甘露寡糖对肉鸭生产性能、血液生化指标和盲肠主要菌群的影响
|
摘要
本试验以SM_2型樱桃谷肉母鸭为试验动物，研究在其日粮中添加不同水平的酵母甘露寡糖对其生产性能、胴体性状、血液生化指标、盲肠主要微生物的影响，确定酵母甘露寡糖在肉鸭日粮中的适宜添加水平，并对其作用机理进行了初步探讨。
选用300只7日SM_2龄樱桃谷肉母鸭，随机分为5组，每组3个重复。第Ⅰ组为对照组，饲喂玉米—豆粕基础日粮(不含抗生素和益生素)，第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组为试验组，分别在基础日粮中加入0.05％、0.1％、0.2％、0.4％的酵母甘露寡糖(MOS)，试验期为5周，测定生产性能、屠体品质、血液生化指标、肠道pH值和盲肠主要菌群等指标。结果表明：(1)日粮中添加MOS可改善肉鸭的生产性能。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组肉鸭平均末重比对照组分别提高2.70％(P＞0.05)、5.96％(P＜0.01)、5.15(P＜0.05)和1.86％(P＞0.05)；试验全期(8～43日龄)的平均日增重分别比对照组提高2.69％(P＞0.05)、6.65％(P＜0.01)、5.34％(P＜0.05)和1.92％(P＞0.05)；试验组平均日采食量与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05)；料肉比分别比对照组降低2.05％(P＞0.05)、6.15％(P＜0.05)、4.10％(P＞0.05)和3.69％(P＞0.05)。均以第Ⅲ组效果最好。(2)第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组肉鸭的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率与对照组相比有升高的趋势，但未达显著水平(P＞0.05)，此三项指标以第Ⅲ组最高，分别比对照组提高3.25％(P＞0.05)、3.30％(P＞0.05)、3.06％(P＞0.05)。试验组肉鸭腹脂率与对照组相比有下降的趋势，其中第Ⅲ组比对照组降低11.13％(P＜0.05)，而其余组与对照组相比差异未达显著水平(P＞0.05％)。日粮中添加MOS对肉鸭胸肌的大理石纹评分、pH值和剪切力未产生显著影响(P＞0.05)，但是，第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组的胸肌系水力与对照组相比均有不同程度提高，分别上升2.17％(P＞0.05)、3.24％(P＞0.05)、10.52％(P＜0.05)和1.32％(P＞0.05)，以第Ⅳ组最高。(3)日粮中添加MOS可以改善肉鸭对营养物质的利用率。试验前期和后期，试验组对干物质、粗灰分、有机物、粗蛋白的利用率均高于对照组，其中第Ⅲ、Ⅳ组与对照组相比各项均达显著水平(P＜0.05)或极显著水平(P＜0.01)。(4)日粮中添加MOS对试验期末肉鸭血液生化指标有不同程度的影响。其中，血清总胆固醇含量有不同程度的降低，试验组分别比对照组降低4.15％(P＞0.05)、6.65％(P＜0.05)、6.04％(P＞0.05)和7.19％(P＜0.05)，而各试验组间差异不显著。日粮中添加MOS虽然使试鸭血糖含量略有升高，但未达显著水平(P＞0.05)。试验组肉鸭血清中尿素氮含量有所降低，但未达显著水平(P＞0.05)。试验组试鸭血清白蛋白含量均显著高
于对照组（P＜0．05），而各试验组间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。日粮中添加的MOS，可
以提高肉鸭血清中lgG的含量，但除第Ill组外，其余各组与对照组相比均未达显著
水平（P＞0．05）。另外，肉鸭血清中 T。的含量，除第＊组外，其余组均比对照组显
著升高（P＜0，05），其中第Il组无论与对照组相比还是与其它试验组相比，均极显
著提高了血清T。含量（P（．01）。各组试鸭血清T；水平无显著差异（P＞0．05）。（5）
日粮中添加饲OS对肉鸭十二指肠、空肠、回肠的PH值影响不大，第Il、IV组均比
对照组略有降低，但未达显著水平（P＞0．05）。而对于盲肠 PH值，第Ill、IV、V组
均比对照组显著降低（P＜0．05）。第＊、IV组盲肠内容物乳酸杆菌数均极显著高于
对照组和其它试验组（P＜0．of），而此H组间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。盲肠内容物的
大肠杆菌数以第＊、IV、V组极显著低于对照组（P＜0．01），此三组相比较，第ill
组显著低于第 V组（P＜0．05），而其余组间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。（6）第＊、ill组
r
与对照组相比均能提高经济效益，以第＊组最好。综合以上结果，以添加 0．l％为
宜。
This experiment was conducted with Cherry Valley Female Meat duck to study the effect of MOS on the production performances blood biochemical indicator and the main microorganism of caecum. The purpose was to determine the optimal level of MOS on the meat duck and to explain the mechanism of its effects preliminarily.
300 Cherry Valley female meat duck of 7-day old were assigned randomly into 5 groups each with 3 replicates for a 5-week trial. The basical diet was corn-soybean, containing no antibiotics nor prebiotics. The groups were fed with basical diets adding 0%(control group), 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% MOS. the production performance, blood biochemical indicator and the main microorganism of caecum were determined. The main results were showed as follows: (l)Dietary MOS remarkably promoted production performance: at the age of 43 day, the average body weight of group IK HI, IV, V increased by 2.70% (P>0.05), 5.96%(P<0.01) , 5.15(P<0.05) and 1.86%(P>0.05) with the changes of MOS compared with control group. The third group had the highest average body weight. It also increased the average daily gain of II, III, IV, V groups, increased 2.69%(P>0.05), 6.65%(P<0.01), 5.34%(P<0.05) and 1.92%{P>0.05) respectively. But it had no obviously effect on the average daily feed intake (P>0.05). The feed-meat ratio of the II , II
I, IV, V groups decreased 2.05% (P>0.05), 6.15% (PO.05), 4.10% (P>0.05) and 3.69% (P>0.05) compared with control group, the third group was the lowest. (2)The slaughter rate, semi-net rate and the whole-net rate of the HI, IV, V groups were in the upward trend, but no significant difference. Among all the groups, the third group was the best, higher than control group by 3.25%(P>0.05), 3.30%(P>0.05), 3.06%(P>0.05), respectively. It did not obviously affect the rate of abdominal lipid except for the third group(decreased
11.13% compared with the control group(P<0.05)). The dietary MOS also did not affect the marbling evaluation - pH value and shearing force of the musculus pectoralis(P>0.05), but the water-holding capacity of musculus pectoralics of IK EL IV , V were higher(2.17%(P>0.05) , 3.24%(P>0.05) , 10.52%(P<0.05) and 1.32%(P>0.05)) than control group and the fourth group was the best. (3)The diets added with MOS could increase the utilization rate of nutrient substance. In the early and later period of experiment, the utilization rate of dry matter crude asru organic matter and crude protein of IK IIL IV > V groups were all higher than those of control group, the difference of III> IV group were significant (PO.05) or extremely significant (PO.01). (4)At the end of the trial, the blood total cholesterol decreased 4.15%(P>0.05) , 6.65% ( PO.05 ) , 6.04%(P>0.05) and ,7.19% ( P<0.05 ) , respentively. The difference among all the experimental group was not significant. The dietary MOS slightly increased the blood sugar (P
>0.05) and decreased the BUN(Blood Uninary Nitrogen) (P>0.05). It could significantly increase the serum albumin (PO.05), but the difference among all the experimental group were not significant (P>0.05). It could also increase the serum IgG, only group III reached significant level. Furthermore, the concentraton of serum T3, but for the second group, of the rest experimental groups was higher than control group (PO.05), and the third group was extremely higher than all the other groups (PO.01). The difference of the serum T4 were not significant among all the groups. (5)The dietary MOS did not affect the pH value in deodenum -, jejunum and ileum, only III, IV group slightly decreased (P>0.05), the caecum pH value of IIL IV > V groups were significantly lower than the control group (PO.05). The lactic acid of bacillus of caecum content in third and forth group higher than control group and the rest (PO.01). but the difference between them was not obviously (P>0.05). The E.coli-index of HI, IV > V groups were
lower than control group (PO.01), and the third group also significantly lower than the fifth group. Among all the rest groups, there were no significant diff
