保水剂在无土栽培中的应用研究
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摘要
本文采用盆栽试验、理化性状测定、室内模拟试验等方法，筛选出合理的无土栽培基质配方；初步研究了影响保水剂吸水性能的因素；系统研究了保水剂应用于无土栽培基质中的节水增产效果、保肥性能与增强植株抗旱性的机理。结果表明：①基质配方(V_(蛭石)：V_(紫色砂(?)岩)：V_(草炭))中T_5 6：3：2、T_7 8：2：1、T_(10) 8：2：0.5、T_(11) 7：3：0.5、T_(13)7：3：0.25和T_(14) 6：3：0.25适合黄瓜生长，可供进一步研究与推广应用。②国内外五种保水剂在去离子水、自来水、草甸栗钙土、潮褐土土壤浸出液中吸水能力有显著差异，五种保水剂均在去离子水中吸水倍数最高；pH6～8之间，pH变化对保水剂的吸水倍数无显著影响；单一盐分离子存在时，保水剂吸水量随盐浓度增加而减少。尤其是当盐浓度小于等于0.020M时，吸水能力下降幅度较大；等当量浓度时，二价离子对保水剂吸水能力的影响程度远大于一价离子。③水分耗竭条件下，与对照相比，基质中施入保水剂累积失水量减少、植株达萎蔫时间延长、植株干重增加、水分利用效率大大提高；等量供水条件下，桑松保水剂B和KL并没有出现与植物争水而使植物生长势减弱的现象，适宜用量还能促进植株生长，科翰高分子吸水树脂KH_1和KH_2处理的基质中，部分处理中植株生长量与对照相比显著减少。减量供水条件下，基质中施用保水剂后，供水量为常规浇水量的3／4时，黄瓜苗干重、鲜重并没有明显减少，桑松保水剂KL、B及科翰98高分子吸水树脂KH_1对植株生长有明显促进作用，科翰98高分子吸水树脂KH_2对植株生长无明显影响。综合三种供水条件下，桑松保水剂KL和B效果优于科翰98高分子吸水树脂KH-1和KH_2，桑松保水剂B更适用于自制基质。④桑松保水剂B对酰胺态氮、硝态氮有一定的保肥性；因基质中含有大量蛭石，蛭石对铵离子有强烈吸附作用，所以铵态氮淋出量与对照相比差别不大；尿素处理中保水剂对植株吸收养分有促进作用，硝铵处理的基质中保水剂对植株吸收养分无明显促进作用。⑤干旱胁迫条件下，桑松保水剂B对黄瓜苗抗旱性的影响是通过调节一系列生理活动来进行的。基质中施入保水剂，根系微生态环境改善，根系活力增强，根吸收养分、水分的能力增强，组织含水量增加，养分代谢协调，不至于造成氨在植物体内累积，因此脯氨酸含量减少，水分利用率提高，植株长势良好，鲜重、干重增加。
In this thesis, pot experiments, physico-chemical property test and
simulated leaching trails were conducted to determine the effects and mechanisms of
super absorbent polymers on 1) water saving, 2) promoting plant growth, 3) Nitrate-N,
ammonium-N, amide-N and water retention in super absorbent polymer-amended soilless
plant growth medium and 4) drought-resistance of cucumber seedlings. In addition,
formulations of soilless media and factors of diminished super absorbent polymers
absorption property were studied. The results were as follows:
Treatments including T5, T7, T10. T11, T13 and T14 were superior to vegetable soil and
other treatments and could further study or spread application.
? The absorption capabilities of super absorbent polymers were not significantly
influenced by varied pH values between pH 6~8.
The differences absorption capabilities of super absorbent polymers were significant in distilled water, tap water and two soil solution. All polymers absorbed more distilled water than others treatments.
All polymers absorption capabilities decreased with the sodium chloride solution concentration increased, especially when the concentrations of sodium chloride solution were lower than 0.020M.
At same equivalent concentration, polymers absorptions of solutions comprising monovalent cations (i.e. NH4+, Na+, K+) were generally greater than for divalent species (e.g. Mg2+, Ca2+).
(D Accumulated water loss of the treated growth medium decreased and the days to wilting point of plant delayed with polymers rates increased. At early period, high application rates suppressed, but as time went on, promoted plants growth. The effects of super absorbent polymers on dry weiht and water use efficiency of plant varied with different SAPs and mass percent in a soilless medium. There were extremely positive correlations between water use efficiencies of plant and mass percent of SAPs in a soilless medium. The effects of Mulpine super absorbent polymers KL and B were superior to 98 Kehan super absorbent polymer KH1 and Starch poly acrylonitrile graft co-polymers D under exhausted condition.
