复杂地表共反射面叠加及在庐—枞盆地的应用
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摘要
在地震资料数据处理过程中,获得零偏移距剖面是非常重要的一个中间环节,而在常规处理中,获得零偏移距剖面的方法有共中心点(CMP)叠加、正常时差校正(NMO)、倾角时差校正(DMO)叠加、叠前偏移等,这些方法都要求知道宏观的速度模型,并且其成像结果的好坏完全依赖于速度模型的精确程度。上世纪八十年代末九十年代初,一些地球物理学家着手建立与速度无关的旅行时公式,希望用更多参数来描述界面与走时的关系。最具代表性的是德国Karlsurhe大学Hubral教授九十年代末提出的共反射面(CRS)叠加方法。
本文正是基于前人的工作,对共反射面(CRS)叠加方法进行研究和总结。分别从波动理论和几何光学理论出发,推导出了共反射面(CRS)叠加公式,结果也证明两者在理论上是平行的。从水平地表共反射面(CRS)叠加,扩展到复杂地表,并且完成了模型数据和实测数据的试算。
试算的结果表明,共反射面(CRS)叠加方法能够极大的提高资料的信噪比和分辨率,而且能够为后续的常规处理,提供很多有用的参数,被视为今后复杂地区地震资料处理方法的重要发展途径。
To obtain the Zero-offset(ZO)section is an important intermediate setp inseismic data processing. Common-midpoint(CMP)stack, Normal-moveout(NMO)correction stack, Dip-moveout(DMO)correction stack, as well as Pre-stackmigration are the main methods to obtain Zero-offset section in conventional seismicprocessing. These conventional methods require macro-velocity model ofsubsurface .and the image quality are depended on the accuracy of the velocity model.In the eighties of last century,new stacking techniques have been established whichyield better stacking results than the conventional methods mentioned above. Theyused several kinematic wavefield attributes instead of only one inNMO/DMO/stack.One of the most representative methods is Common ReflectSurface(CRS),which developed by Prof.Hubral of Karlsurhe university inGermany,has been widely accepted by geophysicists.
Common Reflection Surface (CRS) stack is the best way at present to simulatezero-offset section.It can adapt to weak laterally inhomogeneous media. CommonReflection Surface is a circle segment around an underground reflector. Its traveltimeresponse in the time-space domain，this CRS stack surface，can be regarded as acombination of all Common Reflection Point (CRP) trajectories in the segment.Based on a general CRP trajectory expression，with two kinds of eigen wave-Normalwave and Normal incidence wave being introduced，the traveltime response of CRScan be given by extending CRP expression via considering that all rays are reflectedon the segment around the reflector according to paraxial approximation.
The ray theory is a theoretical base of CRS stack. Based on the similarity of common reflection point(CRP)trace gathers in one coherent zone(Fresnel zone).CRS stack effectively improves signal/noise ratio than to use more CMP tracegathers to stack. Compared with conventional CMP stack and DMO stack,CRS stackcan focus more energy in the vicinity of the reflector. It not only improves the qualityof simulated zero-offset section and S/N ratio in deeper layers but also providesimportant seismic three-parameters section which can be used for inversion of amacro-velocity model and for depth image. It is regarded as an important method ofseismic data processing.
At first, based on wave equation, high-frequency ray solution and its characterare given to clarify theoretical foundation of the method. The hyperbolic andparabolic travel time of the reflection in layer media are presented in expression ofmatrix with paraxial ray theory. With geometrical optics, the relationship betweenobject point in model and image point in image space is built for the complexsubsurface. The travel time formula of reflective point in the monunifonn media isdeduced. Also the formula of reflective segment of zero-offset and nonzero offsetsection is provided.
The notable advantage of CRS stack is that it can calculate the stack area usingProjected Fresnel zone,and select valid seismic data to stack.This process of selectionis like usual DMO methed,and it is the key of CRS stack.All of methods that calculatethe stack area are approximative and their results is different. After a detailedintroduction about the theoretical foundation of CRS stack in the beginning of thisthesis,a detailed description of the selection of CRS stack area will be presented.
