不明显。
4．冷藏前经过不同预处理的东亚小花蝽成虫和卵的冷藏试验表明：在15±1℃，
华中农业大学硕士学位论文
004届
8L:16D条件下预处理的雌成虫，其冷藏寿命均较18士1℃，10L:14D和21士1℃，
12L:12D条件下的以及对照的成虫寿命显著为长。经15士1℃，8L:16D预处理7d
(雌成虫)或ld(雄成虫)后进行黑暗冷藏(10℃)，有利于延长东亚小花蜷的冷
藏寿命，提高冷藏存活率。雄成虫预处理1一7d后，冷藏寿命从8.7d降为4.3d，50%
和70%个体死亡的时间分别为7.3d和Io.7d。雌成虫经15士1℃，SL:16D预处理7d
后进行冷藏，40d内其冷藏存活率都明显高于预处理1一5d的冷藏存活率;50%个体
死亡的时间为43.6d，70%个体死亡的时间为50.5d。短期冷藏(蕊10d)对小花蜷的
产卵能力影响不明显。冷藏期11d以内，卵孵化率保持60%以上。冷藏期超过15d，
雌虫产卵量迅速下降，冷藏Zld仅有13.9%的卵可以孵化
5.在田间调查了首稽、番茄、黄瓜和甜玉米上东亚小花蜷和猎物(蓟马、蚜虫
和粉虱)的自然种群动态，结果表明小花蜻在黄瓜和番茄上是行为型数值反应，而
在首楷和玉米上则主要是生殖型数值反应。室内选择试验结果表明东亚小花蜻对不
同寄主植物上的同种粉虱捕食量差异显著。黄瓜上粉虱的被捕食量显著大于番茄上
粉虱的被捕食量。同种寄主植物上的温室粉虱的被捕食量显著高于烟粉虱的被捕食
里巨。
O. sauteri was an efficient polyphagous predator in greenhouse. But it was not still biocontrol agent available in market because of the unsuccessful artificial diets and rearing methods. According to the predatory property of O. sauteri, two artificial diets were selected and the efficiency of frozen powder of male pupae of Apis mellifera Lwas assessed by the life table' method. The effects of temperature, day-length and relevant humility on the development and reproduction were measured. The adult pretreatment contributed to cold storage. The study of numerical response and preference of O. sauteri to prey provided theoridical base for field releasing of O. sauteri. The main results were as follow:
1 . Development, reproductive, and adult longevity of O. sauteri were studied for 3 generations in the laboratory using the frozen powder of male pupae of A. mellifera and Trichogramma ostriniae pupae in Anther aea pernyi eggs as prey. The mortality and per female fecundity of O. sauteri reared T. ostriniae pupae was 23.9%, and differed significantly between each generation. Per female fecundity decreased sharply with the generation. The mean mortality of O. sauteri fed on frozen powder was 19.3%; the developmental time of each generation was similar. There was no significant decrease scope among each generation although female fecundity decreased with the rearing time.
2. The efficiency of frozen powder on O. sauteri was evaluated through the life table method and the major factors influencing the rearing efficiency were analyzed. The results showed the nutrition and form of the artificial diet causing high mortality were the main reasons. O. sauteri fed on frozen powder suffered short developmental time, smaller size of adult body, a little lower sex ration( female/ male) and less fecundity. The frozen powder absorbing humidity easily became muddy and led nymph to be drowned. In the whole, however, the mortality didn't differ significantly with the control; the emergency rate was high. The size of adult body individual was a little smaller, but the predatory ability remained strong and active. When O. sauteri reared artificial diets during nymph and aphids during adult, the reproduction of O. sauteri increased significantly.
3. The development and reproduction of O. sauteri were studied at 3 constant temperature, 3 day-lengths and 3 relevant humidity (RH). The temperature significantly affected development of both egg and nymph. The duration of egg development
decreased significantly with each increase in temperature, which took 7.9 and 2.5 days at 20 "C and 30 C, respectively. Total nymph developmental time decreased significantly with the increase of the temperature.lt was 24.9 and 8.0 days at 20 C and 30 C, respectively. The nymph mortality ranged between 18.6%~20.6% at 20 C ~25 C, which was significantly lower than that at 30 C( 24.8%~28.7%). The RH had great effect on the egg survivorship and hatchability, both of which were lowest at RH55%. The short day-length affected female reproduction slightly only under low temperature. The female adult did not lay eggs both at 20 C and llh day-length. But when the temperature was above 25 C, all female adult laid eggs at all short day-length. In addition, the nymphal development period was shorter under short day-length than long day-length. But there was no significant difference between them.
