宝石鲈营养需求的研究
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摘要
本文以我国重要的淡水养殖新秀宝石鲈(Scortum barcoo)为研究对象,在网箱(60×60×120 cm)或室内圆形玻璃缸(规格:400L)中进行为期60天的摄食生长实验,探讨宝石鲈对蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、核黄素、泛酸、吡哆醇、叶酸的适宜需求量以及钙磷、益生菌、低聚木糖和植酸酶添加对宝石鲈生长和生理状态的影响。主要研究结果如下。一、宝石鲈对蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物需求量的研究部分
1.以鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5种不同蛋白浓度的等能半精制实验饲料,蛋白水平分别为25.1%、30.2%、36.1%、40.2%和45.6%。25.1%组的终末体重显著低于36.1%、40.2%和45.6%组(P<0.05)。25.1%组的日增重和特定生长率显著低于其它组(P<0.05)。宝石鲈的日增重和特定生长率,当饲料蛋白水平从25.1%增加到36.1%时具有增大的趋势,而从36.1%增加到45.6%时显著减少(P<0.05)。25.1%组的饲料系数和蛋白质效率高于其余实验组(P<0.05)。当饲料蛋白水平从25.1%增加到36.1%,宝石鲈的饲料系数具有降低的趋势;而饲料蛋白水平从36.1%增加到45.6%,宝石鲈的饲料系数具有升高的趋势(P<0.05),36.1%组的饲料系数显著低于其它组(P<0.05)。蛋白质效率随着饲料蛋白含量的增大具有降低的趋势(从25.1%到36.1%),当饲料蛋白含量继续增大时(从36.1%到45.6%),蛋白质效率显著降低(P<0.05)。36.1%组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率和蛋白质效率高于其余组(25.1%、30.2%、40.2%和45.6%),而饲料系数低于其它组。饲料蛋白水平对肥满度没有显著影响(P>0.05)。25.1%组宝石鲈肠道蛋白酶活性最低,淀粉酶活性最高(P<0.05)。肠道蛋白酶活性随着饲料蛋白水平的提高而增大,40.2%和45.6%组蛋白酶活性显著高于其余三组(25.1%、30.2%和36.1%)(P<0.05)。肠道淀粉酶活性随着饲料蛋白水平的提高而降低,40.2%和45.6%组淀粉酶活性显著低于25.1%和30.2%组(P<0.05)。不同饲料蛋白水平对全鱼和肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,全鱼和肌肉粗蛋白含量逐渐升高,45.6%组达到最高值。粗脂肪含量随饲料蛋白水平的增加而不断下降,45.6%组达到最小值。各组粗灰分和干物质含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。以相对增重率作为评价指标,用折线模型来计算宝石鲈饲料蛋白质适宜需求量为35.98%。
2.鱼油为脂肪源,配制脂肪水平为5.7%、8.4%、10.9%和13.1%共4种等蛋等能半精制实验饲料。10.9%和13.1%组间的终末体重、增重和特定生长率没有显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05)。各组宝石鲈的成活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料添加脂肪降低了饲料系数,13.1%组的饲料系数显著低于其它组(P<0.05)。蛋白质效率有随脂肪水平升高而上升的趋势,13.1%组蛋白质效率显著高于5.7%组(P<0.05)。鱼体脂肪和干物质含量随饲料脂肪水平的上升有升高趋势。10.9%组全鱼脂肪含量显著高于5.7%组(P<0.05);13.1%组全鱼脂肪含量显著高于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05)。全鱼粗蛋白含量随饲料脂肪水平的上升有降低的趋势,13.1%组粗蛋白含量显著低于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05),但与10.9%组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。10.9%组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著低于5.7%组(P<0.05);但与8.4%组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料脂肪水平对宝石鲈全鱼粗灰分含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。5.7%组全鱼干物质含量与8.4%组没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于10.9%和13.1%组(P<0.05),8.4%、10.9%和13.1%组间干物质含量没有显著差异(P<0.05)。13.1%和10.9%组肌肉粗脂肪和干物质含量最高显著高于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05),13.1%和10.9%组间以及5.7%和8.4%组间肌肉粗脂肪和干物质含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。肌肉粗蛋白含量随饲料脂肪水平的上升有降低的趋势,13.1%组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著低于8.4%、10.9%和13.1%组(P<0.05),10.9%组的粗蛋白含量与8.4%组没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于5.7%组(P<0.05)。各组宝石鲈肥满度之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05),体形相近。随着饲料脂肪水平上升,各组宝石鲈的脏体比和肝体比都呈上升趋势,脂肪水平13.1%组宝石鲈肝体比显著高于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05)。5.7%组脏体比显著低于10.9%和13.1%组(P<0.05)。随着脂肪添加量的增加,宝石鲈肝脏葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与苹果酸酶活性有降低趋势。脂肪水平5.7%组葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与苹果酸酶的活性显著高于13.1%组(P<0.05)。饲料脂肪水平对肝脏6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶活性没有显著影响(P>0.05)。总之,当饲料脂肪水平高于10.9%时,对宝石鲈的生长性能没有影响,但脂肪在鱼体的沉积增加。
3.玉米淀粉为碳水化合物源,配制碳水化合物水平为25.4%、29.6%、33.2%、37.3%和41.5%共5种等蛋白等脂肪的半精制实验饲料。饲料蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率随饲料碳水化合物水平增加呈逐渐下降趋势,41.5%组表观消化率显著低于其它组(P<0.05)。25.4%和29.6%组的脂肪表观消化率显著高于其余3组(P<0.05)。25.4%、29.6%、33.2%和37.3%组碳水化合物的表观消化率无显著差异,但均显著大于41.5%组(P<0.05)。宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重和特定生长率当饲料碳水化合物水平从25.4%增加到37.3%时具有增大的趋势,而从37.3%增加到41.5%时显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料转化率和蛋白质效率随碳水化合物水平上升呈逐渐上升的趋势。33.2%、37.3%和41.5%组间饲料转化率和蛋白质效率无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著大于25.4%和29.6%组(P<0.05)。各组宝石鲈肥满度之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05),体形相近。随着饲料碳水化合物水平上升,各组宝石鲈的脏体比和肝体比都呈上升趋势,37.3%和41.5%组宝石鲈肝体比显著高于25.4%组(P>0.05)。随着碳水化合物添加量的增加,丙酮酸激酶与葡糖糖激酶活性有增加趋势,己糖激酶活性呈现降低趋势。41.5%组丙酮酸激酶和葡萄糖激酶活性显著高于25.4%组,而己糖激酶活性显著低于25.4%组(P<0.05)。各组甘油三酯、胆固醇含量、宝石鲈全鱼和肌肉的蛋白质、灰分和干物质含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。鱼体脂肪含量随饲料碳水化合物水平的上升有先上升后下降的趋势,37.3%组血糖、全鱼和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于25.4%组(P<0.05)。综合以上结果知,宝石鲈饲料中碳水化合物的适宜含量为33.2-37.3%。
二、宝石鲈对核黄素、泛酸、吡哆醇、叶酸需求量和钙磷对其生长和生理状态影响部分
4.配制核黄素含量为0.60、2.83、5.21、7.37、9.86和20.26mg/kg的共6种等氮等能精制实验饲料。未添加核黄素组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料核黄素含量为2.83 mg/kg时,宝石鲈终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于其它添加组(5.21、7.37、9.86和20.26mg/kg )(P<0.05)。饲料核黄素水平在5.21、7.37、9.86和20.26 mg/kg时,各组终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加核黄素组宝石鲈肝脏D-氨基酸氧化酶活力为2.24U/g蛋白,显著低于其它各组(2.83、5.21、7.37、9.86和20.26mg/kg)(P<0.05)。随饲料核黄素含量的增加,D-氨基酸氧化酶活力显著增加,当核黄素含量超过5.21mg/kg时,D-氨基酸氧化酶活力没有显著增加(P>0.05)。宝石鲈肝脏核黄素含量随饲料核黄素含量的增加(0.60、2.83和5.21mg/kg)而显著升高(3.55、5.84和8.26μg/g)(P<0.05)。而当饲料中核黄素含量高于5.21mg/kg时,肝脏核黄素含量没有显著变化(P>0.05)。核黄素是宝石鲈所必需的维生素,其缺乏会造成一系列缺乏症。以特定生长率、D-氨基酸氧化酶和肝脏核黄素含量为评价指标,经折线模型拟合得宝石鲈对核黄素的需要量分别为5.73、6.85和6.64mg/kg。
5.配制泛酸含量为0.05、5.45、11.20、22.25、45.07和84.86mg/kg的共6种等氮等能精制实验饲料。未添加泛酸组宝石鲈的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于添加组(5.45、11.20、22.25、45.07和84.86mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料泛酸含量为5.45mg/kg时,宝石鲈终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率与饲料3组(11.20mg/kg)差异不显著(P>0.05) ,但显著低于其它添加组(22.25、45.07和84.86mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料泛酸水平在11.20、22.25、45.07和84.86 mg/kg时,各组终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加泛酸组宝石鲈血红蛋白显著低于其它添加泛酸各组(P<0.05),而添加泛酸各组宝石鲈的血红蛋白含量没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加泛酸组宝石鲈肝脏脂肪含量显著高于添加泛酸各组(P<0.05),而添加泛酸各组宝石鲈肝脏脂肪含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。宝石鲈肝脏总泛酸含量在未添加组最低(P<0.05),随着饲料泛酸水平升高而显著升高,当高于11.20mg/kg时各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。未添加泛酸组宝石鲈肝脏游离泛酸含量与5.45mg/kg组差异不显著(P>0.05),随着饲料泛酸含量的升高,肝脏游离泛酸显著升高(P<0.05),当饲料泛酸含量高于22.25mg/kg时,游离泛酸含量维持稳定(P>0.05)。未添加泛酸组肝脏结合泛酸量显著低于添加组(P<0.05),而添加泛酸各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。泛酸是宝石鲈所必需的维生素,其缺乏会造成一系列缺乏症。以特定生长率和肝脏总泛酸含量为评价指标,经折线模型拟合得宝石鲈对泛酸的需要量为12.40和13.47mg/kg。