For 2-D seismic data, the CRS stack can generate a stacking surface whichdepends on three search parameters. The optimum stacking surface needs to bedetermined for each point of the simulated zero-offset section. For a given primaryreflection, these are the emergence angle“of the Zero-offset ray, as well as tworadii of wavefront curvatures RN and RNTp .They all are associated with twohypothetical wavesahe so-called normal wave and the normal-incidence-point wave.We also addressthe problem of determining an optimal parameter triplet(a, RNIP, RN)inorder to construct the sample value(i.e.,the CRS stack value)for each pointin the desired simulated zero-offset section.This optimal triplet is expecteddetermine for each point the best stacking surface that can be fitted tomulticoverage primary reflectionevents.
This paper was useful to test the performance of the extended CRS stack methodand to prove its validity, since the proper results are easy to estimate.
本文正是基于前人的工作,对共反射面(CRS)叠加方法进行研究和总结。分别从波动理论和几何光学理论出发,推导出了共反射面(CRS)叠加公式,结果也证明两者在理论上是平行的。从水平地表共反射面(CRS)叠加,扩展到复杂地表,并且完成了模型数据和实测数据的试算。
试算的结果表明,共反射面(CRS)叠加方法能够极大的提高资料的信噪比和分辨率,而且能够为后续的常规处理,提供很多有用的参数,被视为今后复杂地区地震资料处理方法的重要发展途径。
To obtain the Zero-offset(ZO)section is an important intermediate setp inseismic data processing. Common-midpoint(CMP)stack, Normal-moveout(NMO)correction stack, Dip-moveout(DMO)correction stack, as well as Pre-stackmigration are the main methods to obtain Zero-offset section in conventional seismicprocessing. These conventional methods require macro-velocity model ofsubsurface .and the image quality are depended on the accuracy of the velocity model.In the eighties of last century,new stacking techniques have been established whichyield better stacking results than the conventional methods mentioned above. Theyused several kinematic wavefield attributes instead of only one inNMO/DMO/stack.One of the most representative methods is Common ReflectSurface(CRS),which developed by Prof.Hubral of Karlsurhe university inGermany,has been widely accepted by geophysicists.
Common Reflection Surface (CRS) stack is the best way at present to simulatezero-offset section.It can adapt to weak laterally inhomogeneous media. CommonReflection Surface is a circle segment around an underground reflector. Its traveltimeresponse in the time-space domain，this CRS stack surface，can be regarded as acombination of all Common Reflection Point (CRP) trajectories in the segment.Based on a general CRP trajectory expression，with two kinds of eigen wave-Normalwave and Normal incidence wave being introduced，the traveltime response of CRScan be given by extending CRP expression via considering that all rays are reflectedon the segment around the reflector according to paraxial approximation.
The ray theory is a theoretical base of CRS stack. Based on the similarity of common reflection point(CRP)trace gathers in one coherent zone(Fresnel zone).CRS stack effectively improves signal/noise ratio than to use more CMP tracegathers to stack. Compared with conventional CMP stack and DMO stack,CRS stackcan focus more energy in the vicinity of the reflector. It not only improves the qualityof simulated zero-offset section and S/N ratio in deeper layers but also providesimportant seismic three-parameters section which can be used for inversion of amacro-velocity model and for depth image. It is regarded as an important method ofseismic data processing.
At first, based on wave equation, high-frequency ray solution and its characterare given to clarify theoretical foundation of the method. The hyperbolic andparabolic travel time of the reflection in layer media are presented in expression ofmatrix with paraxial ray theory. With geometrical optics, the relationship betweenobject point in model and image point in image space is built for the complexsubsurface. The travel time formula of reflective point in the monunifonn media isdeduced. Also the formula of reflective segment of zero-offset and nonzero offsetsection is provided.
The notable advantage of CRS stack is that it can calculate the stack area usingProjected Fresnel zone,and select valid seismic data to stack.This process of selectionis like usual DMO methed,and it is the key of CRS stack.All of methods that calculatethe stack area are approximative and their results is different. After a detailedintroduction about the theoretical foundation of CRS stack in the beginning of thisthesis,a detailed description of the selection of CRS stack area will be presented.