选用300只7日SM_2龄樱桃谷肉母鸭，随机分为5组，每组3个重复。第Ⅰ组为对照组，饲喂玉米—豆粕基础日粮(不含抗生素和益生素)，第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组为试验组，分别在基础日粮中加入0.05％、0.1％、0.2％、0.4％的酵母甘露寡糖(MOS)，试验期为5周，测定生产性能、屠体品质、血液生化指标、肠道pH值和盲肠主要菌群等指标。结果表明：(1)日粮中添加MOS可改善肉鸭的生产性能。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组肉鸭平均末重比对照组分别提高2.70％(P＞0.05)、5.96％(P＜0.01)、5.15(P＜0.05)和1.86％(P＞0.05)；试验全期(8～43日龄)的平均日增重分别比对照组提高2.69％(P＞0.05)、6.65％(P＜0.01)、5.34％(P＜0.05)和1.92％(P＞0.05)；试验组平均日采食量与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05)；料肉比分别比对照组降低2.05％(P＞0.05)、6.15％(P＜0.05)、4.10％(P＞0.05)和3.69％(P＞0.05)。均以第Ⅲ组效果最好。(2)第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组肉鸭的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率与对照组相比有升高的趋势，但未达显著水平(P＞0.05)，此三项指标以第Ⅲ组最高，分别比对照组提高3.25％(P＞0.05)、3.30％(P＞0.05)、3.06％(P＞0.05)。试验组肉鸭腹脂率与对照组相比有下降的趋势，其中第Ⅲ组比对照组降低11.13％(P＜0.05)，而其余组与对照组相比差异未达显著水平(P＞0.05％)。日粮中添加MOS对肉鸭胸肌的大理石纹评分、pH值和剪切力未产生显著影响(P＞0.05)，但是，第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组的胸肌系水力与对照组相比均有不同程度提高，分别上升2.17％(P＞0.05)、3.24％(P＞0.05)、10.52％(P＜0.05)和1.32％(P＞0.05)，以第Ⅳ组最高。(3)日粮中添加MOS可以改善肉鸭对营养物质的利用率。试验前期和后期，试验组对干物质、粗灰分、有机物、粗蛋白的利用率均高于对照组，其中第Ⅲ、Ⅳ组与对照组相比各项均达显著水平(P＜0.05)或极显著水平(P＜0.01)。(4)日粮中添加MOS对试验期末肉鸭血液生化指标有不同程度的影响。其中，血清总胆固醇含量有不同程度的降低，试验组分别比对照组降低4.15％(P＞0.05)、6.65％(P＜0.05)、6.04％(P＞0.05)和7.19％(P＜0.05)，而各试验组间差异不显著。日粮中添加MOS虽然使试鸭血糖含量略有升高，但未达显著水平(P＞0.05)。试验组肉鸭血清中尿素氮含量有所降低，但未达显著水平(P＞0.05)。试验组试鸭血清白蛋白含量均显著高
于对照组（P＜0．05），而各试验组间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。日粮中添加的MOS，可
以提高肉鸭血清中lgG的含量，但除第Ill组外，其余各组与对照组相比均未达显著
水平（P＞0．05）。另外，肉鸭血清中 T。的含量，除第＊组外，其余组均比对照组显
著升高（P＜0，05），其中第Il组无论与对照组相比还是与其它试验组相比，均极显
著提高了血清T。含量（P（．01）。各组试鸭血清T；水平无显著差异（P＞0．05）。（5）
日粮中添加饲OS对肉鸭十二指肠、空肠、回肠的PH值影响不大，第Il、IV组均比
对照组略有降低，但未达显著水平（P＞0．05）。而对于盲肠 PH值，第Ill、IV、V组
均比对照组显著降低（P＜0．05）。第＊、IV组盲肠内容物乳酸杆菌数均极显著高于
对照组和其它试验组（P＜0．of），而此H组间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。盲肠内容物的
大肠杆菌数以第＊、IV、V组极显著低于对照组（P＜0．01），此三组相比较，第ill
组显著低于第 V组（P＜0．05），而其余组间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。（6）第＊、ill组
r
与对照组相比均能提高经济效益，以第＊组最好。综合以上结果，以添加 0．l％为
宜。
This experiment was conducted with Cherry Valley Female Meat duck to study the effect of MOS on the production performances blood biochemical indicator and the main microorganism of caecum. The purpose was to determine the optimal level of MOS on the meat duck and to explain the mechanism of its effects preliminarily.
300 Cherry Valley female meat duck of 7-day old were assigned randomly into 5 groups each with 3 replicates for a 5-week trial. The basical diet was corn-soybean, containing no antibiotics nor prebiotics. The groups were fed with basical diets adding 0%(control group), 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% MOS. the production performance, blood biochemical indicator and the main microorganism of caecum were determined. The main results were showed as follows: (l)Dietary MOS remarkably promoted production performance: at the age of 43 day, the average body weight of group IK HI, IV, V increased by 2.70% (P>0.05), 5.96%(P<0.01) , 5.15(P<0.05) and 1.86%(P>0.05) with the changes of MOS compared with control group. The third group had the highest average body weight. It also increased the average daily gain of II, III, IV, V groups, increased 2.69%(P>0.05), 6.65%(P<0.01), 5.34%(P<0.05) and 1.92%{P>0.05) respectively. But it had no obviously effect on the average daily feed intake (P>0.05). The feed-meat ratio of the II , II
I, IV, V groups decreased 2.05% (P>0.05), 6.15% (PO.05), 4.10% (P>0.05) and 3.69% (P>0.05) compared with control group, the third group was the lowest. (2)The slaughter rate, semi-net rate and the whole-net rate of the HI, IV, V groups were in the upward trend, but no significant difference. Among all the groups, the third group was the best, higher than control group by 3.25%(P>0.05), 3.30%(P>0.05), 3.06%(P>0.05), respectively. It did not obviously affect the rate of abdominal lipid except for the third group(decreased
11.13% compared with the control group(P<0.05)). The dietary MOS also did not affect the marbling evaluation - pH value and shearing force of the musculus pectoralis(P>0.05), but the water-holding capacity of musculus pectoralics of IK EL IV , V were higher(2.17%(P>0.05) , 3.24%(P>0.05) , 10.52%(P<0.05) and 1.32%(P>0.05)) than control group and the fourth group was the best. (3)The diets added with MOS could increase the utilization rate of nutrient substance. In the early and later period of experiment, the utilization rate of dry matter crude asru organic matter and crude protein of IK IIL IV > V groups were all higher than those of control group, the difference of III> IV group were significant (PO.05) or extremely significant (PO.01). (4)At the end of the trial, the blood total cholesterol decreased 4.15%(P>0.05) , 6.65% ( PO.05 ) , 6.04%(P>0.05) and ,7.19% ( P<0.05 ) , respentively. The difference among all the experimental group was not significant. The dietary MOS slightly increased the blood sugar (P
>0.05) and decreased the BUN(Blood Uninary Nitrogen) (P>0.05). It could significantly increase the serum albumin (PO.05), but the difference among all the experimental group were not significant (P>0.05). It could also increase the serum IgG, only group III reached significant level. Furthermore, the concentraton of serum T3, but for the second group, of the rest experimental groups was higher than control group (PO.05), and the third group was extremely higher than all the other groups (PO.01). The difference of the serum T4 were not significant among all the groups. (5)The dietary MOS did not affect the pH value in deodenum -, jejunum and ileum, only III, IV group slightly decreased (P>0.05), the caecum pH value of IIL IV > V groups were significantly lower than the control group (PO.05). The lactic acid of bacillus of caecum content in third and forth group higher than control group and the rest (PO.01). but the difference between them was not obviously (P>0.05). The E.coli-index of HI, IV > V groups were
lower than control group (PO.01), and the third group also significantly lower than the fifth group. Among all the rest groups, there were no significant diff
引文
[1] 吴东儒．糖类的生物化学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1987．
[2] 呙于明．家禽营养与饲料[M]．北京：中国农业大学出版社，1997．
[3] 沈同，王镜岩，赵福悌，等．生物化学(第二版)[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1991．
[4] 刘亚力，么红霞，杨建策．绿色饲料添加剂的研究与应用[J]．饲料博览，2001，(6)：22～26．
[5] 杨建策，梁雪霞．益生元及寡糖饲料添加剂的研究和应用[J]．畜禽业，2000，(7)：30～32．
[6] Parker R B. Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotics story[J]. Nutr. Health,1974,(29):4～8.