6.配制吡哆醇含量为0.18、1.46、3.14、6.71、12.67和26.25mg/kg的共6种等氮等能精制实验饲料。未添加吡哆醇组宝石鲈的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料吡哆醇含量为1.46mg/kg时,宝石鲈终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于其它添加组(3.14、6.71、12.67和26.25mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料中吡哆醇水平在3.14、6.71、12.67和26.25 mg/kg时,各组的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加吡哆醇组宝石鲈肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力以及肝脏吡哆醇和5-磷酸吡哆醛含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中吡哆醇水平在3.14、6.71、12.67和26.25 mg/kg时,各组宝石鲈肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力没有显著差异(P>0.05)。随着饲料中吡哆醇水平的增加,谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力以及肝脏吡哆醇和5-磷酸吡哆醛含量显著增加,且吡哆醇含量增加到6.71mg/kg时达到最大,而吡哆醇继续增加对谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力以及肝脏吡哆醇和5-磷酸吡哆醛含量没有显著影响(P<0.05)。吡哆醇是宝石鲈所必需的维生素,其缺乏会造成一系列缺乏症。以特定生长率、肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力以及肝脏吡哆醇和5-磷酸吡哆醛含量为评价指标,经折线模型拟合后得宝石鲈对饲料中吡哆醇的需要量分别为2.67、3.85、4.04、4.91和5.17mg/kg。
7.配制叶酸含量为0.11、0.11、0.58、1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15mg/kg的共7种等氮等能精制实验饲料。未添加叶酸组宝石鲈的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于添加组(0.58、1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15 mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料叶酸水平为0.58mg/kg时,宝石鲈终末体重、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于其它添加组(1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15 mg/kg)(P<0.05);而特定生长率与叶酸水平为1.07mg/kg组没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于其它添加组(2.20、4.52和9.15 mg/kg)(P<0.05)。1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15mg/kg各组的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加叶酸组宝石鲈血液红细胞数量和肝脏叶酸含量没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料叶酸水平为0.58mg/kg时,宝石鲈血液红细胞数量和肝脏叶酸含量显著低于其它添加组(1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15 mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料中叶酸水平在1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15mg/kg时,各组的血液红细胞数量和肝脏叶酸含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。以特定生长率、红细胞数量和肝脏叶酸含量为评价指标,经折线模型拟合后得宝石鲈对叶酸的需要量分别为1.03、1.20和1.24 mg/kg。
8.以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源,乳酸钙(Ca-lactate)和磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4·2H2O)为钙源和磷源,配制成饲料1(0.0%钙,0.0%磷)、饲料2(0.5%钙,0.0%磷)、饲料3(0.0%钙,0.6%磷)、饲料4(0.5%钙,0.6%磷)、饲料5(1.0%钙,0.6%磷)和饲料6(1.5%钙,0.6%磷)共六种等氮等能纯化实验饲料。饲料中未添加磷组(饲料1和饲料2)实验鱼的终末体重、特定生长率和脊椎骨钙磷含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05),而饲料系数、全体和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中未添加磷时,添加0.5%钙对宝石鲈的特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼和肌肉营养成分、脊椎骨的灰分和钙磷含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的添加量(0-1.5%)对宝石鲈终末体重、特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼组成、肌肉组成(水分、粗蛋白和灰分)和脊椎骨组成(粗灰分、磷和钙磷比)没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中钙添加量过大(1.5%)组脊椎骨钙含量显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷显著降低了鱼体中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),但提高了脊椎骨钙磷的含量(P<0.05)。各组脊椎骨钙磷比均处于1.78-1.82范围内,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。未添加磷组宝石鲈血浆磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于添加0.6%磷组(P<0.05)。当饲料添加磷量相同时,钙的不同添加量对宝石鲈血浆磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著影响。通过宝石鲈幼鱼生长性能和脊椎骨矿化作用分析表明,当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的适宜添加量为0.5% (P>0.05)。
三、宝石鲈非营养性添加剂部分
9.用基础饲料投喂宝石鲈幼鱼作为对照组,实验组为分别在基础饲料中添加0.1%乳酸杆菌、0.1%芽孢杆菌和0.1%芽孢杆菌+0.1%乳酸杆菌。益生菌组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲料中单独添加0.1%乳杆菌和0.1%芽孢杆菌组的生长和饲料利用指标差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著低于益生菌混合添加组(P<0.05)。饲料中单独添加乳杆菌组的特定生长率与益生菌混合添加组差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组宝石鲈肠道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。益生菌混合添加组的蛋白酶活性显著高于单独添加组(P<0.05)。添加芽孢杆菌组肠道蛋白酶活性显著高于乳杆菌组(P<0.05)。混合添加组的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于乳杆菌组(P<0.05),但这两组的肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性与添加芽孢杆菌组差异不显著(P>0.05)。各益生菌添加组的肠道细菌总数与对照组相比没有显著差异(P>0.05)。益生菌添加组肠道气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、黄杆菌属细菌数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。添加益生菌组肠道产碱菌属和芽孢杆菌属细菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。添加益生菌对肠道中棒杆菌属、不动杆菌属和葡萄球菌属细菌的数量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。益生菌添加组吞噬百分比、吞噬指数和碱性磷酸酶显著高于未添加组(P<0.05),但各添加组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加乳杆菌组的血清溶菌酶活性显著高于未添加益生菌组(P<0.05),添加组之间没有显著差异(P<0.05)
10.用基础饲料投喂宝石鲈幼鱼作为对照组,实验组为分别在基础饲料中添加0.06‰、0.12‰、0.18‰、0.24‰低聚木糖。对照组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率、蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性与0.06‰组没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于0.12‰、0.18‰和0.24‰组(P<0.05)。0.12‰组终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率最高。添加低聚木糖后各实验组间肠道蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组的血糖,甘油三酯和胆固醇含量显著低于添加低聚木糖各组(P<0.05),但添加低聚木糖各组间血糖、甘油三酯和胆固醇含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加低聚木糖降低了宝石鲈肠道中好氧菌总数(P<0.05)。添加低聚木糖各组间好养菌总数没用显著差异(P>0.05)。低聚木糖添加组的气单胞菌属和肠杆菌科细菌数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),产碱菌属和芽孢杆菌属细菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。添加低聚木糖对肠道中棒杆菌属、不动杆菌属和葡萄球菌属细菌的数量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。对照组吞噬百分比、吞噬指数、溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶活性低于添加组,但添加各组活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加低聚木糖能显著提高宝石鲈的生长、饲料利用和肠道消化酶活性,适宜添加量为0.12‰.
11.全鱼粉饲料(饲料1,对照饲料)以鱼粉为蛋白源。豆粕替代饲料(饲料2)以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源,其中豆粕取代44.15%的鱼粉蛋白,植酸酶添加饲料(饲料3)为在豆粕替代饲料中添加0.02%植酸酶,共制作3种饲料。全鱼粉组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率、肠道蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于豆粕部分代替鱼粉组(P<0.05),与添加植酸酶组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。豆粕部分代替鱼粉组的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著低于添加植酸酶组(P<0.05)。全鱼粉组和添加植酸酶组的蛋白质、脂肪、干物质、总磷和总钙表观消化率显著高于豆粕部分代替鱼粉组(P<0.05)。豆粕部分替代鱼粉组氮的保留率显著低于全鱼粉组(P<0.05),而氮排放率显著高于全鱼粉组和添加植酸酶组(P<0.05)。全鱼粉组和植酸酶组的氮保留率和氮排放率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中添加植酸酶显著提高了磷的保留率并降低了磷的排放率(P<0.05)。全鱼粉组磷的排放率最高,显著高于豆粕部分代替鱼粉组和植酸酶组(P<0.05)。饲料中添加一定量的豆粕和植酸酶后,对钙的保留率影响不显著(P>0.05),但显著降低了钙的排放率(P<0.05)。
Jade perch(Scortum barcoo) is a highly valuable tropical freshwater fish with very few bones and a good taste. Jade perch that efficiently utilizes commercial feed and grows rapidly has become an increasingly important commercial species in China. Because of its fast growth, efficient feed conversion, and high market value, aquaculture of the fish plays an important role in the economy of China. The dietary requirements of protein, lipid, carbonhydrate, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid and folic acid and the effects of calcium (Ca), phosphorus, probiotics, xylooligosaccharides and phytase enzyme on growth and physiology state of juvenile jade perch were conducted in indoor cylindrical fiberglass tanks (400L ) or net cages (60cm×60cm×120cm). Results of the present study are presented as follows.
