小白菜硝酸盐含量基因型差异及其遗传行为的研究
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摘要
蔬菜是人们日常生活中不可缺少的重要副食品,它为人类提供丰富而又廉价的各种维生素,矿物质和纤维素,同时蔬菜又是一种硝酸盐含量高的作物,对人们的身体健康构成潜在的威胁。为了降低蔬菜产品的硝酸盐含量,人们提出了各种解决措施,诸如经济合理使用氮肥,改善蔬菜生态条件,选择适宜的采收期,采用合适的贮藏加工及食前处理等等,但随着氮肥施用量的逐年增大,蔬菜特别是叶菜中的硝酸盐污染仍然日益严重。
     Cantliffe(1972)首先提出蔬菜品种间硝酸盐含量有显著差异,这使筛选和选育低硝酸盐含量的蔬菜品种成为可能。本研究即是用我国南方人民周年喜食的小白菜为材料,研究其不同基因型硝酸盐含量的差异,并从生理和遗传两个方面对基因型差异产生的机制进行探讨,以期为有效降低蔬菜硝酸盐污染程度提供理论依据和技术指导。
     本研究的主要研究结果如下:
     1 通过46个小白菜品种春夏秋冬四个不同季节硝酸盐含量的品比与筛选,结果表明,小白菜品种间硝酸盐含量的差异极其显著,最高与最低差异可达2000~4000mg/kgFW,四个季节这种差异的表现各品种排序基本稳定,不受季节的影响,说明小白菜硝酸盐含量这一性状是可遗传的。通过品比结果的聚类筛选出四个低硝酸盐含量的小白菜品种,它们是:上海青、矮脚奶小白菜、虹明青、热优二号。这些品种在四个不同季节均表现比其它品种更低的硝酸盐含量,因此可以根据市场需要加以直接应用。试验中还发现不同栽培季节小白菜硝酸盐含量品种间的差异的排序虽然变化不大,但绝对含量的变化却很大,一般春夏季小白菜的硝酸盐含量要比秋冬季高500~2000mg/kg。因此说明小白菜硝酸盐含量既有遗传因素的作用,也受环境因素的影响。因此控制小白菜硝酸盐含量的方法要把品种筛选和选育与改善栽培环境结合起来,才能取得较好的结果。试验结果还表明小白菜的产量与硝酸盐含量之间没有显著的直线相关关系,所有品种四个季节的平均产量与硝酸盐含量的相关系数为r=-0.06289,两极类型品种的产量与硝酸盐含量相关系数为r=0.10516,均未达显著水平。
     2 在土壤栽培条件下小白菜硝酸盐含量均随着氮肥的施用量增加而迅速升高。供试的三个高硝酸盐含量小白菜基因型和3个低硝酸盐含
    