For 2-D seismic data, the CRS stack can generate a stacking surface whichdepends on three search parameters. The optimum stacking surface needs to bedetermined for each point of the simulated zero-offset section. For a given primaryreflection, these are the emergence angle“of the Zero-offset ray, as well as tworadii of wavefront curvatures RN and RNTp .They all are associated with twohypothetical wavesahe so-called normal wave and the normal-incidence-point wave.We also addressthe problem of determining an optimal parameter triplet(a, RNIP, RN)inorder to construct the sample value(i.e.,the CRS stack value)for each pointin the desired simulated zero-offset section.This optimal triplet is expecteddetermine for each point the best stacking surface that can be fitted tomulticoverage primary reflectionevents.
This paper was useful to test the performance of the extended CRS stack methodand to prove its validity, since the proper results are easy to estimate.
引文
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[4] Bazelaire.E.，Normal moveout revisited-inhomogeneous media and curved interfaces[J].Geophysics.1988，(53)：143-157
[5]Bazelaire，E.，Viallix，J.R.Normal moveout in focus[J].Geophys，Prosp. 1994，(42)：477-499.
[6]Thore，P. D.，de Bazelaire，E.，Ray.M.R Three-parameter equation：An efficient tool to enhance the stack[J].Geophysics，1994，(59)：297-308
[7]Gelchinsky，B.，Homemorphic imaging in processing of seismic data (fundamentals and schemes)[J].：59m Ann.Internat.Mtg.Soc.Expl.Geophys.，Expanded Abstracts，1989，983-988.
[8]Gelchinsky，B.，Berkovitch，A.，and Keydar，S..Multifocusing homeomorphic imaging.Part 1：Basic concepts and formulas[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics. 1999a，(42)：229-242.
[9]Berkhout. A. J.,9A real shot record technology[J]. Journal seismic exploration，1992，(1)：251-264
[10]Berkhout.A.J，Pushing the limits of seismic imaging，Part I：Prestack migration in terms of double dynamic focusing[J].Geophysics，1997，62(3)：937-953
[11]Berkhout.A.J.，Pushing the limits of seismic imaging，Part n：Integration of prestack migration，velocity estimation，and AVO analysics[J].Geophysics，1997，62(3)：954-969
[12]Hubral.Po，Schleicher，Tygel，M.，Three-dimensional paraxial ray properties，PART II：Applications[J].Journal of Seismic Exploration，1992b，(1)：347-362.
[13]Hubral，R，Schleicher，J.，Tygel，M.A unified approach to 3D seismic reflection imaging，PART I：Basic Concepts[J].Geophysics，1996，(61)：742-758
[14]Hubral，Po，Tygel M.，Schleicher，J. Seismic image waves[J].Geophys. Joum.Intern.，1996，(125)：431-442.
[15]Birgin，E.Re stricted optimization：a clue to a fast and accurate implementation of the Common Reflection Surface Stack method[J].Jouranl of Applied Geophysices，1999，(42)：143-155.
[16]孙小东，李振春.CRS叠加的研究现状及发展趋势[J].勘探地球物理进展，2007，8.
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[18]杨楷，王华忠，马在田，共反射面叠加的应用实践[J].地球物理学报，2004，47 (2)：327-331.
[19]Steffen Bergler，Peter Hubral，Paolo Marchetti，Antonio Cristini，GiovanniCardone.3D common-reflection-surface stack and kinematic wavefield attributes[J].The Leading Edge 21，2002，1010.
[20]Steffen Bergler，Jfirgen Mann，Peter Hubral.The finite-offset CRS stack：Analternative stacking tool for subsalt imaging[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 21，2058(2002)
[21]Pedro Chira and Peter Hubral，Traveltime formulas of near-zero-offset primaryreflections for a curved 2D measurement surface[J].Geophysics 68，255(2003)
[22]R.jager等著，姚云霞，李振春编译.共反射面叠加法[J]，石油物探译丛，2001，6.
