琼东南盆地构造动力学演化及油气成藏研究
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摘要
琼东南盆地是发育在南海西北部陆架上的新生代沉积盆地，面积约3万平方公里。在区域地质构造上，盆地位于太平洋构造域与特提斯构造域的构造转换地带，始新世-早渐新世期间经历了印支半岛顺时针旋转挤出强烈影响的裂陷阶段，晚渐新世-中中新世期间在南海海底扩张控制下发生了裂陷向坳陷转化的过程，晚中新世以来发生了与地幔活动有关的一期主动裂谷作用。受以上区域地质演化控制，盆地在纵向上形成了下断上坳的结构特征，其中裂陷构造样式包括了半地堑和地堑两种方式，而在平面上发育了南北分带和东西分段的结构特征。不同时期的可容纳空间与沉积物供给的平衡程度有关，盆地早第三纪先后经历了始新统的陆相湖盆、崖城组海陆交互环境和陵水组分割浅海环境等三个沉积充填演化阶段；晚第三纪主要受裂后沉降作用和海平面变化的强烈影响经历三亚-梅山组开阔浅海充填阶段和莺黄组至第四系的开阔浅海-半深海充填阶段。
琼东南盆地裂陷期的岩石圈热状态直接制约了上地壳伸展方式，北部坳陷带在相对冷岩石圈环境下发生伸展裂解形成以半地堑构造为主的单断式裂陷带，而中央坳陷带在相对热岩石圈环境下发生伸展裂解形成由半地堑和地堑组成的复式裂陷带。盆地现今的温压场主要形成于晚期主动裂谷事件中，同时受到早期裂陷结构的控制，表现为复式裂陷带具有高温高压特征、单断式裂陷带则为常温常压区。裂陷带之间的崖城-松涛凸起区属温压过渡区，单井压力曲线具有“正常压实带+上部超压带+相对低压带或正常压力带+下部强超压带”的四段式结构。
受烃源岩发育特征及盆地沉积结构限制，琼东南盆地发育了上、下两套含油气系统，其间在早中新世沉积层序之间发生交叉和串通。油气主要来自下含油气系统。受到下第三系构造-沉积结构控制，盆地北部坳陷带诸凹陷及中央坳陷带的乐东、陵水和宝岛凹陷发育具生油能力的主力烃源岩、其它凹陷和低凸起区则主要发育生气型主力烃源岩。而现今有机质热演化程度则决定了北部坳陷带以生油为主、中央坳陷带的诸凹陷以生气为主。资源量评价表明，富生烃凹陷包括崖南、陵水、松南和宝岛凹陷。
区域性盖层及温压场特征共同控制了琼东南盆地水动力系统的发育和演化。成熟油气初次运移以微裂隙为主。北部坳陷带主要发育较低能量的压实流，油气二次运移在浮力和水动力驱动下向斜坡带优势运移；中央坳陷带发育具有较高的能量的温压流，油气二次运移受到压力梯度控制从超压区向相对低压的压力过渡带和常压带发生垂向和侧向运移。油气二次运移的主要侧向输导体系包括斜坡带不整合-岩性输导体系和古构造脊、断坡区利裂谷偏移区发育的构造-岩性输导体系，其中，扇三角洲相高孔渗性砂岩是油气侧向运移的良好输导层。下第三系的小断距同向断层的侧向输导能力强，而大断距同向断层和反向断层的侧向封堵能力较强。晚明活动断层的下部开启性受到深层欠压实超压泥质岩的发育与否的明显影响，在欠压实超压体系不发育的地区开启性较强。
侧向运聚是琼东南盆地的主要运聚成藏模式，在生排烃高峰期存在断裂活动的地区则发育沿断裂带的垂向运聚成藏模式，而在强超压区存在盖层破裂式运聚成藏模式。盆地东区的幔源非烃类气存在两种不同成因类型运聚模式。油气系统和成藏系统受到盆地地质演化过程
明显的控制，其中，大中型气藏形成的关键地质条件包括:1)现今仍然具有丰富的烃源供
给;2)晚期的构造活动有利于油气运聚成藏;3)缓坡型扇三角洲砂体是高温高压凹陷油气
侧向运移的“高速公路”;4)富生烃凹陷周围的凸起和低凸起区圈闭带是寻找大中型气田的
主要勘探区带。
琼东南盆地可以划分16个天然气勘探区带，其中，下构造层9个、上构造层7个。通
过对各区带的石油地质特征研究，提出盆地勘探的地质风险因素包括未钻凹陷的烃源风险、
coZ组份风险、储层风险、异常超压风险、深水勘探风险等5大风险;认为上第三系圈闭带
从优到次排队顺序:一号断裂聚集带一二号断裂聚集带一宝岛北聚集带一五号断裂聚集带，而
下第三系圈闭带从优到次排队顺序为:一号断裂聚集带一二号断裂东聚集带一二号断裂西聚集
带一三号断裂聚集带一宝岛北聚集带一陵水低凸起聚集带。在介绍和应用Metalink吸收分析技
术、MDI多属性综合分析技术、弹性波反演技术和Geoview AVO反演技术对重点勘探目标
评价基础上，优选一号断裂聚集带崖城26一3、崖城26一2、崖城19一1一束目标、二号断裂带
东段聚集带宝岛19一ZN(即宝岛20一1)、二号断裂带西段聚集带陵水1一3、陵3构造以及三号
断裂聚集带下降盘的崖城15一2等7个目标作为近期大然气勘探的首选目标。
Qiongdongnan basin is a Tertiary basin developed on the NW continental margin of the South China Sea with an area of 30,000 km2. In regional tectonics, it located at the transition area of the Pacific realm and Tethys realm. The Qiongongnan basin has experienced complex deformation history in Mesozoic and Cenozoic. From Eocene to early Oligocene, the rifting of the Qiongdongnan basin was strongly affected by Indochina Peninsula clockwise extrusion; from Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene, the Qiongdongnan basin shifted from rifting to depressing stage controlled by South China Sea opening. Since Late Miocene, the Qiongdongnan basin has changed into active rifting stage associated with mantle activity. Controlled by above geological events, the basin shows a double-layer vertical structure with faulting structures in the lower and depressing structure in the upper sector. The rifting structures in Qiongdongnan basin include both grabens and half-grabens. From plan view, the basin includes three zones from north