Under equal service water, Mulpine super absorbent polymers B and KL polymers promoted plants growth, while KHi and KH2 inhibited plants growth.
In decreaser service water experiment, Mulpine super absorbent polymers KL - B
and 98 Kehan super absorbent polymer KH1 promoted plants growth, but the effect of 98 Kehan super absorbent polymer KH2 on plants growth was not significant.
In conclusion, the application effect of super absorbent polymer B was the best one of the five polymers under three water conditions.
Water retention by the growth medium increased with polymer rates increased linearly. 4.03-8.34% of applied amide-N was recovered in the resulting leached of the polymer-amended media, while 34.17~52.55% of the nitrate-N was recoverd, and only 3.85~6.26%of the ammonium-N was recovered. In urea treatment, super absorbent polymer not only promoted cucumber seedlings fresh weight and dry weight by 5.3-32% and 5.5~25.5% respectively, but also had clear advantages in promoting N content and total N in cucumber seedlings. Super absorbent polymers increased urea utilization percent by 6~22%. But in ammonium nitrate treatments, plant dry weight and N content in plant were not significantly increased and total N in plant was increased only at the highest polymer rate. Ammonium nitrate-N utilization percent only increased by 0.66-2.53%.
Under water stress, Mulpine super absorbent polymer B promoted plant growth through regulating a series of physiology activity of cucumber seedlings, such as improved root activity by 6.26-83.53%, thus leaf water content increased and stress susceptibility index and proline content in leaf decreased evidently.
In this thesis, pot experiments, physico-chemical property test and
simulated leaching trails were conducted to determine the effects and mechanisms of
super absorbent polymers on 1) water saving, 2) promoting plant growth, 3) Nitrate-N,
ammonium-N, amide-N and water retention in super absorbent polymer-amended soilless
plant growth medium and 4) drought-resistance of cucumber seedlings. In addition,
formulations of soilless media and factors of diminished super absorbent polymers
absorption property were studied. The results were as follows:
Treatments including T5, T7, T10. T11, T13 and T14 were superior to vegetable soil and
other treatments and could further study or spread application.
? The absorption capabilities of super absorbent polymers were not significantly
influenced by varied pH values between pH 6~8.
The differences absorption capabilities of super absorbent polymers were significant in distilled water, tap water and two soil solution. All polymers absorbed more distilled water than others treatments.
All polymers absorption capabilities decreased with the sodium chloride solution concentration increased, especially when the concentrations of sodium chloride solution were lower than 0.020M.
At same equivalent concentration, polymers absorptions of solutions comprising monovalent cations (i.e. NH4+, Na+, K+) were generally greater than for divalent species (e.g. Mg2+, Ca2+).
(D Accumulated water loss of the treated growth medium decreased and the days to wilting point of plant delayed with polymers rates increased. At early period, high application rates suppressed, but as time went on, promoted plants growth. The effects of super absorbent polymers on dry weiht and water use efficiency of plant varied with different SAPs and mass percent in a soilless medium. There were extremely positive correlations between water use efficiencies of plant and mass percent of SAPs in a soilless medium. The effects of Mulpine super absorbent polymers KL and B were superior to 98 Kehan super absorbent polymer KH1 and Starch poly acrylonitrile graft co-polymers D under exhausted condition.
Under equal service water, Mulpine super absorbent polymers B and KL polymers promoted plants growth, while KHi and KH2 inhibited plants growth.
In decreaser service water experiment, Mulpine super absorbent polymers KL - B
and 98 Kehan super absorbent polymer KH1 promoted plants growth, but the effect of 98 Kehan super absorbent polymer KH2 on plants growth was not significant.
In conclusion, the application effect of super absorbent polymer B was the best one of the five polymers under three water conditions.
Water retention by the growth medium increased with polymer rates increased linearly. 4.03-8.34% of applied amide-N was recovered in the resulting leached of the polymer-amended media, while 34.17~52.55% of the nitrate-N was recoverd, and only 3.85~6.26%of the ammonium-N was recovered. In urea treatment, super absorbent polymer not only promoted cucumber seedlings fresh weight and dry weight by 5.3-32% and 5.5~25.5% respectively, but also had clear advantages in promoting N content and total N in cucumber seedlings. Super absorbent polymers increased urea utilization percent by 6~22%. But in ammonium nitrate treatments, plant dry weight and N content in plant were not significantly increased and total N in plant was increased only at the highest polymer rate. Ammonium nitrate-N utilization percent only increased by 0.66-2.53%.
Under water stress, Mulpine super absorbent polymer B promoted plant growth through regulating a series of physiology activity of cucumber seedlings, such as improved root activity by 6.26-83.53%, thus leaf water content increased and stress susceptibility index and proline content in leaf decreased evidently.
引文
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