[7] 胡东兴，潘康成．微生态制剂及其作用[J]．中国饲料，2001，(3)：14～16．
[8] 李同洲．饲用抗生素与甘露寡糖对仔猪肠道菌群及物质代谢影响的研究[D]．中国农业大学，博士学位论文，1998．
[9] 为远离抗生素的日子未雨绸缪![J]．饲养时报，1999，4(1)：3．
[10] 王世荣．益生素的应用及筛选[J]．饲料博览，1990，(4)：18～19．
[11] Jukes T H, Williams W L. Nutritional effects of antibiotics[J]. Pharmacology Review, 1953, (5): 381～420.
[12] Jukes T H. Early history of antibiotics in feeds[J]. Feed Managemem, 1990, 41 (10): 44.
[13] 徐永平，李淑英，Leigh Campbell等．饲用抗菌添加剂应用的现状与发展趋势[J]．饲料博览，1998，10(3)：11～12．
[14] Heth D A, Bird H R. Growth response of chicks to antibiotics from 1950～1961[J]. Poultry Sci., 1962, 41: 755～760.
[15] Bird H R. Effectiveeness of antibiotics in broiler feeds. [J]. World' s Poultry Sci., 1968, (24): 309～312.
[16] Bird H R. Chick growth response to dietary antibiotics remain undiminished after 30 years[J]. Feedstuffs, 1980, 52 (40): 1496～1500.
[17] Romwell. Antimicrobial agents[J]. Swine Nutrition, 1988: 73～74.
[18] Hays V W, Lexongton K. Antibiotics in swine production: benifitis and concerns[J]. Feedstuffs, 1987, April 6: 13～15.
[19] Jukes H G, Hill D C, Branion H D. Effect of antibiotics on the intestine of the chick[J]. Poultry Sci., 1956, 33: 716～723.
[20] Visek, W J. The mode of growth promotion by antibiotics[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1978, 46: 1447～1469.
[21] Hays V W著，郑月华译．抗生素添加剂的功用和机制[J]．国外畜牧学：猪与禽，1983，(3)：2～4．
[22] Sunde M L. Facts about antibiotic in poultry still missing[J]. Feedstuffs, 1990, 9:35～38.
[23] 姚建国，林久军．抗生素的作用机理与应用前景[J]．中国饲料，2001，(3)：17～18．
[24] Hays V W, Lexongton K. Antibiotics in swine production: benifitis and concerns[J]. Feedstuffs, 1987, 6: 13～15.
[25] John, Walton. Antibiotics resistiance: what needs to be known[J]. Feedstuffs, 1989, 11: 16～17.
[26] 张长兴．抗生素添加剂的安全性问题探讨[J]．饲料博览，1995，8(4)：19～21．
[27] Witte, Wolfgang. Medical consequence of anribiotic use in agriculture[J]. Science, 1998, (February 13)279: 996.
[28] Levy, Stuart B. The challenge of antibiotic resistance[J]. Scientific American, 1998, March: 46～53.
[29] 邱楚武．抗菌素的合理选用[J]．中国饲料，1998，(4)：42～44．
[30] Fuller R. Probiotics in human and animals[J]. J. Appl. Bacteriol, 1989, 66: 365～378.
[31] Mary D B, Wendy S H. Public Health Risks: Antibiotic Resjistance[J]. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2001, 14(3): 414～422.
[32] 吴天星．果寡糖(FOS)对单胃动物肠道菌群的调控与营养作用的研究[D]．中国农业科学院，1997，6．
[33] 李玲，杨桂芹．益生素的作用机制及其在畜禽业中的应用[J]．饲料博览，2001(11)：41～49．
[34] 康白．微生态学[M]．大连：大连出版社，1988，p114～135．
[35] Peo E R Jr. Alternatives exist to antibiotic use in swine production[J]. Feedstuffs, 1987, 2: 13, 18.
[36] Lyons T P. Probiotics : an alternative to antibiotics[J]. Pig News and Information, 1987, 8(2): 157～164.
[37] 潘宝海，李德发，谯仕彦，益生菌在养鸡生产中的应用[J]．中国饲料，2000，16：9～11．
[38] Full K. The importance of cactobacilli in maintaining normal microbical balance in the crop[J]. Br. Poultry Sci, 1977, 18: 85～94.
[39] Schleifer, J H. A review of competitive exclusion for the control of salmonella in poultry [J]World's Poultry Science Journal, 1985, 41(1): 72～83.
[40] Inooka S, Uahara S. The effect of Bacillusnatto on the T and B lymphocytes from speens of feeding chickens [J]. Poultry Sci. 1986, (65): 1217～1219.
[41] Prank T, Jones. Use of direct-fed microbials not new, way they work still not clear[J]. Feedstuffs, 1991, January: 31～33.
[42] 卢建军，寡聚糖在饲料工业上的应用[J]．饲料与畜牧，1999，1：21～22．
[43] Mosenthin R, Baner E. The potential use of prebiotics in pig nutrition[J]. Asican-Aus J. Anim. Sci., 2000, 13: Special Issue: 315～325.
[44] 孔路军，赖长华，郑雅文，寡聚糖在猪营养中的研究进展[J]．国外畜牧科技，2000，27(5)：13～17．
[45] Waldroup A L, Skinner J T, Hierholzer R E, et al. An evaluatin of fructooligosaccharide in diets for broiler chickens and effects on salmone contamination of carcasses[J]. Poultry Sci., 1993, 72: 643～650.
[46] Orban J I, Patterson J A, Adeola O, et al. Growing performance and intestinal microbial populations of growing pigs fed diets containing sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel[J]J. Anim. Sci., 1997, 75: 170～175.
[47] 韩正康，柯叶艳，王国杰，寡果糖对肉用鹌鹑生产性能、脂肪代谢和内分泌机能的影响[J]．中国家禽，2000，22(8)：7～8．
[48] Spring P, Yeast's secret weapon aids animal production[J]Feed Mix, 2000, Special, 32～34.
[49] Parks C W, Grimes J L, Ferket P R, et al. The effect of mannanoligosaccharides, bambermycins, and virginiamycin on performance of large white male market turkeys[J]. Poultry Sci. 2001, 80:718～723.
[50] Shafey T M, Al-Mufarej S, Shalaby M I, et al. The effect of feeding mannan-oligosaccharides (Boi-MOS) on the performance of meat chickens under two different vaccination programs[J]. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2001, 14(4): 559～563.