4.The effect of pretreatment (low temperature and short day-length) on O.sauteri adult longevities was determined. The longevity of female adult reared under 1 5 1 C,8L:16D before cold storage was longer than that under 18 + 1 C,10L:14D and 21 1 C,12L:12D. Moreover, through this pretreatment, the survivorship of female adult reared for 7days was significantly higher than that reared for l~5d. The time of 50% and 70% individuals' death was 43. 6d and 50. 5d respectively. The longevity of male adult reared for only Id was 8.7d, but it reduced by 4.3d when reared for 7d. The survivorship of 50% and 70% individuals' death was 7.3d and 10. 7d respectively. The short p
引文
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27．于毅，张安盛，冯建国，刘风华．东亚小花蝽发育起点温度和有效积温的研究．山东农业科学，2000，6：29-30
28．于毅，张安盛，冯建国，刘凤华．光周期和温度对东亚小花蝽滞育形成和解除的影响[J]．华东昆虫学报，1998，1：86-91
29．于毅，张安盛，严毓华．东亚小花蝽的生殖行为与寄主植物关系的研究．中国生物防治，1998，1：86-91
30．张维球．常见花蝽的种类和生物学简介．昆虫天敌，1980，(2)：20-27
31．郑乐怡．小花蝽(Orius)我国种类的鉴定(半翅目：花蝽科)．天敌昆虫鉴定资料，1980，(3)：1-14
32．周伟儒，陈红印，邱式邦．用简化配方的人工卵连代饲养中华草蛉．生物防治通报，1985，1(1)：8-11
33．周伟儒，刘志兰，程武，邱式邦．用干粉饲料饲养中华草蛉成虫的研究，植物保护，1981，7(5)：2-3
34．周伟儒，王韧，丘式邦．用黄豆芽作产卵植物繁殖东亚小花蝽[J]．生物防治通报，1991，7(1)：7-9
35．周伟儒，张宣达．人工卵饲养中华草蛉幼虫研究初报，植物保护学报，1983，10(3)：161-165
36．周伟儒．用天然和人工饲料饲养小花蝽的研究．中国生物防治，1989，5(1)：9-12
37．宗良炳，钟昌珍，雷朝亮．南方小花蝽对产卵植物组织选择的研究．华中农业大学学报，1986，5(4)：420-421
38. Alauzet C., D Dargagnon and J.C.Malarsa Bionomics of a polyphagous predator: Orius laevigatus (Her.: Anthocoridae). Entomophaga, 1994, 39:33-40
39. Castane C, Zalon F G. Artificial oviposition substrate for rearing O. insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)[J]. Biological Control, 1994, 4:88-91
40. David J. Isenhour, Kenneth V. Yeargen. Effect of temperature on the development of Orius insidiosus, with note on laboratory rearing. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.1981, 74:114-116
41. David J. Isenhour, Kenneth V. Yeargen. Predation by Orius insidiosus on the Soybean Thrips, Sericithrips vareabilis: Effect of Prey Stage and Density. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.1981, 10:496-500
42. Dickel M. Quality control of mass rearing arthropods nutritional effects on performance of predator mites. J. Appl. Ent., 1992, 108(5): 462-475
43. Dorothy J. Clements, Kenneth V. Yeargan. Comparison of Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) and Nabis roseipennis (Heteroptera: Nabidae) as predators of the Green Cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Enciron. Entomol. 1997, 26(6): 1482-1487
44. Fayez N. Zaki. Rearing of two predator, Orius albidepennis (Reut.) and Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hem. Anthocaridae) on some insect larvea. J. Appl. Ent.,1989, 107:107-109
