黄海海洋生态系统服务评估
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摘要
人们在自觉或不自觉的过程中享受着生态系统提供的大量服务。但由于对这些服务缺乏足够的了解和认识，许多服务的提供已经受到了极大的威胁。联合国千年生态系统评估的结果指出全球大约有60％的服务正处于退化或者不可持续利用的状态。对海洋来说，这个数字或许更高。
作为全球典型陆架边缘海，黄海海洋生态系统及其提供的服务正承受着来自沿岸经济发展及全球变化带来的巨大环境压力。对黄海海洋生态系统服务的评估，不仅可以为公众和管理者提供目前黄海海洋生态系统服务的真实情况，而且可以为进一步开发利用这些服务提供科学依据。
本论文在系统阐述海洋生态系统原理及评估方法的基础上，对黄海海洋生态系统进行服务评估，分析黄海海洋生态系统服务的历史及现状，并对主要服务的现状进行价值评估。根据评估得到的结果，分析黄海海洋生态系统服务亟需关注的问题，并对导致这些问题的驱动力进行分析，进而提出采取措施的建议。本文的主要研究结果如下：
1、海洋生态系统服务理论
海洋生态系统服务是以人类作为服务对象，以海洋生态系统自身为服务产生的物质基础，由生物组分、系统本身、系统功能产生，通过海洋生态系统和海洋生态经济复合系统实现的人类所能获得的各种惠益。
海洋生态系统服务的产生主要经过两个途径：一是生物组分和(或)系统整体能直接提供对人类的休闲娱乐、精神文化、教育科研和生境提供等服务。第二，通过系统内生物组分自身及其和周围环境之间相互的生理生态过程产生海洋生态系统的功能，由这些系统功能产生出相应的服务。系统内的各种生理生态过程不直接产生服务。
海洋生态系统服务的实现途径也有两条：一是通过海洋生态系统自身的组分和功能直接实现。这部分服务的产生过程就是其实现过程。另一条途径是通过海洋生态经济复合系统实现。这部分服务产生后，还需要人类社会经济系统的参与才能实现。
2、黄海海洋生态系统服务评估
对实物量分析的结果发现黄海海洋生态系统的食品生产、原料供给和废弃物处理服务已处于高强度利用状态，且利用强度有继续增大的趋势。对价值量的分析结果表明，黄海的食品生产、气体调节和休闲娱乐服务的价值位列前三。这三项服务加起来占所评估服务价值总和的82．34％。与桑沟湾的服务价值评估结果对比，黄海各项服务的价值比桑沟湾高出2～6个数量级。与全球海洋相比，全球各项海洋生态服务的价值为黄海的30．51～38357．12倍。可以粗略地看出，随着海洋生态系统尺度的增大，食品生产、原料供给和休闲娱乐服务所占服务总量的比重在下降，生物控制和营养元素循环等服务的比重在上升。
通过评估，我们发现黄海海洋生态系统服务存在三个重要变化，亟需我们关注：第一，食品生产和原料供给服务的利用强度和实物量均持续增加，但这一增加主要来自人工养殖。第二，人们逐步加大了对黄海废弃物处理服务的利用，但这一服务实物量的增加远远小于人们利用强度的增加。第三，黄海物种多样性维持服务的提供受到严重威胁。
针对这三个亟需关注的问题，我们分析了其主要的驱动力：人工海水养殖，过量及底拖捕捞，陆源及其它排污和围填海活动。进而，我们分析了每种驱动力的作用机理，并阐述了作用力之间的相互作用与反馈。根据发现的问题及对引起这些问题主要驱动力的分析，我们提出了采取12项措施的建议。
The people enjoy massive services provided by ecosystems consciously or unconsciously. But the provision of services has been threatened by lacking knowledge. The results of United Nation's millennium ecosystem assessment project pointed out that 60% services were using at the degenerate or unsustainable status. To the ocean, this number may be higher.
As typical continental shelf marginal sea of the world, Yellow Sea ecosystem and its services were under heavy environment pressures, which from the development of coastal area and the global changes. Assessment of Yellow Sea ecosystem services can provide the real situation of Yellow Sea ecosystem services. Also the assessment can offer the scientific bases for further development.
Based upon an in-depth discussion of the theories about marine ecosystem and assessment methods, this paper conducted assessment of Yellow Sea ecosystem services. The historic and present situations of Yellow Sea ecosystem services were analyzed. The present situation of main services was evaluated. By the results, some urgent issues were discussed. And the drivers of these issues were also analyzed. Then, some measures and suggestions were proposed. The main findings of this paper are as follows:
1, The theories of marine ecosystem services
Marine ecosystem services are benefits, which took human as service object, and system itself as material foundation. The benefits were generated by biological components, system itself, and system functions. Besides, realization of the benefits was through marine eco-economic complex system.
The production of marine ecosystem services is through 2 sets of approaches. Some services (Recreation, spirit and culture, education and research and habitat) are directly produced from the biological components and (or) system. The others are produced by system functions. The physiological and ecological processes do not produce services directly.
Marine ecosystem services have 2 approaches of realization. One is through system itself and system functions directly. The processes of production are also processes of realization. The other is by marine eco-economic complex system. After these services produced, human society and economical system are needed to complete their processes of realization.