[51] Connolly A. Rising to the chanllenge of removing antibiotic growth promoters from feeds and how specific digosaccharides have led to the way[J]. Feed Compounder, 2001, 21(6): 20～26.
[52] 甘露寡糖—营养中的新纪元[J]．饲养时报，1998，3卷4期：25．
[53] 石宝明，单安山．寡聚糖及其在猪饲料中的应用[J]．养猪，2000，(1)：2～6．
[54] 王全军．低聚糖在动物饲养中的应用[J]．中国饲料，2000，16：15～17．
[55] 王岭，单安山．寡糖及其在鸡日粮中的应用[J]．饲料博览，2001，4：8～10．
[56] 毛盛勇．甘露寡糖在动物生产中的应用研究[J]．饲料研究，2000，09：10～12．
[57] 潘淑嫒，陈必芬，张日俊，等．微生态效应添加剂甘露寡糖应用研究[J]．中国饲料，1999，22：15～17．
[58] 杨曙明．寡糖在动物营养研究中的进展[J]．动物营养学报，1999，1：1～9．
[59] Tokunaga T, Oku T, Hosoya N. Utilization and exeretion of a new snweetener, fructooligosaccharide (Neosugar), in rats[J]. J. Nutr. 1989, 119: 553.
[60] Yoshioka M., Shimomura Y, Suzuki M. Dietary polydextrose affects the large intestine in rats[J]. J. Nutr. 1994, 124: 539.
[61] 石宝明，单安山．寡聚糖在饲料中的研究与应用[J]．饲料研究，2000，4：13～18．
[62] Par R Duduzeau．消化道微生物学[J]．中国微生物学杂志，1991，3(2)：1～2．
[63] 汪国顺．猪的正常菌群的研究[D]．北京农业大学硕士论文，1998．
[64] Fuller R, Turvey A. Bacteria associated with intestinal wall of foul (Gallus domestics)[J]. J. Appl. Bac. 1971, 34(3): 617～622.
[65] Kimura N. Studies on the relationship between intestinal flora and cecal coccidiosis in chicken[J]. Poultry Sci. 1976, 55:1375～1383.
[66] Fuller R. The importance of cactobacilli in maintaining normal microbial balance in the crop[J]. Br. Poultry Sci. 1977, 18: 85～94.
[67] Eua-seuna. Combined therapy of salmonella infection in chicks by antimcrobial chicks[J]. Poultry Sci., 1993, 72: 636～642.
agents followed by cultured cecal bacteria[J]. Poultry Sci.1980, 59: 1187-1192．
[68] Parsons C M. Effect of dietary carbohydrate and of intestinal microflora on extretion of endogenous amino acid by poultry [J].Poultry Sci.1983,62: 483 ~ 489．
[69] Hidaka H,Eida T, Takizawa T,et al.Effects of fructooligosaccharide on intestinal flora and huma health[J]. Bifidobact, Microflora, 5: 37-50．
[70] Matthew A G,Sutton A L,Schelit A B,et al.Effects of galactan on selected microbial populations and pH and volatile fatty acid in the ileum of the weanling pigs[J]. J. Anim.Sci.1993, 71: 1503~ 1509．
[71] Houdijk J G M, Bosch M W, Verstegen M W A, et al.Effects of dietary oligosaccharides on the growth performance and faecal characteristics of young growingpigs[J].Anim.Feed Sci.Technol,71: 35~48．
[72] Sghir A,Chow J M,Mackie R I.Continuous culture selection of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli from human faecal samples using fructooligosaccharide as selective substrate[J].J.Appl.Microbiol,85: 769~777．
[73] OhtsukaR,Iwasa A,Iwahashi M,et al.Effects of administration of galacto oligosaccharide on faecal character in dogs and cats [J].Nutrition & Absttracts & Riews Series B: Livestock Feeds & Feedings,66(8) : 535．
[74] 江波,王璋,功能性饲料添加剂--低聚果糖[J].粮食与饲料工业,1997,7: 27-28．
[75] Hartemink R, Rombouts F M.Gas formation from oligosaccharides by the intestinal microflora[M] . Proceedings of the International Symposium "Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: Healthy Food for the colon? ",1997,57-66．
[76] Ofekl,Beachey E H,Jefferson W,et al.Cell membrance-binding properties of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid[J].J.Exp.Med.,1975,141: 990-1003．
[77] Ofek I,Mirelman D,Sharon N.Adherence of E.colito human mucosal cells mediated by mannose receptors[J].Nature, 1977,265: 623-625．
[78] EschatY,Ofekl,Yashouv-Gan Y,et al.Isolation of mannose specific lectin from Escherichia coli and its role in the adherence of bacteria to epithelial
cells[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1978, 85: 1551~1559．
[79] Oyofo B A,Droleskey R E,Norman J O,et al.Inhibition by mannose of in vitro colonization of chicken small intestine by Salmonella typhimurium[J]. Poultry Sci., 1989, 68: 1351~1356．
[80] Oyofo B A, Deloach J R, Corner D E, et al.Prevention of Salmonella tvphimurium colonization of broilers with D-mannose[J]. Poultry Sci., 68: 1357-1360．
[81] Nathan Sharon, Halina Lis. Carbohydrates in cell recognition[J].Scientific American, January, 1993: 74-81．
[82] 张运涛,谷文英.酵母多糖对雏鸡肠道微生物区系调控作用的研究[J].粮 食与饲料工业,1999,7:37-38．
[83] Mirelman,Altman D G,Eshdat Y.Screening bacterial isolates for mannose-specific lectia activity by agglutination of yeast[J].J.Clin.Microbiol.,1980,11: 328-331．
[84] Cotter P F , Weinner J . Dietary Bio-Mos modulates kinetics of phytohemagglutinin wattle reaction in chickens[J].Poultry Sci., 1997, 70: 2437．
[85] Savage,T F,Cotter P F,Zakrzewska E I.The effect of feeding a mannan oligosaccharide on immunoglobulins,plasma IgG and bile IgA of Wrolstad M Wmale turkeys[J].Poultry Sci.,1996,75(Suppl.1) : 143．
[86] Yoshida T,Kruger R,Inglis V.Augmention of non-specific protection in African catfish by the long-term oral administration of immunostimulants[J].J.Fish Disease,1995,18: 195-198．
[87] Spring P,PrivulescuM.Mannoligosaccharide: its logical role as a natural feed additive for piglets[M]. Proceedings of alltech's 14th annual symposium ,United Kingdom : Nottinghan University Press, 1998, 553-561．
[88] O' carra R.Boosting immune response in dogs: a role for dietary mannan surgars[C].In: Biotechnology in the feed industry ,Pro.Alltech' s 14th Ann.Symp.,Nottingham University Press,563-572．
[89] Newman K. Mannanoligosaccharide: natural polymers with significant impact on the gastrointestinal microflora and the immune system[C] .In: Biotechnology in the feed industry , Pro.Alltech' s 10th Ann.Symp.,
Nottingham University Press, 167~ 175．
[90] Sisak F.Stimulation of phagocytosis as assessed by luminolenhanced chemiluminescence and response to salmonella challenge of poultry fed diets containing mannanoligosaccharides[C].In: The 10th Annual Symposium on Biotechnology in the Feed Industry,Alltech Inc.,75~84．
[91] Macdnald F. Use of immunostimulants in agricultural applications[C]. In: Biotechnology in the Feed Industry, Proceedings of Alltech' s Eleventh Annual Symposium(Ed. Lyons TP and Jacques K A),Nottingham University Press,Nottingham, UK, 97-103．
[92] Spring P,Wenk C,Dawson K A.The effect of dietary mannaandifosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of salmonella-challenged broiler chicks[J].Poultry Sci.,2000,79: 205~211．
[93] Savage TF, Zakrzewska E I. Rerformance of male turkeys to 8 weeks of age when fed an oligosaccharide derived from yeast cells[J].Poultry Sci., 1996,74(Suppl.1) : 158．
[94] Olsen R .Mannanoligosaccharides : experience in comerical turkey production[C].In: Biotechnology in the feed industry ,Pro.Alltech's 11th Ann.Symp.,Nottingham University Press,1995,P: 389~392．
[95] Newman K,Jacques K,Buede B.Effect of mannanoligosaccharide on performance of calves fed acidified and nonacidified milk replacers[J].J.Anim.Sci.,1993,71 (Suppl.1) : 271．
[96] 蒋守群,林映才,蒋宗勇,等.肉鸭促生长饲料添加剂的应用研究[J].饲 料研究. 2000, 8: 23-27．
[97] Bailey J S,Blackenship L C,Cox N A.Effect of fructooligosaccharides on salmonella colonization of chick intestine[J].Poultry Sci.,1991,70: 2433-2438．
[98] 任善茂,陶勇,张牧.化学益生素在猪生产中的应用潜力[J].国外畜牧科 技, 2002, 29(1) : 20-25．
[99] Iji P A,Tivey D R.Natural and synthetic oligosaccharides in broiler chicken diets[J]. World' s Poultry Science Journal, 1998, 54: 129-143．
[100] Orban J I, Patterson J A, Sutton A L, et al. Effect of sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel on growth and intestinal microflora of broiler
chicken[J]. Poultry Sci., 1993, 72 (Suppl.1) 132 (Abstr.)
