氮素对温室水果型黄瓜果实生长及经济产量影响的模拟研究
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摘要
黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)是国内外温室栽培的主要作物之一,黄瓜的经济产量主要取决于单果的大小、鲜重、采收日期及单株的总鲜重。氮素是影响温室黄瓜生长和经济产量形成的重要营养元素,而作物模型是辅助温室作物生产环境优化调控和栽培管理的有力工具,因此建立氮素对温室水果型黄瓜果实生长和经济产量影响的模拟模型是实现我国温室黄瓜生产与环境调控的优化管理、提高温室黄瓜生产经济和生态效益的重要途径。本研究分别于2005年和2007年,在上海(E121.5°,N31.2°)农科院的荷兰Venlo型现代化自控温室和上海孙桥现代化农业园区的2,4-连栋大棚中进行了对水果型黄瓜‘戴多星’(Cucumis Sativus cv.'Deltastar')的不同氮素处理、播期和栽培基质的四个试验。通过对试验2数据的系统分析,以光温指标(photo-thermal index, PTI)为尺度,首先定量分析了氮素对温室水果型黄瓜单株叶面积的影响,及单株最大叶面积对该株化果速率和采果速率的影响,建立了氮素对温室水果型黄瓜源库比影响的模拟研究；然后利用该模型建立了氮素对该株上每一个果实生长影响的预测模型；最后利用该果实生长的预测模型建立了氮素对温室水果型黄瓜经济产量影响的模拟模型。用与建立模型相独立的试验数据对整个模型进行了检验。结果表明,模型对温室水果型黄瓜果实生长及经济产量的预测结果较好。
(1)氮素对温室水果型黄瓜单株叶面积、生长着果数及源库比影响的模拟研究。首先以累积光温指标(PTI)为尺度,建立了各氮素处理的温室水果型黄瓜叶片含氮量、单株叶面积和单株生长着果数随PTI变化的函数关系。然后定量分析氮素对单株叶面积的影响,结果表明,随着施氮水平的增加,单株最大叶面积增加。单株生长着的果数是通过该株的出果数、采果数和化果数计算得来。试验数据显示,氮素对出果速率基本没有影响,而化果和采果速率都受到该株叶面积的影响,最大叶面积越大,它的化果速率越小,采果速率越大,最后不同氮素浓度下的单株生长着果实数基本没有太大的差异。对于果菜类作物,叶片是主要的源器官,而果实是主要的库器官,因此氮素主要是通过影响了单株的叶面积来影响该株的源库比(叶面积/单株生长着的果数)。根据这些定量关系,可以预测不同施氮水平下温室水果型黄瓜在花后任何一天的单株源库比。
(2)氮素对温室水果型黄瓜果实生长及经济产量影响的模拟研究。氮素影响黄瓜果实的生长,而且是通过影响单株源库比从而间接的影响黄瓜果实的伸长速率。试验数据表明,植株上每一个果实生长期间所需的辐热积随其所在植株的平均源库比的增加而减少,因此果实在生长期间的平均伸长速率就较大。结合氮素对单株源库比影响的模拟模型,就可以预测出黄瓜植株上每一个果实在任何一天的果长。
黄瓜的经济产量主要取决于单果的果长、鲜重、采收期和单株的总鲜重。试验结果表明单果的鲜重可以通过它的果长来确定,而且当该果的果长达到采收标准时就可以确定它的采收日期；知道植株上每一个果实的采收日期,因此就可以得出该株每天的累积采果数；结合单果鲜重及单株采果数最后可以计算出单株的总鲜重。由于氮素通过影响源库比而间接的影响了单果的伸长速率,而且伸长速率越慢的果实达到采收标准所需的时间越长,最后影响了果实的采收时间、整个生育期的单株采果数和单株总鲜重。因此确定了最佳的源库比(叶面积／单株生长着果数)是0.26 m2 fruit-1时单株总鲜重最大,则对应的植株生长期间适宜的最小叶片含氮量大约是1.0g m-2。由于叶片含氮量不仅受到施氮浓度的影响,而且受到温度光照的影响,因此春夏季和冬春季所对应的最适宜施氮浓度不同。当适宜的最小的叶片含氮量大约为1.0 g m-2,对应的适宜营养液浓度在不同季节的变化范围为110-160 mgL-1。
在预测氮素对温室水果型黄瓜果实生长及经济产量影响的模拟研究中,模型对单株的叶面积、生长果数、源库比,单果的果长、鲜重、采收时间和单株总鲜重的预测值与实测值之间基于1：1直线之间的R2分别为0.92、0.90、0.90、0.91、0.90、0.92、0.94,相对回归标准误rRMSE分别为0.22、0.24、0.23、0.22、0.23、0.21、0.19。本模能较好地预测不同氮素水平下温室水果型黄瓜的果实生长及经济产量。
本研究建立的模型可以根据定植日期、营养液供氮水平和温室内的太阳辐射与温度资料,动态预测上海地区温室水果型黄瓜单蔓整枝方式下,氮素对果实生长及经济产量的影响。此模型不仅可以用来确定一个最适合水果型黄瓜生长的营养液氮素浓度,为我国温室水果型黄瓜生产的氮肥优化管理提供决策支持；而且还可以通过调控单株叶面积和生长着果实数来控制该植株上果实的生长及采收情况,以实现更高的经济产量及更大的经济效益。
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of main greenhouse crops in the world; the economic yield of cucumber mainly depends on the fruit size, fresh weight and harvest date of individual fruit and the total fresh weight per plant. Nitrogen is a kind of important nutritive elements affecting cucumber fruit growth and economic yield, and crop model is a powerful tool of optimizing of environment management for greenhouse crop production; therefore, it is a important method to develop a model of for predicting the effects of nitrogen on fruit growth and economic yield so as to facilitate the optimization of environment management and promote economic yield for cucumber crop production in greenhouses. Four experiments with different nitrogen supply rates and planting dates on cucumber(Cucumis Sativus cv. Deltastar) were, respectively, conducted in Dutch Venlo automatic greenhouse and 2,4-th solar greenhouse located at Shanghai (32°N,121°N) during 2005 and 2007. Based on the data of experiment 2, firstly, quantitatively studying the effect of nitrogen leaf area per plant which affected the rate of fruit abortion and harvest using the index of radiation and temperature (photo-thermal index, PTI), we established a model of predicting the effect of nitrogen on the source/sink ratio in greenhouse fruit cucumber. Secondly, we developed a model of predicting the effect of nitrogen on individual fruit growth based on this model. Finally, we can predict the effect of nitrogen on the economic yield per plant of greenhouse fruit cucumber. Independent experimental data from other experiments were used to validate the model. The results show that our model gives satisfactory predictions of cucumber fruit growth and economic yield under different nitrogen supply and growing season conditions.