The dietary requirements of protein, lipid and carbonhydrate for juvenile jade perch
1. To conduct the dietary protein requirement of jade perch juveniles, fishmeal was as protein source, a 60-day feeding trial with five diets was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein levels (25.1% 30.2%, 36.1%, 40.2 and 45.6%) on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, whole body and muscle composition of jade perch juveniles. Five groups with three replicates of juvenile were reared in net cage (60cm×60cm×120cm). The final body weight of 25.1% group was lower than that of 36.1%、40.2% and 45.6% group (P<0.05). Fish fed diet with 25.1% dietary protein level had significantly lower daily gain (DG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those groups with high dietary protein level (P<0.05) . The values of DG and SGR of jade perch showed increasing trend with increasing dietary protein level from 25.1%to 36.1%, then showed decreasing trend from 36.1% to 45.6% (P<0.05). The values of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for fish fed 25.1% dietary protein were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). The values of FCR showed decreasing trend with increasing dietary protein level from 25.1%to 36.1%, then showed increasing trend from 36.1% to 45.6% (P<0.05). The values of PER exhibited decreasing trend with increasing dietary protein level from 25.1%to 36.1% (P>0.05), then decrease from 36.1% to 45.6%, there was significant difference between groups (P<0.05). Jade perch fed 36.1% dietary protein exihibited higher values of final body weight, DG, SGR, PER and lower value of FCR than other groups (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in condition factor among groups (P>0.05). A linear increase (P<0.05) in protease activity was observed due to feeding increased dietary protein level. An inverse relationship was observed between intestinal amylase activity of jade perch and the dietary protein level. The protein content of whole body and muscle tended to increase, but crude lipid content tended to decrease with increasing dietary protein level(P<0.05). No differences between groups were found for crude ash and dry matter of whole body and muscle (P>0.05). Using the relative weight gain as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein requirement of juvenile jade perch were 35.98%.
2. To conduct the dietary lipid requirement of jade perch juveniles, diets containing 36.3% crude protein supplemented with increasing lipid levels (5.7%, 8.4%, 10.9%, and 13.1% of the dry matter) were used to feed triplicate groups of 30 fish for 60 d. At the end of the experiment, more than 95% fish survived well from all diet groups (P > 0.05). Measurements on the final body weight , daily gain (DG) and specific growth rate (SGR) indicated that fish fed with diets of 10.9% and 13.1% lipids exhibited higher growth performance (P < 0.05), while these values between fish fed with 10.9% and 13.1% lipid diets were not significantly different. Lowest growth performance was observed for fish fed with the lowest lipid level, the 5.7% lipid diet (P < 0.05). The values of FCR were also significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary lipid levels and tended to decrease with increasing lipid levels. Fish fed with the 5.7% diets showed the highest FCR values, while fish in the 13.1% feeding group yielded the lowest FCR values. Evaluations for the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) indicated that fish fed with 10.9% and 13.1% lipid diets utilized their feed and dietary proteins more efficiently (P < 0.05). The lipid and dry matter content of whole body tended to increase, but crude protein content tended to decrease with increasing dietary lipid level (P<0.05). Jade perch fed 13.1% dietary lipid exhibited higher lipid content of whole body than the fish fed diets with 5.7% and 8.4% dietary lipid (P<0.05). Jade perch fed diet with 10.9% dietary lipid exhibited higher lipid content of whole body than the fish fed with 5.7% dietary lipid (P<0.05). Fish fed 13.1% dietary lipid exihibited lower protein content of whole body than the fish fed diets with 5.7% and 8.4% dietary lipid (P<0.05). Fish fed diet with 10.9% dietary lipid exhibited lower protein content of whole body than the fish fed with 5.7% dietary lipid (P<0.05). Crude ash contents were similar from whole fish in all treatment groups (P>0.05). Jade perch fed diet with 10.9% and 13.1% dietary lipid exhibited higher dry matter content of whole body than the fish fed with 5.7% dietary lipid (P<0.05).Lipid contents increased in muscles from fish fed with higher lipid diets, and reached the highest in fish fed diets with the 10.9% and 13.1% lipid (P<0.05). On the other hand, protein contents decreased in muscles from fish fed with increasing dietary lipids (P < 0.05), and reached the lowest in those fed diet with the 13.1% lipid. The amounts of muscle dry matter elevated from fish fed with the higher dietary lipids (P<0.05) and reached the highest amounts in the juveniles fed with the 10.9% diet. There were no significant difference in condition factor among groups. As dietary lipid level increased, viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased dramatically and the 13.1% group had the highest values. Activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme (ME) were reduced with increasing lipid level, but activities of phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) did not change among groups. Jade perch fed diet with 5.7% dietary lipid exhibited higher activities of G6PDH and ME than fish fed diet with 13.1% dietary lipid (P<0.05). In conclusion, high dietary lipid levels above 10.9% produced little practical benefit because of higher fat accretion in jade perch.
3. To conduct the dietary carbohydrate requirement of jade perch juveniles, cornstarch was as carbohydrate source, a 60-day feeding trial with five diets was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate levels (25.4%、29.6%、33.2%、37.3% and 41.5% ) on the growth performance, feed utilization, heopatic metabolic enzymes, plasma biochemical indices ,whole body and muscle composition of jade perch juveniles . The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein and lipid decreased with increasing dietary carbohydrate level , and reached the lowest in those fed diet with the 41.5% carbohydrate level (P < 0.05). Jade perch fed diet with 25.4% and 29.6% dietary carbohydrate level exhibited higher ADC of lipid than the other groups (P<0.05). ADC of carbohydrate were similar in 25.4%, 29.6%, 33.2% and 37.3% groups (P > 0.05), and the 41.5% group had the lowest values (P<0.05). The final body weight, daily gain (DG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased at a level of dietary carbohydrate not more than 33.2%, and decreased at a higher dietary carbohydrate leve1(from 33.2% to 41.5%) (P < 0.05). The values of feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) tended to increase with increasing dietary carbohydrate level (P<0.05). Jade perch fed diets with 33.2%、37.3% and 41.5% carbohydrate level exhibited higher FER and PER values than 25.4% and 29.6% groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in condition factor among groups (P>0.05). As dietary carbohydrate level increased, the values of viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased and fish fed diet with 37.3% and 41.5% carbohydrate level exhibited higher HSI values than those with 25.4% carbohydrate level (P<0.05). Activities of hepatic pyruvate kinase and glucokinase increased with increasing lipid level, but activities of hepatic hexokinase decreased. Jade perch fed 41.5% carbohydrate diet exihibited higher activities of hepatic pyruvate kinase and glucokinase, and lower activities of hepatic hexokinase than the fish fed with 25.4% dietary carbohydrate (P<0.05). Fish fed 25.4% carbohydrate diet exhibited lower plasma glucose content than the fish fed with 37.3% and 41.5% carbohydrate diets (P<0.05). The plasma triglycerides and cholesterol content, the protein, ash and dry matter content of whole body and muscle were no remarkable differences among groups (P>0.05). Jade perch fed diet with 37.3% carbohydrate level exhibited higher plasma glucan content and lipid content of whole body and musle than the fish fed with 25.4% carbohydrate diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results suggested that the optimal dietary carbohydrate level for jade perch was 33.2-37.3%.
The dietary requirements of riboflavin, pantothenic acid , pyridoxine and folic acid for juvenile jade perch and the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on growth performance and physiology state of juvenile jade perch.
4. A study was conducted to investigate the dietary requirement of riboflavin for juvenile jade perch, and to characterize riboflavin deficiency signs. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diets (0.60、2.83、5.21、7.37、9.86 and 20.26 mg riboflavin /kg dry diet) were prepared using casein and gelatin as protein sources. Fish fed the basal diet (0.60 mg/kg) exhibited lower final body weight, daily gain (DG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the fish fed diets supplemented with riboflavin (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 2.83 mg /kg riboflavin exhibited lower final body weight, DG, SGR, FER and PER than other groups supplemented with riboflavin (5.21、7.37、9.86 and 20.26 mg/kg) (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (P>0.05). Hepatic D-amino acid oxidase activity (D-AAO) was low in the riboflavin-deficient fish and increased in a dose-response manner with maximum activity being observed in fish fed the 5.21mg riboflavin/kg diet (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). The riboflavin concentrations in the livers of fish fed basal diet was the lowest (P<0.05), and increased with increasing riboflavin up to 5.21 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). Fish fed the riboflavin-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited signs of riboflavin deficiency such as caudal fin erosion, loss of normal body color and photophobia. No deficiency signs were observed in fish fed the riboflavin-supplemented diets. Using SGR, D-AAO and hepatic riboflavin concentrations as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary riboflavin requirements of juvenile jade perch were 5.73, 6.85 and 6.64 mg/kg respectively.
5. A study was conducted to investigate the dietary requirement of pantothenic acid for juvenile jade perch, and to characterize pantothenic acid deficiency signs. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diets (0.05、5.45、11.20、22.25、45.07 and 84.86 mg pantothenic acid /kg dry diet) were prepared using casein and gelatin as the main protein sources. Fish fed the basal diet (0.05 mg/kg) exhibited lower final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the fish fed diets supplemented with pantothenic acid (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 5.45 mg/kg pantothenic acid exhibited lower final body weight, SGR, FER and PER than other groups supplemented with pantothenic acid (22.25、45.07 and 84.86 mg/kg) (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (11.20、22.25、45.07 and 84.86) (P>0.05). Hemoglobin and hepatic lipid were significantly lower in fish fed the basal diet than those of fish fed supplemented diets (P<0.05), but no significant differences in hemoglobin and hepatic lipid were observed among the pantothenic acid-supplemented dietary groups (P>0.05). Hepatic lipid concentration was highest in the pantothenic acid-deficient fish than those of other dietary groups (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (P>0.05). Hepatic total patothenate concentration (TP) was lowest in the pantothenic acid-deficient fish than those of other dietary groups, and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments(11.20、22.25、45.07 and 84.86 mg/kg) (P>0.05) .
Hepatic free pantothenate concentrations(FP) between fish fed Diet 1 and Diet 2 were similar, and were significantly lower than those of fish fed diets supplemented with 22.25 mg/kg pantothenic acid (P<0.05) , then leveled off (P>0.05). Hepatic bound pantothenate concentration (BP) was lowest in the pantothenic acid-deficient fish than those of other dietary groups (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (P>0.05). Fish fed the pantothenic acid-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited signs of pantothenic acid deficiency such as gill pale, lethargy, dark body color and skin hemorrhages. Using SGR and BP as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary pantothenic acid requirements of juvenile jade perch were 12.40 and 13.47 mg/kg respectively.