[101] Orban J I, Patterson J A, Sutton A L,et al.Influence of sucrose thermal oligosaccharides caramel and vitamin-mineral level on growth and changes in intestineal microbial populations in broilers from day-old to four weeks of age[J]. Poultry Sci., 1995, 74 (Suppl.1) : 209 (Abstr.)
[102] Mathew A G, Robbins C M. Influence of galactosy lactose on energy and protein digestibility , enteric microflora , and performance of weaning pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Sci., 1997, 75 (4) : 1009-1016．
[103] Stutton A L. Dietary carbohydrate alter the fecal composition and pH and the ammonia emission from slurry of growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Sci., 1998, 76: 1887-1895．
[104] Gabert V M.The effect of oligosaccharides and lactioc on the ileal digestibilities of amino acids, monosaccharides and bacterial population and metabolities in the small intestine of weaning pigs[J]. Can. J. Anim.Sci., 1994, 74: 99~107．
[105] Newman K. Mannanoligosaccharides natural polymers with significant impact on gastrointestinal microflor and the immune system.In: biotechnology in the feed industry.Proc. Alletch' s 10th Ann.Symo[C]. Nottingham University press, 1994, pp167-175．
[106] Oyazabal O A.Application of direct fed microbial bacteria and FOS for salmonella control in broilers during feed withdrawal [J]. Poultry Sci., 1996, 75 (2) : 186-190．
[107] 韩正康,柯叶艳,王国杰.寡果糖对肉用鹌鹑生产性能、脂肪代谢和内分 泌机能的影响[J].中国家畜,2000,22(8) :7-8．
[108] 赵桂萍，肉鸡腹脂遗传的研究进展[J]。国外畜牧科技，1998,25 (5) : 26-29．
[109] Hidaka H . Effect of fructooligosaccharides on intestinal flora and health [J].1986, Bifidobacteria and Microflora, 1986, 5: 37-50．
[110] Morishita Y.Influence of dietary lactose on the gut flora of chicks[J]. The British Poultry Sci., 1982, 47: 467-478．
[111] Tellez G, Dean C E, Corrier E E, et al.Effect of lactose on cecal pH, morphology,organic acids and salmonella enteri tidis organ invasion in Leghorn
[112] 张宏福，张莉，方路，等．异麦芽低聚糖对断奶仔猪肠道VFA浓度、pH值及粘膜形态结构的影响[J]．动物营养学报，2002，14(1)：19～24．
[113] 王根宇．高铜和维吉尼亚霉素对雏鸡生产性能和肠道主要菌群的影响[D]．保定：河北农业大学，2000．
[114] Howard M D. Effect of dietary supplmentation with FOS on colonic microbiota population and epithelial cell proliferation in neonatal pigs[J]. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 1995, 21 (3): 297～303.
[115] Leavitt J. Butyric acid suppression on the in vitro meoplastic state of Syrian hamster cells[J]. Nature, 1978, 273: 262.
[116] Burns C P. Extracelluar Na~+ and inititation of DNA synthesis: role of intracellular pH and K~+[J]. Cell Biol., 1984, 98: 1082～1089.
[117] Kashiwaguram T C T, Deutsch. Dependence of gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis, and energy metabolism of hepatocyte on intracellular pH[J]. J. Biol. Chem., 1984, 259: 237～243.
[118] Jacobs L R, Hampson D J. Alterations in piglets small intestinal structure at weaning[J]. Reseaarch in Veterinary Science, 1986, 40: 32～41.
[119] Lupton J R. Effect of dietary fibers on rat large bowel mucosal growth and cell proliferation[J]. Am. J. Physiol., 1984, 246: 378～385.
[120] Ohta A. Cailum and magnesium absorption from the colon and rectum are increased in rats fed fructooligosaccharides[J]. J. Nutrition, 1995, 125 (9): 2417～2424.
[121] Delzenne N. Effect of fermentable fructooligosaccharides on mineral, nitrogen and adipose tissue: A review[J]. Life Sciences, 1995, 57(17): 1579～1587.
[122] 高峰，周光宏，韩正康．寡果糖对雏鸡生产性能、免疫功能和内分泌的影响[J]．动物营养学报，2001，13(2)51～55．
[123] 范少光，丁贵凤．神经内分泌与免疫系统之间相互作用的介导物质：共同的生物语言[J]．生理科学进展，1995，26(2)：175～183．
[124] 杜念兴．兽医免疫学[M]．第2版，北京：中国农业出版社，1994，66～69．
[125] 周伦江，邵良平，李国平，等．甘露寡聚糖和粪链球菌对雏鸡和哺乳仔猪血液SOD和GSH-px活性的影响[J]．福建农业大学学报，1999，28(2)：200～203．
[126] Hata Y, Hara T, Oikawa T, et al. The effects of fructooligosaccharides against hyperlipidemia[J]. Food Technology, 1994, 10: 61.
[127] Hidaka H, Edia T. Roles of fructooligosaccharides for the improvement of intestinal flora and suppression of production of putrid substances[J]. Food Enzgineering, 1988, 31: 52～58.
[128] Gilliand S E, Nelson C R, Maxwell C. Assimilation of cholesterol by lactobacillus acidophilus[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1985, 49: 337～381.
[129] 赵国先，张正珊，王余丁等．日粮中添加硫酸钠对肉兔血液生化指标及肝脏中矿物质元素，肝糖元含量的影响[J]．中国养兔杂志，1995，6：19～22．
[130] 李良松，平福增，黄志荣．鸡血清白蛋白含量变化规律及其与生产性能的相关研究[J]．江苏农学院学报，1983，4(4)：5～10．
[131] Decuypere E, Buyse J, Robimi C, et al. Archiv Fur Geflugei-Kunde[C]. 1995, 6～8.
[132] Keith W K Animal Sci., 1988, 66: 2095～2108.
[133] James A, Marsh, Colin G S. Poultry Sci., 1994, 73: 1049～1061.
[134] Sainsbury D W B. Protecting against stress-probbiotics boost natural resistance[J]. Pigs January/February, 1993, 32～33.