(1) Quantifying the effects of nitrogen on leaf area per plant, the number of fruits growing on a plant and the source/sink ratio of greenhouse fruit cucumber. Based on the experimental data, seasonal time courses of leaf nitrogen content (NL), leaf area per plant (LA) and the number of fruits growing per plant (NFG) under different nitrogen supply rates were, respectively, determined as functions of a photo-thermal index (PTI). By researching the impact of NL on LA, the result showed that the maximum leaf area per plant (LAmax) increased with the increasing nitrogen supply rate. The number of fruits growing on a plant (NFG) is calculated as a function of the rates of fruits appearance, fruit abortion and fruit harvest. Our experimental data demonstrated that the number of fruits appeared was not influenced by nitrogen supply rate while the number of fruits aborted and harvested, respectively, decreased and increased with increasing nitrogen supply rate. Rate of fruit abortion was found to be a negative exponential function of LAmax whereas rate of fruit harvest a positive exponential function of LAmax. For fruit vegetables, leaf and fruit is, respectively, the main source and sink organs. Since LAmax is dependent on leaf nitrogen content, nitrogen has an indirect impact on number of fruit aborted and harvested on a plant, hence, on the sink/source ratio (LA/NFG) through its effect on LA. Based on these quantitative relationships, we can predict the source/sink ratio of greenhouse fruit cucumber under different nitrogen supply rates in everyday.
(2) Quantifying the effects of nitrogen on fruit growth and economic yield of greenhouse fruit cucumber. Fruit growth was affected by nitrogen indirectly based on the effect of nitrogen on the source/sink ratio. Our experiment data confirmed that the elongation rate of cucumber fruit had a positive correlation with LA/NFG·Based on the effect on nitrogen on the source/sink ratio of greenhouse fruit cucumber, we can predict individual fruit length on the cucumber plant on day j.
The economic yield of cucumber is mainly depends on the fruit size, fresh weight and harvest date of individual fruit and the total fresh weight per plant. Cucumber fruit fresh weight has a positive relationship with cubic meter of its length; and harvest date of individual fruit growing on a plant can then be determined as the date when its length on day j reaches LF(H); and then the number of fruits harvested on a plant on day j (NFH(j)) can be estimated based on harvest date of individual fruit growing on the plant; at last, the total fresh weight per plant can be calculated based on these quantitative relationships. Since fruit growth was affected by nitrogen indirectly based on the effect of nitrogen on the source/sink ratio, and the fruit with the slower growth rate required a longer time to reach LF(H), nitrogen impacted the economic yield per plant of greenhouse fruit cucumber.