45. G. E. Cocuzza, P. De. Clercq, S. Lizzio, M. Van de Veire, L. Tirry, D. Degheele, V.
Vacante. Life tables and predation activity of Orius laevigatus and O. albidipennis at three constant temperatures. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata., 1997, 85: 189-198
46. Graham H M, Jackson C G. Ovipositional sites of the minute bug in alfalfa stems [J], The Southwestern Entomologist, 1981, 6(3): 190-194
47. Isenhour, D.J. and K.V.Yeargan. Effect of temperature on development of Orius insidiosus, with notes on laboratory rearing. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1981, 74:114-116
48. Izumi Ohta. Effect of temperature on development of Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) fed on Frankliniella occidentalis (Thyssanoptera: Thripidae), Appl. Entomol. Zool., 2001, 36(4): 483-488
49. J. M. Schmidt, P. C. Richards, H. Nadel, G. Ferguson. A Rearing Method for Production of Large Numbers of the Insidious Flower Bug, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocodidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 1995,127:445-447
50. Jeffrey Y. Honda, Yoshitaka Nakashima, Yoshimi Hirose. Development, reproduction and longevity of Orius minutus and Orius sauteri (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) when reaed on Ephestia kuehniella eggs. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1998, 33(3): 449-453
51. Joop C. Van Lenteren, Michel M. Roskam, Radbout Timmer, Commercial Mass Production and Pricing of Organisms for Biological Control of Pests in Europe. Biological Control, 1997,10:143-149
52. Katsuyuki Kohno, Tomotoshi Kashio. Development and prey consumption of Orius sauteri (Poppius) and O. minutus (L.) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) fed on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1998, 33(2): 227-230
53. Katsuyuki Kohno. Photoperiodic effect on incidence of reproductive diapause in Orius sauteri and O. minutus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1997, 32(4): 644-648
54. Katsuyuki Kohno. Thermal effects on reproductive diapause induction in Orius sauteri (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1998, 33(4): 487-490
55. Kawai, A. Control of Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by Orius spp.
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56. Kazuya Nagai, Eizi Yano. Effects of temperature on the development and reproductive of Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthcoridae), a predator of Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Appl. EntomoL Zool., 1999, 34(2): 223-229
57. Kingskey P C, Harrington B J. Factors influencing termination of reproductive diapauses in O. insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Environ. Entomol., 1998, 11: 461-462
58. Kiyomitsu Ito, Tadafumi Nakata. Diapause and survival in winter in two species of predatory bugs, Orius sauteri and O. minutus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 1998, 89:271-276
59. Kiyomitsu Ito, Tasafumi Nakata. Effect of photoperiod on reproductive diapause in the predatory bugs, Orius sauteri (Poppius) and O. mimutus (Linnaeus) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1998, 33(1): 115-120
60. Kiyomitsu Ito, Tasafumi Nakata. Geographical variation of photoperiodic response in the females of a predatory bug, Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from northern Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 2000, 35(1): 101-105
61. L. Bush, T.J.Kring, J.R.ruberson. Suitability of greenbugs, cotton aphids, and Heliothis virescens eggs for development and production of Orius insidiosus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 1993, 67:217-22
62. L. Sigsgaard, P. Esbjerg. Cage experiments on Orius tantillus predation of Helicoverpa armigera. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicatalis, 1997, 82: 311-318
63. M. Dicke, Marijke de Jong, M. P. T. Alers, F.C.T.Stelder, R. Wunderink and J.Post. Quality control of mass-reared arthocopods: Nutritional effects on performance of predatory mites, d. Appl. Ent., 1989, 108:462-475
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(Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), Appl. Entomol. Zool., 2001, 36(4): 489-494
76. Y. Henaut, C. Alauzet, D. Dargagnon, M. Lambin. Visual learning in larval Orius majusculus a polyphagous predator. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 1990, 90:103-107