[135] Daeschel M S. Anti microbial substance from lactic acid bacteria for use as food preservation[J]. Food technical, 1989, 1: 164～167.
[136] 杨胜．主编饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]．北京：北京农业大学出版社，1993．
[137] 河北农业大学牧医系屠体分析及肉质鉴定培训班教材[M]．河北保定，1984，7．
[138] 阴天榜，刘兴友等，家禽免疫学[M]．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1999，35～49．
[2] 呙于明．家禽营养与饲料[M]．北京：中国农业大学出版社，1997．
[3] 沈同，王镜岩，赵福悌，等．生物化学(第二版)[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1991．
[4] 刘亚力，么红霞，杨建策．绿色饲料添加剂的研究与应用[J]．饲料博览，2001，(6)：22～26．
[5] 杨建策，梁雪霞．益生元及寡糖饲料添加剂的研究和应用[J]．畜禽业，2000，(7)：30～32．
[6] Parker R B. Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotics story[J]. Nutr. Health,1974,(29):4～8.
[7] 胡东兴，潘康成．微生态制剂及其作用[J]．中国饲料，2001，(3)：14～16．
[8] 李同洲．饲用抗生素与甘露寡糖对仔猪肠道菌群及物质代谢影响的研究[D]．中国农业大学，博士学位论文，1998．
[9] 为远离抗生素的日子未雨绸缪![J]．饲养时报，1999，4(1)：3．
[10] 王世荣．益生素的应用及筛选[J]．饲料博览，1990，(4)：18～19．
[11] Jukes T H, Williams W L. Nutritional effects of antibiotics[J]. Pharmacology Review, 1953, (5): 381～420.
[12] Jukes T H. Early history of antibiotics in feeds[J]. Feed Managemem, 1990, 41 (10): 44.
[13] 徐永平，李淑英，Leigh Campbell等．饲用抗菌添加剂应用的现状与发展趋势[J]．饲料博览，1998，10(3)：11～12．
[14] Heth D A, Bird H R. Growth response of chicks to antibiotics from 1950～1961[J]. Poultry Sci., 1962, 41: 755～760.
[15] Bird H R. Effectiveeness of antibiotics in broiler feeds. [J]. World' s Poultry Sci., 1968, (24): 309～312.
[16] Bird H R. Chick growth response to dietary antibiotics remain undiminished after 30 years[J]. Feedstuffs, 1980, 52 (40): 1496～1500.
[17] Romwell. Antimicrobial agents[J]. Swine Nutrition, 1988: 73～74.
[18] Hays V W, Lexongton K. Antibiotics in swine production: benifitis and concerns[J]. Feedstuffs, 1987, April 6: 13～15.
[19] Jukes H G, Hill D C, Branion H D. Effect of antibiotics on the intestine of the chick[J]. Poultry Sci., 1956, 33: 716～723.
[20] Visek, W J. The mode of growth promotion by antibiotics[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1978, 46: 1447～1469.
[21] Hays V W著，郑月华译．抗生素添加剂的功用和机制[J]．国外畜牧学：猪与禽，1983，(3)：2～4．
[22] Sunde M L. Facts about antibiotic in poultry still missing[J]. Feedstuffs, 1990, 9:35～38.
[23] 姚建国，林久军．抗生素的作用机理与应用前景[J]．中国饲料，2001，(3)：17～18．
[24] Hays V W, Lexongton K. Antibiotics in swine production: benifitis and concerns[J]. Feedstuffs, 1987, 6: 13～15.
[25] John, Walton. Antibiotics resistiance: what needs to be known[J]. Feedstuffs, 1989, 11: 16～17.
[26] 张长兴．抗生素添加剂的安全性问题探讨[J]．饲料博览，1995，8(4)：19～21．
[27] Witte, Wolfgang. Medical consequence of anribiotic use in agriculture[J]. Science, 1998, (February 13)279: 996.
[28] Levy, Stuart B. The challenge of antibiotic resistance[J]. Scientific American, 1998, March: 46～53.
[29] 邱楚武．抗菌素的合理选用[J]．中国饲料，1998，(4)：42～44．
[30] Fuller R. Probiotics in human and animals[J]. J. Appl. Bacteriol, 1989, 66: 365～378.
[31] Mary D B, Wendy S H. Public Health Risks: Antibiotic Resjistance[J]. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2001, 14(3): 414～422.
[32] 吴天星．果寡糖(FOS)对单胃动物肠道菌群的调控与营养作用的研究[D]．中国农业科学院，1997，6．
[33] 李玲，杨桂芹．益生素的作用机制及其在畜禽业中的应用[J]．饲料博览，2001(11)：41～49．
[34] 康白．微生态学[M]．大连：大连出版社，1988，p114～135．
[35] Peo E R Jr. Alternatives exist to antibiotic use in swine production[J]. Feedstuffs, 1987, 2: 13, 18.
[36] Lyons T P. Probiotics : an alternative to antibiotics[J]. Pig News and Information, 1987, 8(2): 157～164.
[37] 潘宝海，李德发，谯仕彦，益生菌在养鸡生产中的应用[J]．中国饲料，2000，16：9～11．
[38] Full K. The importance of cactobacilli in maintaining normal microbical balance in the crop[J]. Br. Poultry Sci, 1977, 18: 85～94.
[39] Schleifer, J H. A review of competitive exclusion for the control of salmonella in poultry [J]World's Poultry Science Journal, 1985, 41(1): 72～83.
[40] Inooka S, Uahara S. The effect of Bacillusnatto on the T and B lymphocytes from speens of feeding chickens [J]. Poultry Sci. 1986, (65): 1217～1219.
[41] Prank T, Jones. Use of direct-fed microbials not new, way they work still not clear[J]. Feedstuffs, 1991, January: 31～33.
[42] 卢建军，寡聚糖在饲料工业上的应用[J]．饲料与畜牧，1999，1：21～22．
[43] Mosenthin R, Baner E. The potential use of prebiotics in pig nutrition[J]. Asican-Aus J. Anim. Sci., 2000, 13: Special Issue: 315～325.
[44] 孔路军，赖长华，郑雅文，寡聚糖在猪营养中的研究进展[J]．国外畜牧科技，2000，27(5)：13～17．
[45] Waldroup A L, Skinner J T, Hierholzer R E, et al. An evaluatin of fructooligosaccharide in diets for broiler chickens and effects on salmone contamination of carcasses[J]. Poultry Sci., 1993, 72: 643～650.
[46] Orban J I, Patterson J A, Adeola O, et al. Growing performance and intestinal microbial populations of growing pigs fed diets containing sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel[J]J. Anim. Sci., 1997, 75: 170～175.
[47] 韩正康，柯叶艳，王国杰，寡果糖对肉用鹌鹑生产性能、脂肪代谢和内分泌机能的影响[J]．中国家禽，2000，22(8)：7～8．
[48] Spring P, Yeast's secret weapon aids animal production[J]Feed Mix, 2000, Special, 32～34.
[49] Parks C W, Grimes J L, Ferket P R, et al. The effect of mannanoligosaccharides, bambermycins, and virginiamycin on performance of large white male market turkeys[J]. Poultry Sci. 2001, 80:718～723.
[50] Shafey T M, Al-Mufarej S, Shalaby M I, et al. The effect of feeding mannan-oligosaccharides (Boi-MOS) on the performance of meat chickens under two different vaccination programs[J]. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2001, 14(4): 559～563.
[51] Connolly A. Rising to the chanllenge of removing antibiotic growth promoters from feeds and how specific digosaccharides have led to the way[J]. Feed Compounder, 2001, 21(6): 20～26.