6. A study was conducted to investigate the dietary requirement of pyridoxine for juvenile jade perch, and to characterize pyridoxine deficiency signs. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diet(s0.18、1.46、3.14、6.71、12.67 and 26.25 mg pyridoxine /kg dry diet) were prepared using casein and gelatin as the main protein sources. Fish fed the basal diet (0.18 mg/kg) exhibited lower final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the fish fed diets supplemented with pyridoxine (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 1.46 mg/kg pyridoxine exhibited lower final body weight, SGR, FER and PER than other groups supplemented with pyridoxine (3.14、6.71、12.67 and 26.25 mg/kg) (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments(P>0.05). Hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (AST)and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were low in the pyridoxine-deficient fish, and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (3.14、6.71、12.67 and 26.25 mg/kg) (P<0.05). The pyridoxine (PN) and pyridoxal 5’-phsophate (PLP) concentrations in the livers were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P<0.05), and increased with increasing dietary pyridoxine up to 6.71 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). Fish fed the pyridoxine-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited signs of pyridoxine deficiency such as pale body color, erratic swimming and loosening of scales. No deficiency signs were observed in fish fed the pyridoxine-supplemented diets. Using SGR, AST, ALT, PN and PLP as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary pyridoxine requirements of juvenile jade perch were 2.67、3.85、4.04、4.91 and 5.17 mg/kg respectively.
7. A study was conducted to investigate the dietary requirement of folic acid for juvenile jade perch, and to characterize folic acid deficiency signs. Seven isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diets (0.11、0.11、0.58、1.07、2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg folic acid /kg dry diet) were prepared using casein and gelatin as the main protein sources. Fish fed the basal diet (0.11 mg/kg) exhibited lower final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the fish fed diets supplemented with folic acid (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 0.58 mg/kg folic acid exhibited lower final body weight, FER and PER than other groups supplemented with folic acid (1.07、2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg/kg) (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 0.58 mg/kg folic acid exhibited lower SGR than other groups supplemented with folic acid (2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg/kg) (P<0.05), but similar with group supplemented with folic acid (1.07 mg/kg) (P>0.05). Final body weight, SGR, FER and PER were no significant different among the folic acid-supplemented dietary groups (1.07、2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg/kg) (P>0.05). Final body weight, SGR, FER, PER, numbers of erythrocytes (RBC) and hepatic folic acid concentrations were no significant difference between the fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole. Fish fed diet supplemented with 0.58 mg/kg folic acid exhibited lower RBC and hepatic folic acid concentrations than other groups supplemented with folic acid (1.07、2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg/kg) (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (P>0.05). Fish fed the folic acid-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited signs of folic acid deficiency such as pale body color, congestion in fins and lethargy. No deficiency signs were observed in fish fed the folic acid-supplemented diets. Using SGR, RBC and hepatic folic acid concentrations as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary folic acid requirements of juvenile jade perch were 1.03, 1.20 and 1.24 mg/kg respectively.
8. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on juvenile jade perch, and to characterize P deficiency signs. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diets (Diet 1: 0.0% Ca, 0.0% P; Diet 2: 0.5% Ca, 0.0% P; Diet 3: 0.0% Ca, 0.6% P; Diet 4: 0.5% Ca, 0.6% P; Diet 5: 1.0% Ca, 0.6i% P; Diet 6: 1.5% Ca, 0.6% P) were prepared using casein and gelatin as the main protein sources, Ca-lactate and NaH2PO4·2H2O as the Ca, P source , respectively. Fish fed diets without P supplement(Diet 1 and Diet 2)showed reduced final weight, special growth rate(SGR) and mineral (Ca and P) deposition in vertebrae, and an increase in feed conversion rate (FCR), whole body and muscle lipid content than fish fed diets with P supplement (P<0.05). When P was not supplemented, 0.5% Ca supplement had no significant effect on final weight, SGR , FCR, whole body and muscle composition, ash content and mineral (Ca, and P) deposition in vertebrae (P>0.05). When diets were supplemented with 0.6% P, Ca supplement from 0.0% to 1.5% had no significant effect on final weight, SGR, whole body composition, muscle composition (moisture, crude protein and ash), vertebrae composition (ash, P and Ca-P ratio ) (P>0.05) . Excess Ca supplement (1.5%) had a negative effect on vertebrae Ca deposition (P<0.05). Fish fed diets with P supplement(Diet 3- Diet 6) showed an decrease in whole body and muscle lipid content, an increase in ash content and mineral (Ca, and P) deposition in vertebrae (P<0.05) . Ca and P supplement had no significant effect on Ca-P ratio ranged from1.78 to 1.82 in vertebrae (P>0.05). Fish fed the P-free diet exhibited lower plasma phosphorus and plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity than other groups supplemented with 0.6% P (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments though supplemented with different Ca level (P>0.05). If growth performance and vertebrae mineralization are taken into account, 0.5% Ca supplement might be optimum when diet was supplemented with 0.6% P. Non-nutritive additive for jade perch
9. The Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. were added to jade perch basal diets as the probiotics in three forms: 0.1% lyophilized Lactobacillus sp. (L), 0.1% lyophilized Bacillus sp. (B) and their mix, and used to investigate the effect of probiotics on growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microflora. Fish fed the diets supplemented with probiotics showed significantly better results of final body weight, daily gain (DG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those with the basal diet (control). Final body weight, DG, SGR, FER and PER were no significant difference between the fish fed the diets supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. and with Bacillus sp., but was lower than the mix group. Mean digestive enzyme activities of all probiotics groups were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with Bacillus sp. exihibited higher protease activities than fish fed diet supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. exhibited higher amylase and lipase activities than fish fed diet supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. (P<0.05). As for amylase and lipase, assays showed no difference between groups supplemented with probiotics(P>0.05). Supplementation with probiotics had no influence on intestinal aerobic bacterial counts (P>0.05), and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with a tendency of Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio, Flavobacterium decreasing and Alcaligence, Bacillus increasing as compared with the contol (P<0.05). Supplementation with probiotics had no influence on intestinal Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus (P>0.05). Fish fed the diets supplemented with probiotics showed significantly better results of phagocytic percentage (PP), phagocytic index (PI) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) than those with the basal diet (control). In conclusion, it showed that probiotics highly increased the growth performances, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities and immunity function and improve intestinal microbial balance. Furthermore, different probiotics forms indicated different performances and the mix produced the best results.
10. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary xylooligo saccharides (XOS) on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, bacteria of intestinal and immune of jade perch juveniles. The basal diet was used as control, the trial diets were designed with 4 added levels of XOS which were mixed with the basal diet. The added levels of XOS were 0.06‰, 0.12‰、0.18‰and 0.24‰respectively. The results showed that Jade perch fed the control diet showed lower final body weight, daily gain (DG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) , protein efficiency ratio (PER) , protease, amylase and lipase activities than fish fed diets supplemented with 0.12‰、0.18‰and 0.24‰XOS (P<0.05), and no significant differences compared with fish fed diet supplemented with 0.06‰XOS (P>0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 0.12‰XOS exhibited better final body weight, DG, SGR, FER and PER than other groups. There were no significant difference in protease and lipase activities among groups supplemented with XOS (P>0.05). Jade perch fed the control diet showed higher glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol in serum than fish fed diets supplemented with 0.18‰and 0.24‰XOS, and no significant difference among groups supplemented with XOS (P>0.05). The XOS additive could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the number of total bacteria counts, no significant difference among groups supplemented with XOS (P>0.05). Supplementation with XOS affected the composition of intestinal microflora with a tendency of Aeromonas and Enterobacteriaceae decreasing and Alcaligence and Bacillus increasing as compared with the control (P<0.05). Supplementation with probiotics had no influence on intestinal Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus (P > 0.05). Supplementation with XOS had no influence on intestinal Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus (P>0.05). Jade perch fed the control diet showed lower phagocytic percentage (PP), phagocytic index (PI) , lysozyme (LSZ) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) than fish fed diets supplemented with XOS, and no significant difference among groups supplemented with XOS (P>0.05). The present results suggested that the diet added XOS can improve growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities and immune of jade perch juveniles, the optimum dietary XOS requirements of juvenile jade perch were 0.12‰.
11. A 60-day feeding study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary phytase on the growth performance, feed utilization and digestive enzyme of jade perch juveniles. The basal diet designed with fish meal as protein source was used as control, the trial diets were designed with partially replacing fish meal with soybean meal as replacing fish meal group, replacing fish meal group with 0.02% phytase as phytase group. The results showed that jade perch fed the control diet showed higher final body weight, daily gain (DG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) , protein efficiency ratio (PER) , protease and lipase activities than replacing fish meal group (P<0.05), and no significant differences compared with phytase group (P>0.05). Fish fed the replacing fish meal group diet showed lower final body weight, DG, SGR, FER, PER, protease and lipase activities than phytase group (P<0.05). Fish fed basal and phytase groups diet exhibited better apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein, lipid, dry matter, total phosphorous and calcium than replacing fish meal group (P<0.05). Retention of nitrogen in replacing fish meal group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05), and load of nitrogen in replacing fish meal group was significantly higher than phytase group. No differences between control and phytase groups were found for retention and load of nitrogen (P>0.05). Fish fed phytase group diet exhibited higher retention and lower load of phosphorous than other groups (P<0.05)。Load of phosphorus in control group was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05). Supplementation with soybean meal and phytase had no influence on retention of calcium (P>0.05) and affected load of calcium with a decreasing tendency (P<0.05).