77. Y. Zhang, J. L. Shipp. Effect of temperature and vapor pressure deficit on the flight activity of Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Environ. Entomol., 1998, 27(3): 736-742
78. Yoshitaka Nakashima, Yoshimi Hirose. Winter reproduction and photoperiodic effects on diapause induction of Orius tantillus (Motschulsky) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), a predator of Thrips palmi. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1997, 32(2): 403-405
79. Yves Arijs, Patrick De Clercq. Rearing Orius laevigatus on cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Biological Control 2001, 21:79-83
80. Z. B. Kiman, K. V. Yeargan. Development and reproduction of the predator Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) reared on diets of selected plant material and arthropod prey. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1985, 78:464-467
2．蔡长荣，张宣达，赵敬钊．大草蛉人工饲料的初步研究．昆虫天敌，1985，7(3)：125-128
3．傅强，张志涛，胡萃．同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术．昆虫知识，2001，38(2)：98-104
4．郭建英，万方浩，吴岷．利用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连代饲养东亚小花蝽的比较研究．中国生物防治，2002，18(2)：58-61
5．郭建英，万方浩．一种适于繁殖东亚小花蝽的产卵植物——寿星花．中国生物防治，2001，17(2)：53-60
6．华中农学院棉虫天敌研究组．棉田害虫捕食性天敌——小花蝽的初步观察．昆虫知识，1978，15(5)：140-144
7．华中农学院棉田天敌研究组．棉田捕食性天敌——小花蝽的初步研究．昆虫知识，1987，15(5)：140-144
8．雷朝亮，宗良炳，钟昌珍，庞俊成．温度对小花蝽试验种群增长的影响．华中农业大学学报，1990a，9(1)：64-67
9．雷朝亮，宗良炳，钟昌珍，吴肇玉．南方小花蝽液体饲料的初步研究．见：湖北省昆虫协会编，昆虫学研究文集．北京：北京农业大学出版社，1990：142-145
10．雷朝亮，宗良炳．两种小花蝽酯酶同工酶的比较研究．华中农业大学学报，1989，8(4)：342-345
11．李冰祥、陈永林、蔡惠罗．过冷却和昆虫的耐寒性．昆虫知识，1998，35(6)：361-364
12．李毅平、龚和．昆虫低温生物学：Ⅱ．昆虫耐冻的生理生化适应机制．昆虫知识，1998，35(6)：364-369
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14．彭成旺，宗良炳，钟昌珍，雷朝亮．温度对南方小花蝽生长发育的影响．植物保护学会报，1988，15(3)：92-93
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17．万方浩，王韧，叶正楚．我国天敌昆虫产品产业化的前景分析．中国生物防治，1999，5(3)135-138
18．王方海，周伟儒，王韧．东亚小花蝽的生物学及其人工繁殖．昆虫天敌，1998，20(1)：42-44
19．王方海，周伟儒，王韧．东亚小花蝽人工饲养方法的研究．中国生物防治，1996，12(2)：49-51
20．王延年，郑忠庆，周永生．昆虫人工饲料饲养手册．上海科学技术出版社，1984：1～17，184～186，220～222，261-262
21．王延年．昆虫人工饲料的发展、应用和前途．昆虫知识，1990，27(5)：310-312
22．肖采瑜，郑乐怡．几种重要花蝽的识别．昆虫知识，1978，1(2)：15
23．谢明，程洪坤，邱卫亮．应用生命表评价食蚜瘿蚊扩繁系统．昆虫学报 2000，43增刊 151-155
24．严毓华．苹果园种植覆盖作物保护和增殖天敌的研究初报[J]．华北农学报，1986，1(2)：9-104
25．叶正楚，韩玉梅．中华草蛉人工饲料研究．植物保护学报，1979，6(2)：11-16
26．于毅，严毓华，胡想顺．营养和生态因子对东亚小花蝽生长发育的影响．中国生物防治，1998，14(1)4-6
27．于毅，张安盛，冯建国，刘风华．东亚小花蝽发育起点温度和有效积温的研究．山东农业科学，2000，6：29-30
28．于毅，张安盛，冯建国，刘凤华．光周期和温度对东亚小花蝽滞育形成和解除的影响[J]．华东昆虫学报，1998，1：86-91
29．于毅，张安盛，严毓华．东亚小花蝽的生殖行为与寄主植物关系的研究．中国生物防治，1998，1：86-91
30．张维球．常见花蝽的种类和生物学简介．昆虫天敌，1980，(2)：20-27
31．郑乐怡．小花蝽(Orius)我国种类的鉴定(半翅目：花蝽科)．天敌昆虫鉴定资料，1980，(3)：1-14
32．周伟儒，陈红印，邱式邦．用简化配方的人工卵连代饲养中华草蛉．生物防治通报，1985，1(1)：8-11
33．周伟儒，刘志兰，程武，邱式邦．用干粉饲料饲养中华草蛉成虫的研究，植物保护，1981，7(5)：2-3
34．周伟儒，王韧，丘式邦．用黄豆芽作产卵植物繁殖东亚小花蝽[J]．生物防治通报，1991，7(1)：7-9
35．周伟儒，张宣达．人工卵饲养中华草蛉幼虫研究初报，植物保护学报，1983，10(3)：161-165
36．周伟儒．用天然和人工饲料饲养小花蝽的研究．中国生物防治，1989，5(1)：9-12
37．宗良炳，钟昌珍，雷朝亮．南方小花蝽对产卵植物组织选择的研究．华中农业大学学报，1986，5(4)：420-421
38. Alauzet C., D Dargagnon and J.C.Malarsa Bionomics of a polyphagous predator: Orius laevigatus (Her.: Anthocoridae). Entomophaga, 1994, 39:33-40
39. Castane C, Zalon F G. Artificial oviposition substrate for rearing O. insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)[J]. Biological Control, 1994, 4:88-91
40. David J. Isenhour, Kenneth V. Yeargen. Effect of temperature on the development of Orius insidiosus, with note on laboratory rearing. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.1981, 74:114-116
41. David J. Isenhour, Kenneth V. Yeargen. Predation by Orius insidiosus on the Soybean Thrips, Sericithrips vareabilis: Effect of Prey Stage and Density. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.1981, 10:496-500
42. Dickel M. Quality control of mass rearing arthropods nutritional effects on performance of predator mites. J. Appl. Ent., 1992, 108(5): 462-475
43. Dorothy J. Clements, Kenneth V. Yeargan. Comparison of Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) and Nabis roseipennis (Heteroptera: Nabidae) as predators of the Green Cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Enciron. Entomol. 1997, 26(6): 1482-1487
44. Fayez N. Zaki. Rearing of two predator, Orius albidepennis (Reut.) and Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hem. Anthocaridae) on some insect larvea. J. Appl. Ent.,1989, 107:107-109