The coefficient of determination (R2) and the relative root mean square error (rRMSE) between the predicted and measured values are, respectively,0.92 and 0.22 for leaf area per plant,0.90 and 0.24 for the number of fruits growing on a plant,0.90 and 0.23 for the source/sink ratio per plant,0.91 and 0.22,0.90 and 0.23 and 0.92 and 0.21, respectively, for the length, harvest date and fresh weight of individual fruit growing on the plant,0.94 and 0.19 for the total fresh weight per plant. The results show that our model gives satisfactory predictions of cucumber fruit growth and economic yield under different nitrogen supply and growing season conditions.
Our model can predict both individual fruit growth and economic yield of cucumber grown in Shanghai based on planting date, nitrogen supply rate and radiation and temperature in greenhouse. The model can be not only used to determine an optimal nitrogen supply rate for greenhouse fruit cucumber, but also used to control individual fruit growth by changing leaf area per plant and number of fruit growing on the plant to get more economic yield and benefit for greenhouse managers.
(1)氮素对温室水果型黄瓜单株叶面积、生长着果数及源库比影响的模拟研究。首先以累积光温指标(PTI)为尺度,建立了各氮素处理的温室水果型黄瓜叶片含氮量、单株叶面积和单株生长着果数随PTI变化的函数关系。然后定量分析氮素对单株叶面积的影响,结果表明,随着施氮水平的增加,单株最大叶面积增加。单株生长着的果数是通过该株的出果数、采果数和化果数计算得来。试验数据显示,氮素对出果速率基本没有影响,而化果和采果速率都受到该株叶面积的影响,最大叶面积越大,它的化果速率越小,采果速率越大,最后不同氮素浓度下的单株生长着果实数基本没有太大的差异。对于果菜类作物,叶片是主要的源器官,而果实是主要的库器官,因此氮素主要是通过影响了单株的叶面积来影响该株的源库比(叶面积/单株生长着的果数)。根据这些定量关系,可以预测不同施氮水平下温室水果型黄瓜在花后任何一天的单株源库比。
(2)氮素对温室水果型黄瓜果实生长及经济产量影响的模拟研究。氮素影响黄瓜果实的生长,而且是通过影响单株源库比从而间接的影响黄瓜果实的伸长速率。试验数据表明,植株上每一个果实生长期间所需的辐热积随其所在植株的平均源库比的增加而减少,因此果实在生长期间的平均伸长速率就较大。结合氮素对单株源库比影响的模拟模型,就可以预测出黄瓜植株上每一个果实在任何一天的果长。
黄瓜的经济产量主要取决于单果的果长、鲜重、采收期和单株的总鲜重。试验结果表明单果的鲜重可以通过它的果长来确定,而且当该果的果长达到采收标准时就可以确定它的采收日期；知道植株上每一个果实的采收日期,因此就可以得出该株每天的累积采果数；结合单果鲜重及单株采果数最后可以计算出单株的总鲜重。由于氮素通过影响源库比而间接的影响了单果的伸长速率,而且伸长速率越慢的果实达到采收标准所需的时间越长,最后影响了果实的采收时间、整个生育期的单株采果数和单株总鲜重。因此确定了最佳的源库比(叶面积／单株生长着果数)是0.26 m2 fruit-1时单株总鲜重最大,则对应的植株生长期间适宜的最小叶片含氮量大约是1.0g m-2。由于叶片含氮量不仅受到施氮浓度的影响,而且受到温度光照的影响,因此春夏季和冬春季所对应的最适宜施氮浓度不同。当适宜的最小的叶片含氮量大约为1.0 g m-2,对应的适宜营养液浓度在不同季节的变化范围为110-160 mgL-1。
在预测氮素对温室水果型黄瓜果实生长及经济产量影响的模拟研究中,模型对单株的叶面积、生长果数、源库比,单果的果长、鲜重、采收时间和单株总鲜重的预测值与实测值之间基于1：1直线之间的R2分别为0.92、0.90、0.90、0.91、0.90、0.92、0.94,相对回归标准误rRMSE分别为0.22、0.24、0.23、0.22、0.23、0.21、0.19。本模能较好地预测不同氮素水平下温室水果型黄瓜的果实生长及经济产量。
本研究建立的模型可以根据定植日期、营养液供氮水平和温室内的太阳辐射与温度资料,动态预测上海地区温室水果型黄瓜单蔓整枝方式下,氮素对果实生长及经济产量的影响。此模型不仅可以用来确定一个最适合水果型黄瓜生长的营养液氮素浓度,为我国温室水果型黄瓜生产的氮肥优化管理提供决策支持；而且还可以通过调控单株叶面积和生长着果实数来控制该植株上果实的生长及采收情况,以实现更高的经济产量及更大的经济效益。
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of main greenhouse crops in the world; the economic yield of cucumber mainly depends on the fruit size, fresh weight and harvest date of individual fruit and the total fresh weight per plant. Nitrogen is a kind of important nutritive elements affecting cucumber fruit growth and economic yield, and crop model is a powerful tool of optimizing of environment management for greenhouse crop production; therefore, it is a important method to develop a model of for predicting the effects of nitrogen on fruit growth and economic yield so as to facilitate the optimization of environment management and promote economic yield for cucumber crop production in greenhouses. Four experiments with different nitrogen supply rates and planting dates on cucumber(Cucumis Sativus cv. Deltastar) were, respectively, conducted in Dutch Venlo automatic greenhouse and 2,4-th solar greenhouse located at Shanghai (32°N,121°N) during 2005 and 2007. Based on the data of experiment 2, firstly, quantitatively studying the effect of nitrogen leaf area per plant which affected the rate of fruit abortion and harvest using the index of radiation and temperature (photo-thermal index, PTI), we established a model of predicting the effect of nitrogen on the source/sink ratio in greenhouse fruit cucumber. Secondly, we developed a model of predicting the effect of nitrogen on individual fruit growth based on this model. Finally, we can predict the effect of nitrogen on the economic yield per plant of greenhouse fruit cucumber. Independent experimental data from other experiments were used to validate the model. The results show that our model gives satisfactory predictions of cucumber fruit growth and economic yield under different nitrogen supply and growing season conditions.