1.以鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5种不同蛋白浓度的等能半精制实验饲料,蛋白水平分别为25.1%、30.2%、36.1%、40.2%和45.6%。25.1%组的终末体重显著低于36.1%、40.2%和45.6%组(P<0.05)。25.1%组的日增重和特定生长率显著低于其它组(P<0.05)。宝石鲈的日增重和特定生长率,当饲料蛋白水平从25.1%增加到36.1%时具有增大的趋势,而从36.1%增加到45.6%时显著减少(P<0.05)。25.1%组的饲料系数和蛋白质效率高于其余实验组(P<0.05)。当饲料蛋白水平从25.1%增加到36.1%,宝石鲈的饲料系数具有降低的趋势;而饲料蛋白水平从36.1%增加到45.6%,宝石鲈的饲料系数具有升高的趋势(P<0.05),36.1%组的饲料系数显著低于其它组(P<0.05)。蛋白质效率随着饲料蛋白含量的增大具有降低的趋势(从25.1%到36.1%),当饲料蛋白含量继续增大时(从36.1%到45.6%),蛋白质效率显著降低(P<0.05)。36.1%组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率和蛋白质效率高于其余组(25.1%、30.2%、40.2%和45.6%),而饲料系数低于其它组。饲料蛋白水平对肥满度没有显著影响(P>0.05)。25.1%组宝石鲈肠道蛋白酶活性最低,淀粉酶活性最高(P<0.05)。肠道蛋白酶活性随着饲料蛋白水平的提高而增大,40.2%和45.6%组蛋白酶活性显著高于其余三组(25.1%、30.2%和36.1%)(P<0.05)。肠道淀粉酶活性随着饲料蛋白水平的提高而降低,40.2%和45.6%组淀粉酶活性显著低于25.1%和30.2%组(P<0.05)。不同饲料蛋白水平对全鱼和肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,全鱼和肌肉粗蛋白含量逐渐升高,45.6%组达到最高值。粗脂肪含量随饲料蛋白水平的增加而不断下降,45.6%组达到最小值。各组粗灰分和干物质含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。以相对增重率作为评价指标,用折线模型来计算宝石鲈饲料蛋白质适宜需求量为35.98%。
2.鱼油为脂肪源,配制脂肪水平为5.7%、8.4%、10.9%和13.1%共4种等蛋等能半精制实验饲料。10.9%和13.1%组间的终末体重、增重和特定生长率没有显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05)。各组宝石鲈的成活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料添加脂肪降低了饲料系数,13.1%组的饲料系数显著低于其它组(P<0.05)。蛋白质效率有随脂肪水平升高而上升的趋势,13.1%组蛋白质效率显著高于5.7%组(P<0.05)。鱼体脂肪和干物质含量随饲料脂肪水平的上升有升高趋势。10.9%组全鱼脂肪含量显著高于5.7%组(P<0.05);13.1%组全鱼脂肪含量显著高于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05)。全鱼粗蛋白含量随饲料脂肪水平的上升有降低的趋势,13.1%组粗蛋白含量显著低于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05),但与10.9%组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。10.9%组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著低于5.7%组(P<0.05);但与8.4%组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料脂肪水平对宝石鲈全鱼粗灰分含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。5.7%组全鱼干物质含量与8.4%组没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于10.9%和13.1%组(P<0.05),8.4%、10.9%和13.1%组间干物质含量没有显著差异(P<0.05)。13.1%和10.9%组肌肉粗脂肪和干物质含量最高显著高于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05),13.1%和10.9%组间以及5.7%和8.4%组间肌肉粗脂肪和干物质含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。肌肉粗蛋白含量随饲料脂肪水平的上升有降低的趋势,13.1%组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著低于8.4%、10.9%和13.1%组(P<0.05),10.9%组的粗蛋白含量与8.4%组没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于5.7%组(P<0.05)。各组宝石鲈肥满度之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05),体形相近。随着饲料脂肪水平上升,各组宝石鲈的脏体比和肝体比都呈上升趋势,脂肪水平13.1%组宝石鲈肝体比显著高于5.7%和8.4%组(P<0.05)。5.7%组脏体比显著低于10.9%和13.1%组(P<0.05)。随着脂肪添加量的增加,宝石鲈肝脏葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与苹果酸酶活性有降低趋势。脂肪水平5.7%组葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与苹果酸酶的活性显著高于13.1%组(P<0.05)。饲料脂肪水平对肝脏6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶活性没有显著影响(P>0.05)。总之,当饲料脂肪水平高于10.9%时,对宝石鲈的生长性能没有影响,但脂肪在鱼体的沉积增加。
3.玉米淀粉为碳水化合物源,配制碳水化合物水平为25.4%、29.6%、33.2%、37.3%和41.5%共5种等蛋白等脂肪的半精制实验饲料。饲料蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率随饲料碳水化合物水平增加呈逐渐下降趋势,41.5%组表观消化率显著低于其它组(P<0.05)。25.4%和29.6%组的脂肪表观消化率显著高于其余3组(P<0.05)。25.4%、29.6%、33.2%和37.3%组碳水化合物的表观消化率无显著差异,但均显著大于41.5%组(P<0.05)。宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重和特定生长率当饲料碳水化合物水平从25.4%增加到37.3%时具有增大的趋势,而从37.3%增加到41.5%时显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料转化率和蛋白质效率随碳水化合物水平上升呈逐渐上升的趋势。33.2%、37.3%和41.5%组间饲料转化率和蛋白质效率无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著大于25.4%和29.6%组(P<0.05)。各组宝石鲈肥满度之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05),体形相近。随着饲料碳水化合物水平上升,各组宝石鲈的脏体比和肝体比都呈上升趋势,37.3%和41.5%组宝石鲈肝体比显著高于25.4%组(P>0.05)。随着碳水化合物添加量的增加,丙酮酸激酶与葡糖糖激酶活性有增加趋势,己糖激酶活性呈现降低趋势。41.5%组丙酮酸激酶和葡萄糖激酶活性显著高于25.4%组,而己糖激酶活性显著低于25.4%组(P<0.05)。各组甘油三酯、胆固醇含量、宝石鲈全鱼和肌肉的蛋白质、灰分和干物质含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。鱼体脂肪含量随饲料碳水化合物水平的上升有先上升后下降的趋势,37.3%组血糖、全鱼和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于25.4%组(P<0.05)。综合以上结果知,宝石鲈饲料中碳水化合物的适宜含量为33.2-37.3%。
二、宝石鲈对核黄素、泛酸、吡哆醇、叶酸需求量和钙磷对其生长和生理状态影响部分
4.配制核黄素含量为0.60、2.83、5.21、7.37、9.86和20.26mg/kg的共6种等氮等能精制实验饲料。未添加核黄素组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料核黄素含量为2.83 mg/kg时,宝石鲈终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于其它添加组(5.21、7.37、9.86和20.26mg/kg )(P<0.05)。饲料核黄素水平在5.21、7.37、9.86和20.26 mg/kg时,各组终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加核黄素组宝石鲈肝脏D-氨基酸氧化酶活力为2.24U/g蛋白,显著低于其它各组(2.83、5.21、7.37、9.86和20.26mg/kg)(P<0.05)。随饲料核黄素含量的增加,D-氨基酸氧化酶活力显著增加,当核黄素含量超过5.21mg/kg时,D-氨基酸氧化酶活力没有显著增加(P>0.05)。宝石鲈肝脏核黄素含量随饲料核黄素含量的增加(0.60、2.83和5.21mg/kg)而显著升高(3.55、5.84和8.26μg/g)(P<0.05)。而当饲料中核黄素含量高于5.21mg/kg时,肝脏核黄素含量没有显著变化(P>0.05)。核黄素是宝石鲈所必需的维生素,其缺乏会造成一系列缺乏症。以特定生长率、D-氨基酸氧化酶和肝脏核黄素含量为评价指标,经折线模型拟合得宝石鲈对核黄素的需要量分别为5.73、6.85和6.64mg/kg。
5.配制泛酸含量为0.05、5.45、11.20、22.25、45.07和84.86mg/kg的共6种等氮等能精制实验饲料。未添加泛酸组宝石鲈的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于添加组(5.45、11.20、22.25、45.07和84.86mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料泛酸含量为5.45mg/kg时,宝石鲈终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率与饲料3组(11.20mg/kg)差异不显著(P>0.05) ,但显著低于其它添加组(22.25、45.07和84.86mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料泛酸水平在11.20、22.25、45.07和84.86 mg/kg时,各组终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加泛酸组宝石鲈血红蛋白显著低于其它添加泛酸各组(P<0.05),而添加泛酸各组宝石鲈的血红蛋白含量没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加泛酸组宝石鲈肝脏脂肪含量显著高于添加泛酸各组(P<0.05),而添加泛酸各组宝石鲈肝脏脂肪含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。宝石鲈肝脏总泛酸含量在未添加组最低(P<0.05),随着饲料泛酸水平升高而显著升高,当高于11.20mg/kg时各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。未添加泛酸组宝石鲈肝脏游离泛酸含量与5.45mg/kg组差异不显著(P>0.05),随着饲料泛酸含量的升高,肝脏游离泛酸显著升高(P<0.05),当饲料泛酸含量高于22.25mg/kg时,游离泛酸含量维持稳定(P>0.05)。未添加泛酸组肝脏结合泛酸量显著低于添加组(P<0.05),而添加泛酸各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。泛酸是宝石鲈所必需的维生素,其缺乏会造成一系列缺乏症。以特定生长率和肝脏总泛酸含量为评价指标,经折线模型拟合得宝石鲈对泛酸的需要量为12.40和13.47mg/kg。
6.配制吡哆醇含量为0.18、1.46、3.14、6.71、12.67和26.25mg/kg的共6种等氮等能精制实验饲料。未添加吡哆醇组宝石鲈的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料吡哆醇含量为1.46mg/kg时,宝石鲈终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于其它添加组(3.14、6.71、12.67和26.25mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料中吡哆醇水平在3.14、6.71、12.67和26.25 mg/kg时,各组的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加吡哆醇组宝石鲈肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力以及肝脏吡哆醇和5-磷酸吡哆醛含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中吡哆醇水平在3.14、6.71、12.67和26.25 mg/kg时,各组宝石鲈肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力没有显著差异(P>0.05)。随着饲料中吡哆醇水平的增加,谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力以及肝脏吡哆醇和5-磷酸吡哆醛含量显著增加,且吡哆醇含量增加到6.71mg/kg时达到最大,而吡哆醇继续增加对谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力以及肝脏吡哆醇和5-磷酸吡哆醛含量没有显著影响(P<0.05)。吡哆醇是宝石鲈所必需的维生素,其缺乏会造成一系列缺乏症。以特定生长率、肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力以及肝脏吡哆醇和5-磷酸吡哆醛含量为评价指标,经折线模型拟合后得宝石鲈对饲料中吡哆醇的需要量分别为2.67、3.85、4.04、4.91和5.17mg/kg。
7.配制叶酸含量为0.11、0.11、0.58、1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15mg/kg的共7种等氮等能精制实验饲料。未添加叶酸组宝石鲈的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于添加组(0.58、1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15 mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料叶酸水平为0.58mg/kg时,宝石鲈终末体重、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著低于其它添加组(1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15 mg/kg)(P<0.05);而特定生长率与叶酸水平为1.07mg/kg组没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于其它添加组(2.20、4.52和9.15 mg/kg)(P<0.05)。1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15mg/kg各组的终末体重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。未添加叶酸组宝石鲈血液红细胞数量和肝脏叶酸含量没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料叶酸水平为0.58mg/kg时,宝石鲈血液红细胞数量和肝脏叶酸含量显著低于其它添加组(1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15 mg/kg)(P<0.05)。当饲料中叶酸水平在1.07、2.20、4.52和9.15mg/kg时,各组的血液红细胞数量和肝脏叶酸含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。以特定生长率、红细胞数量和肝脏叶酸含量为评价指标,经折线模型拟合后得宝石鲈对叶酸的需要量分别为1.03、1.20和1.24 mg/kg。