to south and three blocks from west to east. The change of accommodate space in Paleogene was controlled by block activity, regional background subsidence and global sea level change, while the supply of sediments is mainly affected by pre-rifting water depth, boundary highs near the basin and tectonic morphology. Controlled by balance degree between accommodate space and sediment supply, the Qiongdongnan basin deposited lacustrine sediments in Eocene, an alternate continental-marine sequence in Yacheng group and separated neritic facies in Lingshui group. Mainly controlled by thermal subsidence and sea level change, the basin has experienced open neritic filling period from Sanya to Meishan group and open neritic to half abysmal filling period from Ying-huang group to Quaternary.
The thermal status of the lithosphere during rifting stage directly controlled the deformation pattern of the upper crust. The northern depression stretched with relative colder lithosphere and was characterized by half grabens with all the faults dipping toward south, while the central depression stretched with relative hotter lithosphere and was characterized by complex rifting composed of half grabens and grabens. The present PT field formed mainly during active rifting period, but was controlled by early rifting architecture. The complex rifting zone was characterized by high PT, while the rifting zone with faults dipping toward the same direction was characterize by normal PT. Yacheng- Songtao uplift developed between above two rifting zones belongs to transition area of PT field, the pressure curvature of single well here is featured by four segments: the normal compacted area + upper over-pressured zone +relative low or normal pressure zone + lower strongly over-pressured zone.
Confined by source rock and basin sedimentary architectures, the Qiongdongnan basin developed two series of hydrocarbon bearing systems in vertical. They crosscut and link through early Miocene sedimentary sequences. Oil and gas mainly came from lower hydrocarbon bearing system. Controlled by Paleogene structures and sedimentary architectures, the sags in the northern
-3-
depression and Ledong, Lingshui, Baodao sags in the central depression developed main source rocks, which has oil generation potential; other sags and low uplifts mainly beared gas generation source rock. The maturation degree of the organic materials determined that the northern depressions mainly generate oil and the sags in the central depression mainly produce gas. Resource evaluation shows that hydrocarbon-rich sags include Ya'nan, Lingshui, Songnan and Baodao sags.