[23]G Garabito，J.C.R.Cruz，S.L.F da Luz.Depth mapping of stacked amplitudesalong an attribute based ZO stacking operator[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 25，2629(2006).
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[26]丁仁伟，李振春.CRS叠加优化方法的改进[J].天然气工业，Vol27，增刊A.
[27]李德华，栾国廷.山地煤田三维地震勘探共反射面元叠加技术研究[J].能源技术与管理，2006，6.
[28]杨锴，马在田.输出道成像方式的共反射面元叠加方法卜—理论[J].地球物理学报，2006，3.
[29]杨锴，马在田，罗卫东.输出道成像方式的共反射面元叠加方法TT—实践[J].地球物理学报，2006，5.[3O]邱苏，徐永清.三维地震共反射面元不对称抽道集叠加方法的构想[J].中国煤田地质，2007，6.
[31]Miriam Spinner，3D CRS-based limited aperture Kirchhoff time migration[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 25，2569(2006)
[32]Antonio Cristini，Giovanni Cardone，Paolo Marchetti，Renzo Zambonini.3D ZOCRS stack：issues related to complex structures and real data[J].SEG ExpandedAbstracts 22，470(2003)
[33]H.Trappe，Dr.G.Gierse，M.Foell.Seismic reservoir characterisation using CRS-stacking techniques[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 19，1934(2000)
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[5O]李振春，孙小东，等.复杂地表条件下共反射面元(CRS)叠加方法研究，地球物理学报，2006，11.
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[52]Y.Zhang，RHubral.2D ZO CRS stack and redatuming for a complex top surface topography[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 21，2051(2002)
[53]Zeno Heilmann，Jtirgen Mann，Ingo Koglin.CRS-stack-based seismic imagingfor land data—a case study from Saudi Arabia[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 25，2087(2006)
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[55]HervéPerroud，Martin Tygel. Velocity estimation by thecommon-reflection-surface(CRS)method：Using ground-penetrating radar data[J].Geophysics 70，B43(2005)
[56]G. Gierse，J.Pruessmann，R.Backhouse，A.Naveed，P. Lovatt-Smith，C.Ellis.CRS imaging and tomography versus PreSDM-A case history in overthrustgeology[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 23，2036(2004)
[57]Yonghai Zhang，Ru-Shan Wu.CRS stack and redatuming for rugged surfacetopography：A synthetic data example[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 23，2040(2004)
[58]Gerald Eisenberg-Klein，Juergen Pruessmann，Guido Gierse，Henning Trappe.Noise reduction in 2D and 3D seismic imaging by the CRS method[J].The LeadingEdge 27，258(2008)
[59]Miriam Spinner，Jtirgen Mann.True-amplitude CRS-based Kirchhoff timemigration for AVO analysis[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 24，246(2005)
[60]韩立国，孙建国，何樵登，杨勤勇.共反射面与共中心点联合叠加成像[J].石油物探，2003，3.
[61]杨锴，王华忠，马在田.共反射面元叠加的应用实践[J].地球物理学报，2O
[2]覃天,段云卿,赵勇.共反射面叠加波场属性参数的应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,10.
[3]裴江云.地震波场延拓十菲涅尔体叠加方法及成像效果[D].博士学位论文，2002.
[4] Bazelaire.E.，Normal moveout revisited-inhomogeneous media and curved interfaces[J].Geophysics.1988，(53)：143-157
[5]Bazelaire，E.，Viallix，J.R.Normal moveout in focus[J].Geophys，Prosp. 1994，(42)：477-499.
[6]Thore，P. D.，de Bazelaire，E.，Ray.M.R Three-parameter equation：An efficient tool to enhance the stack[J].Geophysics，1994，(59)：297-308
[7]Gelchinsky，B.，Homemorphic imaging in processing of seismic data (fundamentals and schemes)[J].：59m Ann.Internat.Mtg.Soc.Expl.Geophys.，Expanded Abstracts，1989，983-988.
[8]Gelchinsky，B.，Berkovitch，A.，and Keydar，S..Multifocusing homeomorphic imaging.Part 1：Basic concepts and formulas[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics. 1999a，(42)：229-242.