8.以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源,乳酸钙(Ca-lactate)和磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4·2H2O)为钙源和磷源,配制成饲料1(0.0%钙,0.0%磷)、饲料2(0.5%钙,0.0%磷)、饲料3(0.0%钙,0.6%磷)、饲料4(0.5%钙,0.6%磷)、饲料5(1.0%钙,0.6%磷)和饲料6(1.5%钙,0.6%磷)共六种等氮等能纯化实验饲料。饲料中未添加磷组(饲料1和饲料2)实验鱼的终末体重、特定生长率和脊椎骨钙磷含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05),而饲料系数、全体和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中未添加磷时,添加0.5%钙对宝石鲈的特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼和肌肉营养成分、脊椎骨的灰分和钙磷含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的添加量(0-1.5%)对宝石鲈终末体重、特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼组成、肌肉组成(水分、粗蛋白和灰分)和脊椎骨组成(粗灰分、磷和钙磷比)没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中钙添加量过大(1.5%)组脊椎骨钙含量显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷显著降低了鱼体中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),但提高了脊椎骨钙磷的含量(P<0.05)。各组脊椎骨钙磷比均处于1.78-1.82范围内,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。未添加磷组宝石鲈血浆磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于添加0.6%磷组(P<0.05)。当饲料添加磷量相同时,钙的不同添加量对宝石鲈血浆磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著影响。通过宝石鲈幼鱼生长性能和脊椎骨矿化作用分析表明,当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的适宜添加量为0.5% (P>0.05)。
三、宝石鲈非营养性添加剂部分
9.用基础饲料投喂宝石鲈幼鱼作为对照组,实验组为分别在基础饲料中添加0.1%乳酸杆菌、0.1%芽孢杆菌和0.1%芽孢杆菌+0.1%乳酸杆菌。益生菌组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲料中单独添加0.1%乳杆菌和0.1%芽孢杆菌组的生长和饲料利用指标差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著低于益生菌混合添加组(P<0.05)。饲料中单独添加乳杆菌组的特定生长率与益生菌混合添加组差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组宝石鲈肠道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性显著低于添加组(P<0.05)。益生菌混合添加组的蛋白酶活性显著高于单独添加组(P<0.05)。添加芽孢杆菌组肠道蛋白酶活性显著高于乳杆菌组(P<0.05)。混合添加组的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于乳杆菌组(P<0.05),但这两组的肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性与添加芽孢杆菌组差异不显著(P>0.05)。各益生菌添加组的肠道细菌总数与对照组相比没有显著差异(P>0.05)。益生菌添加组肠道气单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、黄杆菌属细菌数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。添加益生菌组肠道产碱菌属和芽孢杆菌属细菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。添加益生菌对肠道中棒杆菌属、不动杆菌属和葡萄球菌属细菌的数量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。益生菌添加组吞噬百分比、吞噬指数和碱性磷酸酶显著高于未添加组(P<0.05),但各添加组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加乳杆菌组的血清溶菌酶活性显著高于未添加益生菌组(P<0.05),添加组之间没有显著差异(P<0.05)
10.用基础饲料投喂宝石鲈幼鱼作为对照组,实验组为分别在基础饲料中添加0.06‰、0.12‰、0.18‰、0.24‰低聚木糖。对照组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率、蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性与0.06‰组没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著低于0.12‰、0.18‰和0.24‰组(P<0.05)。0.12‰组终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率最高。添加低聚木糖后各实验组间肠道蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组的血糖,甘油三酯和胆固醇含量显著低于添加低聚木糖各组(P<0.05),但添加低聚木糖各组间血糖、甘油三酯和胆固醇含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加低聚木糖降低了宝石鲈肠道中好氧菌总数(P<0.05)。添加低聚木糖各组间好养菌总数没用显著差异(P>0.05)。低聚木糖添加组的气单胞菌属和肠杆菌科细菌数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),产碱菌属和芽孢杆菌属细菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。添加低聚木糖对肠道中棒杆菌属、不动杆菌属和葡萄球菌属细菌的数量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。对照组吞噬百分比、吞噬指数、溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶活性低于添加组,但添加各组活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加低聚木糖能显著提高宝石鲈的生长、饲料利用和肠道消化酶活性,适宜添加量为0.12‰.
11.全鱼粉饲料(饲料1,对照饲料)以鱼粉为蛋白源。豆粕替代饲料(饲料2)以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源,其中豆粕取代44.15%的鱼粉蛋白,植酸酶添加饲料(饲料3)为在豆粕替代饲料中添加0.02%植酸酶,共制作3种饲料。全鱼粉组宝石鲈的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率、肠道蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于豆粕部分代替鱼粉组(P<0.05),与添加植酸酶组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。豆粕部分代替鱼粉组的终末体重、日增重、特定生长率、饲料转化率、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著低于添加植酸酶组(P<0.05)。全鱼粉组和添加植酸酶组的蛋白质、脂肪、干物质、总磷和总钙表观消化率显著高于豆粕部分代替鱼粉组(P<0.05)。豆粕部分替代鱼粉组氮的保留率显著低于全鱼粉组(P<0.05),而氮排放率显著高于全鱼粉组和添加植酸酶组(P<0.05)。全鱼粉组和植酸酶组的氮保留率和氮排放率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中添加植酸酶显著提高了磷的保留率并降低了磷的排放率(P<0.05)。全鱼粉组磷的排放率最高,显著高于豆粕部分代替鱼粉组和植酸酶组(P<0.05)。饲料中添加一定量的豆粕和植酸酶后,对钙的保留率影响不显著(P>0.05),但显著降低了钙的排放率(P<0.05)。
Jade perch(Scortum barcoo) is a highly valuable tropical freshwater fish with very few bones and a good taste. Jade perch that efficiently utilizes commercial feed and grows rapidly has become an increasingly important commercial species in China. Because of its fast growth, efficient feed conversion, and high market value, aquaculture of the fish plays an important role in the economy of China. The dietary requirements of protein, lipid, carbonhydrate, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid and folic acid and the effects of calcium (Ca), phosphorus, probiotics, xylooligosaccharides and phytase enzyme on growth and physiology state of juvenile jade perch were conducted in indoor cylindrical fiberglass tanks (400L ) or net cages (60cm×60cm×120cm). Results of the present study are presented as follows.
The dietary requirements of protein, lipid and carbonhydrate for juvenile jade perch
1. To conduct the dietary protein requirement of jade perch juveniles, fishmeal was as protein source, a 60-day feeding trial with five diets was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein levels (25.1% 30.2%, 36.1%, 40.2 and 45.6%) on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, whole body and muscle composition of jade perch juveniles. Five groups with three replicates of juvenile were reared in net cage (60cm×60cm×120cm). The final body weight of 25.1% group was lower than that of 36.1%、40.2% and 45.6% group (P<0.05). Fish fed diet with 25.1% dietary protein level had significantly lower daily gain (DG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those groups with high dietary protein level (P<0.05) . The values of DG and SGR of jade perch showed increasing trend with increasing dietary protein level from 25.1%to 36.1%, then showed decreasing trend from 36.1% to 45.6% (P<0.05). The values of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for fish fed 25.1% dietary protein were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). The values of FCR showed decreasing trend with increasing dietary protein level from 25.1%to 36.1%, then showed increasing trend from 36.1% to 45.6% (P<0.05). The values of PER exhibited decreasing trend with increasing dietary protein level from 25.1%to 36.1% (P>0.05), then decrease from 36.1% to 45.6%, there was significant difference between groups (P<0.05). Jade perch fed 36.1% dietary protein exihibited higher values of final body weight, DG, SGR, PER and lower value of FCR than other groups (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in condition factor among groups (P>0.05). A linear increase (P<0.05) in protease activity was observed due to feeding increased dietary protein level. An inverse relationship was observed between intestinal amylase activity of jade perch and the dietary protein level. The protein content of whole body and muscle tended to increase, but crude lipid content tended to decrease with increasing dietary protein level(P<0.05). No differences between groups were found for crude ash and dry matter of whole body and muscle (P>0.05). Using the relative weight gain as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein requirement of juvenile jade perch were 35.98%.