45. G. E. Cocuzza, P. De. Clercq, S. Lizzio, M. Van de Veire, L. Tirry, D. Degheele, V.
Vacante. Life tables and predation activity of Orius laevigatus and O. albidipennis at three constant temperatures. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata., 1997, 85: 189-198
46. Graham H M, Jackson C G. Ovipositional sites of the minute bug in alfalfa stems [J], The Southwestern Entomologist, 1981, 6(3): 190-194
47. Isenhour, D.J. and K.V.Yeargan. Effect of temperature on development of Orius insidiosus, with notes on laboratory rearing. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 1981, 74:114-116
48. Izumi Ohta. Effect of temperature on development of Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) fed on Frankliniella occidentalis (Thyssanoptera: Thripidae), Appl. Entomol. Zool., 2001, 36(4): 483-488
49. J. M. Schmidt, P. C. Richards, H. Nadel, G. Ferguson. A Rearing Method for Production of Large Numbers of the Insidious Flower Bug, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocodidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 1995,127:445-447
50. Jeffrey Y. Honda, Yoshitaka Nakashima, Yoshimi Hirose. Development, reproduction and longevity of Orius minutus and Orius sauteri (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) when reaed on Ephestia kuehniella eggs. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1998, 33(3): 449-453
51. Joop C. Van Lenteren, Michel M. Roskam, Radbout Timmer, Commercial Mass Production and Pricing of Organisms for Biological Control of Pests in Europe. Biological Control, 1997,10:143-149
52. Katsuyuki Kohno, Tomotoshi Kashio. Development and prey consumption of Orius sauteri (Poppius) and O. minutus (L.) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) fed on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1998, 33(2): 227-230
53. Katsuyuki Kohno. Photoperiodic effect on incidence of reproductive diapause in Orius sauteri and O. minutus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1997, 32(4): 644-648
54. Katsuyuki Kohno. Thermal effects on reproductive diapause induction in Orius sauteri (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1998, 33(4): 487-490
55. Kawai, A. Control of Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by Orius spp.
(Heteroptera: Anthocoredae) on greenhouse eggplant. AppL Entomol. Zool., 1995, 30: 1-7
56. Kazuya Nagai, Eizi Yano. Effects of temperature on the development and reproductive of Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthcoridae), a predator of Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Appl. EntomoL Zool., 1999, 34(2): 223-229
57. Kingskey P C, Harrington B J. Factors influencing termination of reproductive diapauses in O. insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Environ. Entomol., 1998, 11: 461-462
58. Kiyomitsu Ito, Tadafumi Nakata. Diapause and survival in winter in two species of predatory bugs, Orius sauteri and O. minutus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 1998, 89:271-276
59. Kiyomitsu Ito, Tasafumi Nakata. Effect of photoperiod on reproductive diapause in the predatory bugs, Orius sauteri (Poppius) and O. mimutus (Linnaeus) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Appl. Entomol. Zool., 1998, 33(1): 115-120
60. Kiyomitsu Ito, Tasafumi Nakata. Geographical variation of photoperiodic response in the females of a predatory bug, Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from northern Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 2000, 35(1): 101-105
61. L. Bush, T.J.Kring, J.R.ruberson. Suitability of greenbugs, cotton aphids, and Heliothis virescens eggs for development and production of Orius insidiosus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 1993, 67:217-22
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