[52] 甘露寡糖—营养中的新纪元[J]．饲养时报，1998，3卷4期：25．
[53] 石宝明，单安山．寡聚糖及其在猪饲料中的应用[J]．养猪，2000，(1)：2～6．
[54] 王全军．低聚糖在动物饲养中的应用[J]．中国饲料，2000，16：15～17．
[55] 王岭，单安山．寡糖及其在鸡日粮中的应用[J]．饲料博览，2001，4：8～10．
[56] 毛盛勇．甘露寡糖在动物生产中的应用研究[J]．饲料研究，2000，09：10～12．
[57] 潘淑嫒，陈必芬，张日俊，等．微生态效应添加剂甘露寡糖应用研究[J]．中国饲料，1999，22：15～17．
[58] 杨曙明．寡糖在动物营养研究中的进展[J]．动物营养学报，1999，1：1～9．
[59] Tokunaga T, Oku T, Hosoya N. Utilization and exeretion of a new snweetener, fructooligosaccharide (Neosugar), in rats[J]. J. Nutr. 1989, 119: 553.
[60] Yoshioka M., Shimomura Y, Suzuki M. Dietary polydextrose affects the large intestine in rats[J]. J. Nutr. 1994, 124: 539.
[61] 石宝明，单安山．寡聚糖在饲料中的研究与应用[J]．饲料研究，2000，4：13～18．
[62] Par R Duduzeau．消化道微生物学[J]．中国微生物学杂志，1991，3(2)：1～2．
[63] 汪国顺．猪的正常菌群的研究[D]．北京农业大学硕士论文，1998．
[64] Fuller R, Turvey A. Bacteria associated with intestinal wall of foul (Gallus domestics)[J]. J. Appl. Bac. 1971, 34(3): 617～622.
[65] Kimura N. Studies on the relationship between intestinal flora and cecal coccidiosis in chicken[J]. Poultry Sci. 1976, 55:1375～1383.
[66] Fuller R. The importance of cactobacilli in maintaining normal microbial balance in the crop[J]. Br. Poultry Sci. 1977, 18: 85～94.
[67] Eua-seuna. Combined therapy of salmonella infection in chicks by antimcrobial chicks[J]. Poultry Sci., 1993, 72: 636～642.
agents followed by cultured cecal bacteria[J]. Poultry Sci.1980, 59: 1187-1192．
[68] Parsons C M. Effect of dietary carbohydrate and of intestinal microflora on extretion of endogenous amino acid by poultry [J].Poultry Sci.1983,62: 483 ~ 489．
[69] Hidaka H,Eida T, Takizawa T,et al.Effects of fructooligosaccharide on intestinal flora and huma health[J]. Bifidobact, Microflora, 5: 37-50．
[70] Matthew A G,Sutton A L,Schelit A B,et al.Effects of galactan on selected microbial populations and pH and volatile fatty acid in the ileum of the weanling pigs[J]. J. Anim.Sci.1993, 71: 1503~ 1509．
[71] Houdijk J G M, Bosch M W, Verstegen M W A, et al.Effects of dietary oligosaccharides on the growth performance and faecal characteristics of young growingpigs[J].Anim.Feed Sci.Technol,71: 35~48．
[72] Sghir A,Chow J M,Mackie R I.Continuous culture selection of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli from human faecal samples using fructooligosaccharide as selective substrate[J].J.Appl.Microbiol,85: 769~777．
[73] OhtsukaR,Iwasa A,Iwahashi M,et al.Effects of administration of galacto oligosaccharide on faecal character in dogs and cats [J].Nutrition & Absttracts & Riews Series B: Livestock Feeds & Feedings,66(8) : 535．
[74] 江波,王璋,功能性饲料添加剂--低聚果糖[J].粮食与饲料工业,1997,7: 27-28．
[75] Hartemink R, Rombouts F M.Gas formation from oligosaccharides by the intestinal microflora[M] . Proceedings of the International Symposium "Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: Healthy Food for the colon? ",1997,57-66．
[76] Ofekl,Beachey E H,Jefferson W,et al.Cell membrance-binding properties of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid[J].J.Exp.Med.,1975,141: 990-1003．
[77] Ofek I,Mirelman D,Sharon N.Adherence of E.colito human mucosal cells mediated by mannose receptors[J].Nature, 1977,265: 623-625．
[78] EschatY,Ofekl,Yashouv-Gan Y,et al.Isolation of mannose specific lectin from Escherichia coli and its role in the adherence of bacteria to epithelial
cells[J]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1978, 85: 1551~1559．
[79] Oyofo B A,Droleskey R E,Norman J O,et al.Inhibition by mannose of in vitro colonization of chicken small intestine by Salmonella typhimurium[J]. Poultry Sci., 1989, 68: 1351~1356．
[80] Oyofo B A, Deloach J R, Corner D E, et al.Prevention of Salmonella tvphimurium colonization of broilers with D-mannose[J]. Poultry Sci., 68: 1357-1360．
[81] Nathan Sharon, Halina Lis. Carbohydrates in cell recognition[J].Scientific American, January, 1993: 74-81．
[82] 张运涛,谷文英.酵母多糖对雏鸡肠道微生物区系调控作用的研究[J].粮 食与饲料工业,1999,7:37-38．
[83] Mirelman,Altman D G,Eshdat Y.Screening bacterial isolates for mannose-specific lectia activity by agglutination of yeast[J].J.Clin.Microbiol.,1980,11: 328-331．
[84] Cotter P F , Weinner J . Dietary Bio-Mos modulates kinetics of phytohemagglutinin wattle reaction in chickens[J].Poultry Sci., 1997, 70: 2437．
[85] Savage,T F,Cotter P F,Zakrzewska E I.The effect of feeding a mannan oligosaccharide on immunoglobulins,plasma IgG and bile IgA of Wrolstad M Wmale turkeys[J].Poultry Sci.,1996,75(Suppl.1) : 143．
[86] Yoshida T,Kruger R,Inglis V.Augmention of non-specific protection in African catfish by the long-term oral administration of immunostimulants[J].J.Fish Disease,1995,18: 195-198．
[87] Spring P,PrivulescuM.Mannoligosaccharide: its logical role as a natural feed additive for piglets[M]. Proceedings of alltech's 14th annual symposium ,United Kingdom : Nottinghan University Press, 1998, 553-561．
[88] O' carra R.Boosting immune response in dogs: a role for dietary mannan surgars[C].In: Biotechnology in the feed industry ,Pro.Alltech' s 14th Ann.Symp.,Nottingham University Press,563-572．
[89] Newman K. Mannanoligosaccharide: natural polymers with significant impact on the gastrointestinal microflora and the immune system[C] .In: Biotechnology in the feed industry , Pro.Alltech' s 10th Ann.Symp.,
Nottingham University Press, 167~ 175．
[90] Sisak F.Stimulation of phagocytosis as assessed by luminolenhanced chemiluminescence and response to salmonella challenge of poultry fed diets containing mannanoligosaccharides[C].In: The 10th Annual Symposium on Biotechnology in the Feed Industry,Alltech Inc.,75~84．
[91] Macdnald F. Use of immunostimulants in agricultural applications[C]. In: Biotechnology in the Feed Industry, Proceedings of Alltech' s Eleventh Annual Symposium(Ed. Lyons TP and Jacques K A),Nottingham University Press,Nottingham, UK, 97-103．
[92] Spring P,Wenk C,Dawson K A.The effect of dietary mannaandifosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of salmonella-challenged broiler chicks[J].Poultry Sci.,2000,79: 205~211．
[93] Savage TF, Zakrzewska E I. Rerformance of male turkeys to 8 weeks of age when fed an oligosaccharide derived from yeast cells[J].Poultry Sci., 1996,74(Suppl.1) : 158．
[94] Olsen R .Mannanoligosaccharides : experience in comerical turkey production[C].In: Biotechnology in the feed industry ,Pro.Alltech's 11th Ann.Symp.,Nottingham University Press,1995,P: 389~392．
[95] Newman K,Jacques K,Buede B.Effect of mannanoligosaccharide on performance of calves fed acidified and nonacidified milk replacers[J].J.Anim.Sci.,1993,71 (Suppl.1) : 271．
[96] 蒋守群,林映才,蒋宗勇,等.肉鸭促生长饲料添加剂的应用研究[J].饲 料研究. 2000, 8: 23-27．
[97] Bailey J S,Blackenship L C,Cox N A.Effect of fructooligosaccharides on salmonella colonization of chick intestine[J].Poultry Sci.,1991,70: 2433-2438．
[98] 任善茂,陶勇,张牧.化学益生素在猪生产中的应用潜力[J].国外畜牧科 技, 2002, 29(1) : 20-25．
[99] Iji P A,Tivey D R.Natural and synthetic oligosaccharides in broiler chicken diets[J]. World' s Poultry Science Journal, 1998, 54: 129-143．
[100] Orban J I, Patterson J A, Sutton A L, et al. Effect of sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel on growth and intestinal microflora of broiler
chicken[J]. Poultry Sci., 1993, 72 (Suppl.1) 132 (Abstr.)