(1) Quantifying the effects of nitrogen on leaf area per plant, the number of fruits growing on a plant and the source/sink ratio of greenhouse fruit cucumber. Based on the experimental data, seasonal time courses of leaf nitrogen content (NL), leaf area per plant (LA) and the number of fruits growing per plant (NFG) under different nitrogen supply rates were, respectively, determined as functions of a photo-thermal index (PTI). By researching the impact of NL on LA, the result showed that the maximum leaf area per plant (LAmax) increased with the increasing nitrogen supply rate. The number of fruits growing on a plant (NFG) is calculated as a function of the rates of fruits appearance, fruit abortion and fruit harvest. Our experimental data demonstrated that the number of fruits appeared was not influenced by nitrogen supply rate while the number of fruits aborted and harvested, respectively, decreased and increased with increasing nitrogen supply rate. Rate of fruit abortion was found to be a negative exponential function of LAmax whereas rate of fruit harvest a positive exponential function of LAmax. For fruit vegetables, leaf and fruit is, respectively, the main source and sink organs. Since LAmax is dependent on leaf nitrogen content, nitrogen has an indirect impact on number of fruit aborted and harvested on a plant, hence, on the sink/source ratio (LA/NFG) through its effect on LA. Based on these quantitative relationships, we can predict the source/sink ratio of greenhouse fruit cucumber under different nitrogen supply rates in everyday.
(2) Quantifying the effects of nitrogen on fruit growth and economic yield of greenhouse fruit cucumber. Fruit growth was affected by nitrogen indirectly based on the effect of nitrogen on the source/sink ratio. Our experiment data confirmed that the elongation rate of cucumber fruit had a positive correlation with LA/NFG·Based on the effect on nitrogen on the source/sink ratio of greenhouse fruit cucumber, we can predict individual fruit length on the cucumber plant on day j.
The economic yield of cucumber is mainly depends on the fruit size, fresh weight and harvest date of individual fruit and the total fresh weight per plant. Cucumber fruit fresh weight has a positive relationship with cubic meter of its length; and harvest date of individual fruit growing on a plant can then be determined as the date when its length on day j reaches LF(H); and then the number of fruits harvested on a plant on day j (NFH(j)) can be estimated based on harvest date of individual fruit growing on the plant; at last, the total fresh weight per plant can be calculated based on these quantitative relationships. Since fruit growth was affected by nitrogen indirectly based on the effect of nitrogen on the source/sink ratio, and the fruit with the slower growth rate required a longer time to reach LF(H), nitrogen impacted the economic yield per plant of greenhouse fruit cucumber.
The coefficient of determination (R2) and the relative root mean square error (rRMSE) between the predicted and measured values are, respectively,0.92 and 0.22 for leaf area per plant,0.90 and 0.24 for the number of fruits growing on a plant,0.90 and 0.23 for the source/sink ratio per plant,0.91 and 0.22,0.90 and 0.23 and 0.92 and 0.21, respectively, for the length, harvest date and fresh weight of individual fruit growing on the plant,0.94 and 0.19 for the total fresh weight per plant. The results show that our model gives satisfactory predictions of cucumber fruit growth and economic yield under different nitrogen supply and growing season conditions.
Our model can predict both individual fruit growth and economic yield of cucumber grown in Shanghai based on planting date, nitrogen supply rate and radiation and temperature in greenhouse. The model can be not only used to determine an optimal nitrogen supply rate for greenhouse fruit cucumber, but also used to control individual fruit growth by changing leaf area per plant and number of fruit growing on the plant to get more economic yield and benefit for greenhouse managers.
引文
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