2. To conduct the dietary lipid requirement of jade perch juveniles, diets containing 36.3% crude protein supplemented with increasing lipid levels (5.7%, 8.4%, 10.9%, and 13.1% of the dry matter) were used to feed triplicate groups of 30 fish for 60 d. At the end of the experiment, more than 95% fish survived well from all diet groups (P > 0.05). Measurements on the final body weight , daily gain (DG) and specific growth rate (SGR) indicated that fish fed with diets of 10.9% and 13.1% lipids exhibited higher growth performance (P < 0.05), while these values between fish fed with 10.9% and 13.1% lipid diets were not significantly different. Lowest growth performance was observed for fish fed with the lowest lipid level, the 5.7% lipid diet (P < 0.05). The values of FCR were also significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary lipid levels and tended to decrease with increasing lipid levels. Fish fed with the 5.7% diets showed the highest FCR values, while fish in the 13.1% feeding group yielded the lowest FCR values. Evaluations for the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) indicated that fish fed with 10.9% and 13.1% lipid diets utilized their feed and dietary proteins more efficiently (P < 0.05). The lipid and dry matter content of whole body tended to increase, but crude protein content tended to decrease with increasing dietary lipid level (P<0.05). Jade perch fed 13.1% dietary lipid exhibited higher lipid content of whole body than the fish fed diets with 5.7% and 8.4% dietary lipid (P<0.05). Jade perch fed diet with 10.9% dietary lipid exhibited higher lipid content of whole body than the fish fed with 5.7% dietary lipid (P<0.05). Fish fed 13.1% dietary lipid exihibited lower protein content of whole body than the fish fed diets with 5.7% and 8.4% dietary lipid (P<0.05). Fish fed diet with 10.9% dietary lipid exhibited lower protein content of whole body than the fish fed with 5.7% dietary lipid (P<0.05). Crude ash contents were similar from whole fish in all treatment groups (P>0.05). Jade perch fed diet with 10.9% and 13.1% dietary lipid exhibited higher dry matter content of whole body than the fish fed with 5.7% dietary lipid (P<0.05).Lipid contents increased in muscles from fish fed with higher lipid diets, and reached the highest in fish fed diets with the 10.9% and 13.1% lipid (P<0.05). On the other hand, protein contents decreased in muscles from fish fed with increasing dietary lipids (P < 0.05), and reached the lowest in those fed diet with the 13.1% lipid. The amounts of muscle dry matter elevated from fish fed with the higher dietary lipids (P<0.05) and reached the highest amounts in the juveniles fed with the 10.9% diet. There were no significant difference in condition factor among groups. As dietary lipid level increased, viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased dramatically and the 13.1% group had the highest values. Activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme (ME) were reduced with increasing lipid level, but activities of phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) did not change among groups. Jade perch fed diet with 5.7% dietary lipid exhibited higher activities of G6PDH and ME than fish fed diet with 13.1% dietary lipid (P<0.05). In conclusion, high dietary lipid levels above 10.9% produced little practical benefit because of higher fat accretion in jade perch.
3. To conduct the dietary carbohydrate requirement of jade perch juveniles, cornstarch was as carbohydrate source, a 60-day feeding trial with five diets was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate levels (25.4%、29.6%、33.2%、37.3% and 41.5% ) on the growth performance, feed utilization, heopatic metabolic enzymes, plasma biochemical indices ,whole body and muscle composition of jade perch juveniles . The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein and lipid decreased with increasing dietary carbohydrate level , and reached the lowest in those fed diet with the 41.5% carbohydrate level (P < 0.05). Jade perch fed diet with 25.4% and 29.6% dietary carbohydrate level exhibited higher ADC of lipid than the other groups (P<0.05). ADC of carbohydrate were similar in 25.4%, 29.6%, 33.2% and 37.3% groups (P > 0.05), and the 41.5% group had the lowest values (P<0.05). The final body weight, daily gain (DG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased at a level of dietary carbohydrate not more than 33.2%, and decreased at a higher dietary carbohydrate leve1(from 33.2% to 41.5%) (P < 0.05). The values of feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) tended to increase with increasing dietary carbohydrate level (P<0.05). Jade perch fed diets with 33.2%、37.3% and 41.5% carbohydrate level exhibited higher FER and PER values than 25.4% and 29.6% groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in condition factor among groups (P>0.05). As dietary carbohydrate level increased, the values of viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased and fish fed diet with 37.3% and 41.5% carbohydrate level exhibited higher HSI values than those with 25.4% carbohydrate level (P<0.05). Activities of hepatic pyruvate kinase and glucokinase increased with increasing lipid level, but activities of hepatic hexokinase decreased. Jade perch fed 41.5% carbohydrate diet exihibited higher activities of hepatic pyruvate kinase and glucokinase, and lower activities of hepatic hexokinase than the fish fed with 25.4% dietary carbohydrate (P<0.05). Fish fed 25.4% carbohydrate diet exhibited lower plasma glucose content than the fish fed with 37.3% and 41.5% carbohydrate diets (P<0.05). The plasma triglycerides and cholesterol content, the protein, ash and dry matter content of whole body and muscle were no remarkable differences among groups (P>0.05). Jade perch fed diet with 37.3% carbohydrate level exhibited higher plasma glucan content and lipid content of whole body and musle than the fish fed with 25.4% carbohydrate diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results suggested that the optimal dietary carbohydrate level for jade perch was 33.2-37.3%.
The dietary requirements of riboflavin, pantothenic acid , pyridoxine and folic acid for juvenile jade perch and the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on growth performance and physiology state of juvenile jade perch.
4. A study was conducted to investigate the dietary requirement of riboflavin for juvenile jade perch, and to characterize riboflavin deficiency signs. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diets (0.60、2.83、5.21、7.37、9.86 and 20.26 mg riboflavin /kg dry diet) were prepared using casein and gelatin as protein sources. Fish fed the basal diet (0.60 mg/kg) exhibited lower final body weight, daily gain (DG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the fish fed diets supplemented with riboflavin (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 2.83 mg /kg riboflavin exhibited lower final body weight, DG, SGR, FER and PER than other groups supplemented with riboflavin (5.21、7.37、9.86 and 20.26 mg/kg) (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (P>0.05). Hepatic D-amino acid oxidase activity (D-AAO) was low in the riboflavin-deficient fish and increased in a dose-response manner with maximum activity being observed in fish fed the 5.21mg riboflavin/kg diet (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). The riboflavin concentrations in the livers of fish fed basal diet was the lowest (P<0.05), and increased with increasing riboflavin up to 5.21 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). Fish fed the riboflavin-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited signs of riboflavin deficiency such as caudal fin erosion, loss of normal body color and photophobia. No deficiency signs were observed in fish fed the riboflavin-supplemented diets. Using SGR, D-AAO and hepatic riboflavin concentrations as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary riboflavin requirements of juvenile jade perch were 5.73, 6.85 and 6.64 mg/kg respectively.
5. A study was conducted to investigate the dietary requirement of pantothenic acid for juvenile jade perch, and to characterize pantothenic acid deficiency signs. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diets (0.05、5.45、11.20、22.25、45.07 and 84.86 mg pantothenic acid /kg dry diet) were prepared using casein and gelatin as the main protein sources. Fish fed the basal diet (0.05 mg/kg) exhibited lower final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the fish fed diets supplemented with pantothenic acid (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 5.45 mg/kg pantothenic acid exhibited lower final body weight, SGR, FER and PER than other groups supplemented with pantothenic acid (22.25、45.07 and 84.86 mg/kg) (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (11.20、22.25、45.07 and 84.86) (P>0.05). Hemoglobin and hepatic lipid were significantly lower in fish fed the basal diet than those of fish fed supplemented diets (P<0.05), but no significant differences in hemoglobin and hepatic lipid were observed among the pantothenic acid-supplemented dietary groups (P>0.05). Hepatic lipid concentration was highest in the pantothenic acid-deficient fish than those of other dietary groups (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (P>0.05). Hepatic total patothenate concentration (TP) was lowest in the pantothenic acid-deficient fish than those of other dietary groups, and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments(11.20、22.25、45.07 and 84.86 mg/kg) (P>0.05) .
Hepatic free pantothenate concentrations(FP) between fish fed Diet 1 and Diet 2 were similar, and were significantly lower than those of fish fed diets supplemented with 22.25 mg/kg pantothenic acid (P<0.05) , then leveled off (P>0.05). Hepatic bound pantothenate concentration (BP) was lowest in the pantothenic acid-deficient fish than those of other dietary groups (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (P>0.05). Fish fed the pantothenic acid-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited signs of pantothenic acid deficiency such as gill pale, lethargy, dark body color and skin hemorrhages. Using SGR and BP as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary pantothenic acid requirements of juvenile jade perch were 12.40 and 13.47 mg/kg respectively.