[9]Berkhout. A. J.,9A real shot record technology[J]. Journal seismic exploration，1992，(1)：251-264
[10]Berkhout.A.J，Pushing the limits of seismic imaging，Part I：Prestack migration in terms of double dynamic focusing[J].Geophysics，1997，62(3)：937-953
[11]Berkhout.A.J.，Pushing the limits of seismic imaging，Part n：Integration of prestack migration，velocity estimation，and AVO analysics[J].Geophysics，1997，62(3)：954-969
[12]Hubral.Po，Schleicher，Tygel，M.，Three-dimensional paraxial ray properties，PART II：Applications[J].Journal of Seismic Exploration，1992b，(1)：347-362.
[13]Hubral，R，Schleicher，J.，Tygel，M.A unified approach to 3D seismic reflection imaging，PART I：Basic Concepts[J].Geophysics，1996，(61)：742-758
[14]Hubral，Po，Tygel M.，Schleicher，J. Seismic image waves[J].Geophys. Joum.Intern.，1996，(125)：431-442.
[15]Birgin，E.Re stricted optimization：a clue to a fast and accurate implementation of the Common Reflection Surface Stack method[J].Jouranl of Applied Geophysices，1999，(42)：143-155.
[16]孙小东，李振春.CRS叠加的研究现状及发展趋势[J].勘探地球物理进展，2007，8.
[17]魏伟.共反射面_CRS_叠加成像技术研究及在泌阳凹陷的应用[D].中国学位论文全文库，2005.
[18]杨楷，王华忠，马在田，共反射面叠加的应用实践[J].地球物理学报，2004，47 (2)：327-331.
[19]Steffen Bergler，Peter Hubral，Paolo Marchetti，Antonio Cristini，GiovanniCardone.3D common-reflection-surface stack and kinematic wavefield attributes[J].The Leading Edge 21，2002，1010.
[20]Steffen Bergler，Jfirgen Mann，Peter Hubral.The finite-offset CRS stack：Analternative stacking tool for subsalt imaging[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 21，2058(2002)
[21]Pedro Chira and Peter Hubral，Traveltime formulas of near-zero-offset primaryreflections for a curved 2D measurement surface[J].Geophysics 68，255(2003)
[22]R.jager等著，姚云霞，李振春编译.共反射面叠加法[J]，石油物探译丛，2001，6.
[23]G Garabito，J.C.R.Cruz，S.L.F da Luz.Depth mapping of stacked amplitudesalong an attribute based ZO stacking operator[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 25，2629(2006).
[24]王华忠，杨楷，马在田.共反射面元叠加的应用理论-从共反射点到共反射面元[J].地球物理学报，2004，(470)：137-42.
[25]杨楷，王华忠，马在田.实现最佳零炮检距地震照明成像-CRS叠加之几何阐述[J].勘探地球物理进展，2002,25(3)：27-31.
[26]丁仁伟，李振春.CRS叠加优化方法的改进[J].天然气工业，Vol27，增刊A.
[27]李德华，栾国廷.山地煤田三维地震勘探共反射面元叠加技术研究[J].能源技术与管理，2006，6.
[28]杨锴，马在田.输出道成像方式的共反射面元叠加方法卜—理论[J].地球物理学报，2006，3.
[29]杨锴，马在田，罗卫东.输出道成像方式的共反射面元叠加方法TT—实践[J].地球物理学报，2006，5.[3O]邱苏，徐永清.三维地震共反射面元不对称抽道集叠加方法的构想[J].中国煤田地质，2007，6.
[31]Miriam Spinner，3D CRS-based limited aperture Kirchhoff time migration[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 25，2569(2006)
[32]Antonio Cristini，Giovanni Cardone，Paolo Marchetti，Renzo Zambonini.3D ZOCRS stack：issues related to complex structures and real data[J].SEG ExpandedAbstracts 22，470(2003)
[33]H.Trappe，Dr.G.Gierse，M.Foell.Seismic reservoir characterisation using CRS-stacking techniques[J].SEG Expanded Abstracts 19，1934(2000)
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