[101] Orban J I, Patterson J A, Sutton A L,et al.Influence of sucrose thermal oligosaccharides caramel and vitamin-mineral level on growth and changes in intestineal microbial populations in broilers from day-old to four weeks of age[J]. Poultry Sci., 1995, 74 (Suppl.1) : 209 (Abstr.)
[102] Mathew A G, Robbins C M. Influence of galactosy lactose on energy and protein digestibility , enteric microflora , and performance of weaning pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Sci., 1997, 75 (4) : 1009-1016．
[103] Stutton A L. Dietary carbohydrate alter the fecal composition and pH and the ammonia emission from slurry of growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Sci., 1998, 76: 1887-1895．
[104] Gabert V M.The effect of oligosaccharides and lactioc on the ileal digestibilities of amino acids, monosaccharides and bacterial population and metabolities in the small intestine of weaning pigs[J]. Can. J. Anim.Sci., 1994, 74: 99~107．
[105] Newman K. Mannanoligosaccharides natural polymers with significant impact on gastrointestinal microflor and the immune system.In: biotechnology in the feed industry.Proc. Alletch' s 10th Ann.Symo[C]. Nottingham University press, 1994, pp167-175．
[106] Oyazabal O A.Application of direct fed microbial bacteria and FOS for salmonella control in broilers during feed withdrawal [J]. Poultry Sci., 1996, 75 (2) : 186-190．
[107] 韩正康,柯叶艳,王国杰.寡果糖对肉用鹌鹑生产性能、脂肪代谢和内分 泌机能的影响[J].中国家畜,2000,22(8) :7-8．
[108] 赵桂萍，肉鸡腹脂遗传的研究进展[J]。国外畜牧科技，1998,25 (5) : 26-29．
[109] Hidaka H . Effect of fructooligosaccharides on intestinal flora and health [J].1986, Bifidobacteria and Microflora, 1986, 5: 37-50．
[110] Morishita Y.Influence of dietary lactose on the gut flora of chicks[J]. The British Poultry Sci., 1982, 47: 467-478．
[111] Tellez G, Dean C E, Corrier E E, et al.Effect of lactose on cecal pH, morphology,organic acids and salmonella enteri tidis organ invasion in Leghorn
[112] 张宏福，张莉，方路，等．异麦芽低聚糖对断奶仔猪肠道VFA浓度、pH值及粘膜形态结构的影响[J]．动物营养学报，2002，14(1)：19～24．
[113] 王根宇．高铜和维吉尼亚霉素对雏鸡生产性能和肠道主要菌群的影响[D]．保定：河北农业大学，2000．
[114] Howard M D. Effect of dietary supplmentation with FOS on colonic microbiota population and epithelial cell proliferation in neonatal pigs[J]. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 1995, 21 (3): 297～303.
[115] Leavitt J. Butyric acid suppression on the in vitro meoplastic state of Syrian hamster cells[J]. Nature, 1978, 273: 262.
[116] Burns C P. Extracelluar Na~+ and inititation of DNA synthesis: role of intracellular pH and K~+[J]. Cell Biol., 1984, 98: 1082～1089.
[117] Kashiwaguram T C T, Deutsch. Dependence of gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis, and energy metabolism of hepatocyte on intracellular pH[J]. J. Biol. Chem., 1984, 259: 237～243.
[118] Jacobs L R, Hampson D J. Alterations in piglets small intestinal structure at weaning[J]. Reseaarch in Veterinary Science, 1986, 40: 32～41.
[119] Lupton J R. Effect of dietary fibers on rat large bowel mucosal growth and cell proliferation[J]. Am. J. Physiol., 1984, 246: 378～385.
[120] Ohta A. Cailum and magnesium absorption from the colon and rectum are increased in rats fed fructooligosaccharides[J]. J. Nutrition, 1995, 125 (9): 2417～2424.
[121] Delzenne N. Effect of fermentable fructooligosaccharides on mineral, nitrogen and adipose tissue: A review[J]. Life Sciences, 1995, 57(17): 1579～1587.
[122] 高峰，周光宏，韩正康．寡果糖对雏鸡生产性能、免疫功能和内分泌的影响[J]．动物营养学报，2001，13(2)51～55．
[123] 范少光，丁贵凤．神经内分泌与免疫系统之间相互作用的介导物质：共同的生物语言[J]．生理科学进展，1995，26(2)：175～183．
[124] 杜念兴．兽医免疫学[M]．第2版，北京：中国农业出版社，1994，66～69．
[125] 周伦江，邵良平，李国平，等．甘露寡聚糖和粪链球菌对雏鸡和哺乳仔猪血液SOD和GSH-px活性的影响[J]．福建农业大学学报，1999，28(2)：200～203．
[126] Hata Y, Hara T, Oikawa T, et al. The effects of fructooligosaccharides against hyperlipidemia[J]. Food Technology, 1994, 10: 61.
[127] Hidaka H, Edia T. Roles of fructooligosaccharides for the improvement of intestinal flora and suppression of production of putrid substances[J]. Food Enzgineering, 1988, 31: 52～58.
[128] Gilliand S E, Nelson C R, Maxwell C. Assimilation of cholesterol by lactobacillus acidophilus[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1985, 49: 337～381.
[129] 赵国先，张正珊，王余丁等．日粮中添加硫酸钠对肉兔血液生化指标及肝脏中矿物质元素，肝糖元含量的影响[J]．中国养兔杂志，1995，6：19～22．
[130] 李良松，平福增，黄志荣．鸡血清白蛋白含量变化规律及其与生产性能的相关研究[J]．江苏农学院学报，1983，4(4)：5～10．
[131] Decuypere E, Buyse J, Robimi C, et al. Archiv Fur Geflugei-Kunde[C]. 1995, 6～8.
[132] Keith W K Animal Sci., 1988, 66: 2095～2108.
[133] James A, Marsh, Colin G S. Poultry Sci., 1994, 73: 1049～1061.
[134] Sainsbury D W B. Protecting against stress-probbiotics boost natural resistance[J]. Pigs January/February, 1993, 32～33.
[135] Daeschel M S. Anti microbial substance from lactic acid bacteria for use as food preservation[J]. Food technical, 1989, 1: 164～167.
[136] 杨胜．主编饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]．北京：北京农业大学出版社，1993．
[137] 河北农业大学牧医系屠体分析及肉质鉴定培训班教材[M]．河北保定，1984，7．
[138] 阴天榜，刘兴友等，家禽免疫学[M]．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1999，35～49．