    华中农业大学2001博士学位论文
    量小白菜基因型间硝酸盐含量的差异在施氮量为O(CK)、25、SOkg
    尿素/667m2时达到了显著水平,但在施氮量为10Okg尿素/667m2时,
    品种间的差异不显著。在营养液栽培条件下,结果与土壤栽培相似,
    也表现为小白菜中硝酸盐含量随着氮素水平增加而迅速升高。同样在
    氮素水平达到一定程度(18Inlnol/1)后,品种间硝酸盐含量的差异也不
    明显。试验结果说明小白菜品种间硝酸盐含量的差异的表现受氮素水
    平的影响是比较大的。而且增施氮肥增产的效应随着施氮量的增加而
    呈显著降低趋势,即呈现施肥量的报酬递减,对小白菜菜秧生产以施
    用25kg/667扩尿素的处理与施用50、100 kg/667m2尿素的处理相比
    较增产最高,效益最好。综合考虑施用氮肥的增产效应、经济效益、
    社会效益和环境效益及人体健康,应控制氮肥的施用量。
    3小白菜硝酸盐含量基因型差异的生理机制研究结果表明,不同小
    白菜品种吸收硝酸盐的速率和NRA存在较大的差异。对于硝酸盐含量
    有极显著差异的两个供试品种而言,硝酸盐含量高的品种湘潭矮脚白
    具有较低的NRA,并具有较高的硝酸盐的吸收速率:而硝酸盐含量较
    低的品种上海青则具有较高的NRA,吸收硝酸盐的速率则较低。因此
    认为小白菜硝酸盐含量基因型差异产生的原因可能是由于吸收硝酸
    盐的速率不同和硝酸盐还原能力的差别共同作用的结果。高硝酸盐含
    量的小白菜品种具有较高的硝酸盐的吸收速率和较低的NRA,而低硝
    酸盐含量的小白菜品种则具有较低的硝酸盐的吸收速率和较高的
    NRA。
    4采用联合尺度检验法分析小白菜硝酸盐含量性状的遗传行为,结
    果表明,小白菜硝酸盐含量属于数量性状,其遗传表现符合加性一显
    性遗传模型,小白菜高硝酸盐含量对低硝酸盐含量性状为部分显性,
    显性度为0.45。通过对遗传力的估计值计算结果表明,小白菜硝酸
    盐含量广义遗传力为56.13%,狭义遗传力为21.55%。显性作用和环
    境影响都比较大,因此对选育低硝酸盐含量的品种而言,应注重在高
    世代(如F:或F6)进行选择,而不能采用个体选择。
Vegetable is an important non-staple foodstuff in our daily life. It provides vitamins, minerals and fibers to us good and cheap. However, it also accumulates nitrate when it grows in the field, and may imperil our health seriously. It was suggested that more attention should be paid on this problem. The following measures should be demonstrated nowadays in decreasing the content of nitrate in vegetables. They are the reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer, the betterment of ecological environment, the preference of picking time, the expediential of storage, process and pre-table treatment, etc. But the contamination of vegetables especial leaf vegetables by nitrate was more serious with the increasing nitrogen fertilizer application.
    The differences on nitrate content between vegetable cultivars were first pointed out by Cantliffe in 1972. These differences offer good prospects for breeding for low nitrate content vegetable cultivars as the desired characteristic. Pak-choi, a favor and year round supplied vegetable in south China, was used as material to study the differences of nitrate content between genotypes in this paper. The research focused on the genotype variation of nitrate content and its mechanism in pak-choi in order to provide theoretical and technical instructions to reduce the content of nitrate in pak-choi. The main result are as fellows: 1 The genotypic differences of nitrate content in 46 pak-choi cultivars were studied during winter of 1998 and spring, summer, autumn of 1999.The results showed that there were significant differences of nitrate content among different cultivars of pak-choi. The cultivars of high and low nitrate content have been screened by the cluster analysis based on
    
    
    
    the experiment of four season .The lowest nitrate content pak-choi cultivars were: "Shanghai Qing", "Aijiao Nai Baicai" , "Hongming Qing", "Reyou 2".They were all get lowest nitrate content in different seasons. The result also showed that the nitrate content of the same cultivar in different seasons were different. The nitrate content in spring and summer were higher than in autumn and winter. No correlation was observed between the yield of per plant and the content of nitrate in pak-choi in these studies.
    2 The effect of different amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied (0, 25, 50, 100 kg urea/667m2) on yield and nitrate content of different pak-choi cultivars was observed . Significant differences were found between the different amount of nitrogen applied and between the different pak-choi cultivars. The result showed that the yield and content of nitrate in all tested pak-choi cultivars (both high nitrate content and low nitrate content cultivars) were increased with the increasing of the amount of nitrogen applied. The another experiment was carried out in order to research the effects of nitrogen concentration of nutrient solution on yield and nitrate content of hydroponically growth pak-choi. The results also showed the nitrate content of tested pak-choi cultivars (both high nitrate content and low nitrate content cultivars) were sharply increased as the increasing of N concentration in the nutrient solution. Significant differences of nitrate content in pak-choi between cultivars were also observed in both experiment at lower N supply, they are 25, 50kg/667m2 in soil culture and 6, 12mmol/l in solution culture. However, No difference between cultivars were observed at higher N supply (100kg urea /667m2 in soil and 18mmol/i N in solution). However no significant correlation between the yield and the content of nitrate in pak-choi was observed in both soil culture test and nutrient solution culture test.
    3 Nitrate uptake rate and NRA (nitrate reductase activity) were measured for explaining genotypic differences of nitrate content in Pak-choi. Results showed that the rate of nitrate uptake and NRA differed significantly in different pak-choi cultivars. It was concluded that the genotypic differences of nitrate content in pak-choi resulted from
    
    
    differe
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