6. A study was conducted to investigate the dietary requirement of pyridoxine for juvenile jade perch, and to characterize pyridoxine deficiency signs. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diet(s0.18、1.46、3.14、6.71、12.67 and 26.25 mg pyridoxine /kg dry diet) were prepared using casein and gelatin as the main protein sources. Fish fed the basal diet (0.18 mg/kg) exhibited lower final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the fish fed diets supplemented with pyridoxine (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 1.46 mg/kg pyridoxine exhibited lower final body weight, SGR, FER and PER than other groups supplemented with pyridoxine (3.14、6.71、12.67 and 26.25 mg/kg) (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments(P>0.05). Hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (AST)and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were low in the pyridoxine-deficient fish, and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (3.14、6.71、12.67 and 26.25 mg/kg) (P<0.05). The pyridoxine (PN) and pyridoxal 5’-phsophate (PLP) concentrations in the livers were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P<0.05), and increased with increasing dietary pyridoxine up to 6.71 mg/kg (P<0.05), and then leveled off (P>0.05). Fish fed the pyridoxine-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited signs of pyridoxine deficiency such as pale body color, erratic swimming and loosening of scales. No deficiency signs were observed in fish fed the pyridoxine-supplemented diets. Using SGR, AST, ALT, PN and PLP as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary pyridoxine requirements of juvenile jade perch were 2.67、3.85、4.04、4.91 and 5.17 mg/kg respectively.
7. A study was conducted to investigate the dietary requirement of folic acid for juvenile jade perch, and to characterize folic acid deficiency signs. Seven isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diets (0.11、0.11、0.58、1.07、2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg folic acid /kg dry diet) were prepared using casein and gelatin as the main protein sources. Fish fed the basal diet (0.11 mg/kg) exhibited lower final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the fish fed diets supplemented with folic acid (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 0.58 mg/kg folic acid exhibited lower final body weight, FER and PER than other groups supplemented with folic acid (1.07、2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg/kg) (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 0.58 mg/kg folic acid exhibited lower SGR than other groups supplemented with folic acid (2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg/kg) (P<0.05), but similar with group supplemented with folic acid (1.07 mg/kg) (P>0.05). Final body weight, SGR, FER and PER were no significant different among the folic acid-supplemented dietary groups (1.07、2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg/kg) (P>0.05). Final body weight, SGR, FER, PER, numbers of erythrocytes (RBC) and hepatic folic acid concentrations were no significant difference between the fish fed the basal diet with or without succinylsulfathiazole. Fish fed diet supplemented with 0.58 mg/kg folic acid exhibited lower RBC and hepatic folic acid concentrations than other groups supplemented with folic acid (1.07、2.20、4.52 and 9.15 mg/kg) (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments (P>0.05). Fish fed the folic acid-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited signs of folic acid deficiency such as pale body color, congestion in fins and lethargy. No deficiency signs were observed in fish fed the folic acid-supplemented diets. Using SGR, RBC and hepatic folic acid concentrations as the indicator, the broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary folic acid requirements of juvenile jade perch were 1.03, 1.20 and 1.24 mg/kg respectively.
8. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on juvenile jade perch, and to characterize P deficiency signs. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diets (Diet 1: 0.0% Ca, 0.0% P; Diet 2: 0.5% Ca, 0.0% P; Diet 3: 0.0% Ca, 0.6% P; Diet 4: 0.5% Ca, 0.6% P; Diet 5: 1.0% Ca, 0.6i% P; Diet 6: 1.5% Ca, 0.6% P) were prepared using casein and gelatin as the main protein sources, Ca-lactate and NaH2PO4·2H2O as the Ca, P source , respectively. Fish fed diets without P supplement(Diet 1 and Diet 2)showed reduced final weight, special growth rate(SGR) and mineral (Ca and P) deposition in vertebrae, and an increase in feed conversion rate (FCR), whole body and muscle lipid content than fish fed diets with P supplement (P<0.05). When P was not supplemented, 0.5% Ca supplement had no significant effect on final weight, SGR , FCR, whole body and muscle composition, ash content and mineral (Ca, and P) deposition in vertebrae (P>0.05). When diets were supplemented with 0.6% P, Ca supplement from 0.0% to 1.5% had no significant effect on final weight, SGR, whole body composition, muscle composition (moisture, crude protein and ash), vertebrae composition (ash, P and Ca-P ratio ) (P>0.05) . Excess Ca supplement (1.5%) had a negative effect on vertebrae Ca deposition (P<0.05). Fish fed diets with P supplement(Diet 3- Diet 6) showed an decrease in whole body and muscle lipid content, an increase in ash content and mineral (Ca, and P) deposition in vertebrae (P<0.05) . Ca and P supplement had no significant effect on Ca-P ratio ranged from1.78 to 1.82 in vertebrae (P>0.05). Fish fed the P-free diet exhibited lower plasma phosphorus and plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity than other groups supplemented with 0.6% P (P<0.05), and no significant differences were observed among the other dietary treatments though supplemented with different Ca level (P>0.05). If growth performance and vertebrae mineralization are taken into account, 0.5% Ca supplement might be optimum when diet was supplemented with 0.6% P. Non-nutritive additive for jade perch
9. The Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. were added to jade perch basal diets as the probiotics in three forms: 0.1% lyophilized Lactobacillus sp. (L), 0.1% lyophilized Bacillus sp. (B) and their mix, and used to investigate the effect of probiotics on growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microflora. Fish fed the diets supplemented with probiotics showed significantly better results of final body weight, daily gain (DG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those with the basal diet (control). Final body weight, DG, SGR, FER and PER were no significant difference between the fish fed the diets supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. and with Bacillus sp., but was lower than the mix group. Mean digestive enzyme activities of all probiotics groups were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with Bacillus sp. exihibited higher protease activities than fish fed diet supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. (P<0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. exhibited higher amylase and lipase activities than fish fed diet supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. (P<0.05). As for amylase and lipase, assays showed no difference between groups supplemented with probiotics(P>0.05). Supplementation with probiotics had no influence on intestinal aerobic bacterial counts (P>0.05), and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with a tendency of Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio, Flavobacterium decreasing and Alcaligence, Bacillus increasing as compared with the contol (P<0.05). Supplementation with probiotics had no influence on intestinal Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus (P>0.05). Fish fed the diets supplemented with probiotics showed significantly better results of phagocytic percentage (PP), phagocytic index (PI) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) than those with the basal diet (control). In conclusion, it showed that probiotics highly increased the growth performances, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities and immunity function and improve intestinal microbial balance. Furthermore, different probiotics forms indicated different performances and the mix produced the best results.
10. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary xylooligo saccharides (XOS) on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities, bacteria of intestinal and immune of jade perch juveniles. The basal diet was used as control, the trial diets were designed with 4 added levels of XOS which were mixed with the basal diet. The added levels of XOS were 0.06‰, 0.12‰、0.18‰and 0.24‰respectively. The results showed that Jade perch fed the control diet showed lower final body weight, daily gain (DG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) , protein efficiency ratio (PER) , protease, amylase and lipase activities than fish fed diets supplemented with 0.12‰、0.18‰and 0.24‰XOS (P<0.05), and no significant differences compared with fish fed diet supplemented with 0.06‰XOS (P>0.05). Fish fed diet supplemented with 0.12‰XOS exhibited better final body weight, DG, SGR, FER and PER than other groups. There were no significant difference in protease and lipase activities among groups supplemented with XOS (P>0.05). Jade perch fed the control diet showed higher glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol in serum than fish fed diets supplemented with 0.18‰and 0.24‰XOS, and no significant difference among groups supplemented with XOS (P>0.05). The XOS additive could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the number of total bacteria counts, no significant difference among groups supplemented with XOS (P>0.05). Supplementation with XOS affected the composition of intestinal microflora with a tendency of Aeromonas and Enterobacteriaceae decreasing and Alcaligence and Bacillus increasing as compared with the control (P<0.05). Supplementation with probiotics had no influence on intestinal Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus (P > 0.05). Supplementation with XOS had no influence on intestinal Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus (P>0.05). Jade perch fed the control diet showed lower phagocytic percentage (PP), phagocytic index (PI) , lysozyme (LSZ) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) than fish fed diets supplemented with XOS, and no significant difference among groups supplemented with XOS (P>0.05). The present results suggested that the diet added XOS can improve growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities and immune of jade perch juveniles, the optimum dietary XOS requirements of juvenile jade perch were 0.12‰.
11. A 60-day feeding study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary phytase on the growth performance, feed utilization and digestive enzyme of jade perch juveniles. The basal diet designed with fish meal as protein source was used as control, the trial diets were designed with partially replacing fish meal with soybean meal as replacing fish meal group, replacing fish meal group with 0.02% phytase as phytase group. The results showed that jade perch fed the control diet showed higher final body weight, daily gain (DG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) , protein efficiency ratio (PER) , protease and lipase activities than replacing fish meal group (P<0.05), and no significant differences compared with phytase group (P>0.05). Fish fed the replacing fish meal group diet showed lower final body weight, DG, SGR, FER, PER, protease and lipase activities than phytase group (P<0.05). Fish fed basal and phytase groups diet exhibited better apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein, lipid, dry matter, total phosphorous and calcium than replacing fish meal group (P<0.05). Retention of nitrogen in replacing fish meal group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05), and load of nitrogen in replacing fish meal group was significantly higher than phytase group. No differences between control and phytase groups were found for retention and load of nitrogen (P>0.05). Fish fed phytase group diet exhibited higher retention and lower load of phosphorous than other groups (P<0.05)。Load of phosphorus in control group was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05). Supplementation with soybean meal and phytase had no influence on retention of calcium (P>0.05) and affected load of calcium with a decreasing tendency (P<0.05).
引文
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