Regional cover and PT condition controlled the formation and .evolution of hydrodynamic system in Qiongdongnan basin. Initial migration of oil and gas is mainly through micro-fractures. The northern depression mainly developed low-energy compact flow, the secondary migration of oil and gas are driven by buoyancy and hydrodynamics toward prevailing slope. The central depression mainly developed high-energy PT flow,
琼东南盆地裂陷期的岩石圈热状态直接制约了上地壳伸展方式，北部坳陷带在相对冷岩石圈环境下发生伸展裂解形成以半地堑构造为主的单断式裂陷带，而中央坳陷带在相对热岩石圈环境下发生伸展裂解形成由半地堑和地堑组成的复式裂陷带。盆地现今的温压场主要形成于晚期主动裂谷事件中，同时受到早期裂陷结构的控制，表现为复式裂陷带具有高温高压特征、单断式裂陷带则为常温常压区。裂陷带之间的崖城-松涛凸起区属温压过渡区，单井压力曲线具有“正常压实带+上部超压带+相对低压带或正常压力带+下部强超压带”的四段式结构。
受烃源岩发育特征及盆地沉积结构限制，琼东南盆地发育了上、下两套含油气系统，其间在早中新世沉积层序之间发生交叉和串通。油气主要来自下含油气系统。受到下第三系构造-沉积结构控制，盆地北部坳陷带诸凹陷及中央坳陷带的乐东、陵水和宝岛凹陷发育具生油能力的主力烃源岩、其它凹陷和低凸起区则主要发育生气型主力烃源岩。而现今有机质热演化程度则决定了北部坳陷带以生油为主、中央坳陷带的诸凹陷以生气为主。资源量评价表明，富生烃凹陷包括崖南、陵水、松南和宝岛凹陷。
区域性盖层及温压场特征共同控制了琼东南盆地水动力系统的发育和演化。成熟油气初次运移以微裂隙为主。北部坳陷带主要发育较低能量的压实流，油气二次运移在浮力和水动力驱动下向斜坡带优势运移；中央坳陷带发育具有较高的能量的温压流，油气二次运移受到压力梯度控制从超压区向相对低压的压力过渡带和常压带发生垂向和侧向运移。油气二次运移的主要侧向输导体系包括斜坡带不整合-岩性输导体系和古构造脊、断坡区利裂谷偏移区发育的构造-岩性输导体系，其中，扇三角洲相高孔渗性砂岩是油气侧向运移的良好输导层。下第三系的小断距同向断层的侧向输导能力强，而大断距同向断层和反向断层的侧向封堵能力较强。晚明活动断层的下部开启性受到深层欠压实超压泥质岩的发育与否的明显影响，在欠压实超压体系不发育的地区开启性较强。
侧向运聚是琼东南盆地的主要运聚成藏模式，在生排烃高峰期存在断裂活动的地区则发育沿断裂带的垂向运聚成藏模式，而在强超压区存在盖层破裂式运聚成藏模式。盆地东区的幔源非烃类气存在两种不同成因类型运聚模式。油气系统和成藏系统受到盆地地质演化过程
明显的控制，其中，大中型气藏形成的关键地质条件包括:1)现今仍然具有丰富的烃源供
给;2)晚期的构造活动有利于油气运聚成藏;3)缓坡型扇三角洲砂体是高温高压凹陷油气
侧向运移的“高速公路”;4)富生烃凹陷周围的凸起和低凸起区圈闭带是寻找大中型气田的
主要勘探区带。
琼东南盆地可以划分16个天然气勘探区带，其中，下构造层9个、上构造层7个。通
过对各区带的石油地质特征研究，提出盆地勘探的地质风险因素包括未钻凹陷的烃源风险、
coZ组份风险、储层风险、异常超压风险、深水勘探风险等5大风险;认为上第三系圈闭带
从优到次排队顺序:一号断裂聚集带一二号断裂聚集带一宝岛北聚集带一五号断裂聚集带，而
下第三系圈闭带从优到次排队顺序为:一号断裂聚集带一二号断裂东聚集带一二号断裂西聚集
带一三号断裂聚集带一宝岛北聚集带一陵水低凸起聚集带。在介绍和应用Metalink吸收分析技
术、MDI多属性综合分析技术、弹性波反演技术和Geoview AVO反演技术对重点勘探目标
评价基础上，优选一号断裂聚集带崖城26一3、崖城26一2、崖城19一1一束目标、二号断裂带
东段聚集带宝岛19一ZN(即宝岛20一1)、二号断裂带西段聚集带陵水1一3、陵3构造以及三号
断裂聚集带下降盘的崖城15一2等7个目标作为近期大然气勘探的首选目标。
Qiongdongnan basin is a Tertiary basin developed on the NW continental margin of the South China Sea with an area of 30,000 km2. In regional tectonics, it located at the transition area of the Pacific realm and Tethys realm. The Qiongongnan basin has experienced complex deformation history in Mesozoic and Cenozoic. From Eocene to early Oligocene, the rifting of the Qiongdongnan basin was strongly affected by Indochina Peninsula clockwise extrusion; from Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene, the Qiongdongnan basin shifted from rifting to depressing stage controlled by South China Sea opening. Since Late Miocene, the Qiongdongnan basin has changed into active rifting stage associated with mantle activity. Controlled by above geological events, the basin shows a double-layer vertical structure with faulting structures in the lower and depressing structure in the upper sector. The rifting structures in Qiongdongnan basin include both grabens and half-grabens. From plan view, the basin includes three zones from north
to south and three blocks from west to east. The change of accommodate space in Paleogene was controlled by block activity, regional background subsidence and global sea level change, while the supply of sediments is mainly affected by pre-rifting water depth, boundary highs near the basin and tectonic morphology. Controlled by balance degree between accommodate space and sediment supply, the Qiongdongnan basin deposited lacustrine sediments in Eocene, an alternate continental-marine sequence in Yacheng group and separated neritic facies in Lingshui group. Mainly controlled by thermal subsidence and sea level change, the basin has experienced open neritic filling period from Sanya to Meishan group and open neritic to half abysmal filling period from Ying-huang group to Quaternary.
The thermal status of the lithosphere during rifting stage directly controlled the deformation pattern of the upper crust. The northern depression stretched with relative colder lithosphere and was characterized by half grabens with all the faults dipping toward south, while the central depression stretched with relative hotter lithosphere and was characterized by complex rifting composed of half grabens and grabens. The present PT field formed mainly during active rifting period, but was controlled by early rifting architecture. The complex rifting zone was characterized by high PT, while the rifting zone with faults dipping toward the same direction was characterize by normal PT. Yacheng- Songtao uplift developed between above two rifting zones belongs to transition area of PT field, the pressure curvature of single well here is featured by four segments: the normal compacted area + upper over-pressured zone +relative low or normal pressure zone + lower strongly over-pressured zone.
Confined by source rock and basin sedimentary architectures, the Qiongdongnan basin developed two series of hydrocarbon bearing systems in vertical. They crosscut and link through early Miocene sedimentary sequences. Oil and gas mainly came from lower hydrocarbon bearing system. Controlled by Paleogene structures and sedimentary architectures, the sags in the northern
-3-
depression and Ledong, Lingshui, Baodao sags in the central depression developed main source rocks, which has oil generation potential; other sags and low uplifts mainly beared gas generation source rock. The maturation degree of the organic materials determined that the northern depressions mainly generate oil and the sags in the central depression mainly produce gas. Resource evaluation shows that hydrocarbon-rich sags include Ya'nan, Lingshui, Songnan and Baodao sags.
Regional cover and PT condition controlled the formation and .evolution of hydrodynamic system in Qiongdongnan basin. Initial migration of oil and gas is mainly through micro-fractures. The northern depression mainly developed low-energy compact flow, the secondary migration of oil and gas are driven by buoyancy and hydrodynamics toward prevailing slope. The central depression mainly developed high-energy PT flow,
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