2, Assessment of Yellow Sea ecosystem services
Analyzed results of services quantity show that the services of food production, raw material, and waste treatment were at the high strength use status. And the intensity has the tendency which continues to increase. Results of value analysis show that value of food production, gas regulation and recreation held the ahead three positions of the roll. The sum of these three services value is 82.34% of total value from all services. Compared with assessment result of Sanggou Bay, the values of each services of Yellow Sea ecosystem are 2～6 orders of magnitude higher than Sangou Bay's. Compared with global ocean, each service values of global ocean are 30.51～38357.12 times higher than Yellow Sea's. It shows sketchily that along with enlargement of marine ecosystem scales, value proportions of food production, raw material, and recreation are decreasing; while the proportions of biological control and nutrient cycling are increasing.
By the assessment, three significant changes of ecosystem services were found. And these changes need us to pay more attention urgently: First, use intensity and the quantity of food production and raw material were continually increasing. But these increases mainly come from mariculture. Next, the usage of waste treatment was enlarged gradually. However, the quantity increase of this service is far less than use intensity increase. The last, the species diversity of Yellow Sea was threatened seriously.
Aimed at the three changes, four main drivers were analyzed, including mariculture, over fishing and bottom trawl, pollution, and reclamation. Then, mechanisms of each driver were analyzed. Interaction and feedback between each driver had also been analyzed. According to these analyses, 12 measures were proposed.
作为全球典型陆架边缘海，黄海海洋生态系统及其提供的服务正承受着来自沿岸经济发展及全球变化带来的巨大环境压力。对黄海海洋生态系统服务的评估，不仅可以为公众和管理者提供目前黄海海洋生态系统服务的真实情况，而且可以为进一步开发利用这些服务提供科学依据。
本论文在系统阐述海洋生态系统原理及评估方法的基础上，对黄海海洋生态系统进行服务评估，分析黄海海洋生态系统服务的历史及现状，并对主要服务的现状进行价值评估。根据评估得到的结果，分析黄海海洋生态系统服务亟需关注的问题，并对导致这些问题的驱动力进行分析，进而提出采取措施的建议。本文的主要研究结果如下：
1、海洋生态系统服务理论
海洋生态系统服务是以人类作为服务对象，以海洋生态系统自身为服务产生的物质基础，由生物组分、系统本身、系统功能产生，通过海洋生态系统和海洋生态经济复合系统实现的人类所能获得的各种惠益。
海洋生态系统服务的产生主要经过两个途径：一是生物组分和(或)系统整体能直接提供对人类的休闲娱乐、精神文化、教育科研和生境提供等服务。第二，通过系统内生物组分自身及其和周围环境之间相互的生理生态过程产生海洋生态系统的功能，由这些系统功能产生出相应的服务。系统内的各种生理生态过程不直接产生服务。
海洋生态系统服务的实现途径也有两条：一是通过海洋生态系统自身的组分和功能直接实现。这部分服务的产生过程就是其实现过程。另一条途径是通过海洋生态经济复合系统实现。这部分服务产生后，还需要人类社会经济系统的参与才能实现。
2、黄海海洋生态系统服务评估
对实物量分析的结果发现黄海海洋生态系统的食品生产、原料供给和废弃物处理服务已处于高强度利用状态，且利用强度有继续增大的趋势。对价值量的分析结果表明，黄海的食品生产、气体调节和休闲娱乐服务的价值位列前三。这三项服务加起来占所评估服务价值总和的82．34％。与桑沟湾的服务价值评估结果对比，黄海各项服务的价值比桑沟湾高出2～6个数量级。与全球海洋相比，全球各项海洋生态服务的价值为黄海的30．51～38357．12倍。可以粗略地看出，随着海洋生态系统尺度的增大，食品生产、原料供给和休闲娱乐服务所占服务总量的比重在下降，生物控制和营养元素循环等服务的比重在上升。
通过评估，我们发现黄海海洋生态系统服务存在三个重要变化，亟需我们关注：第一，食品生产和原料供给服务的利用强度和实物量均持续增加，但这一增加主要来自人工养殖。第二，人们逐步加大了对黄海废弃物处理服务的利用，但这一服务实物量的增加远远小于人们利用强度的增加。第三，黄海物种多样性维持服务的提供受到严重威胁。
针对这三个亟需关注的问题，我们分析了其主要的驱动力：人工海水养殖，过量及底拖捕捞，陆源及其它排污和围填海活动。进而，我们分析了每种驱动力的作用机理，并阐述了作用力之间的相互作用与反馈。根据发现的问题及对引起这些问题主要驱动力的分析，我们提出了采取12项措施的建议。
The people enjoy massive services provided by ecosystems consciously or unconsciously. But the provision of services has been threatened by lacking knowledge. The results of United Nation's millennium ecosystem assessment project pointed out that 60% services were using at the degenerate or unsustainable status. To the ocean, this number may be higher.
As typical continental shelf marginal sea of the world, Yellow Sea ecosystem and its services were under heavy environment pressures, which from the development of coastal area and the global changes. Assessment of Yellow Sea ecosystem services can provide the real situation of Yellow Sea ecosystem services. Also the assessment can offer the scientific bases for further development.
Based upon an in-depth discussion of the theories about marine ecosystem and assessment methods, this paper conducted assessment of Yellow Sea ecosystem services. The historic and present situations of Yellow Sea ecosystem services were analyzed. The present situation of main services was evaluated. By the results, some urgent issues were discussed. And the drivers of these issues were also analyzed. Then, some measures and suggestions were proposed. The main findings of this paper are as follows:
1, The theories of marine ecosystem services
Marine ecosystem services are benefits, which took human as service object, and system itself as material foundation. The benefits were generated by biological components, system itself, and system functions. Besides, realization of the benefits was through marine eco-economic complex system.
The production of marine ecosystem services is through 2 sets of approaches. Some services (Recreation, spirit and culture, education and research and habitat) are directly produced from the biological components and (or) system. The others are produced by system functions. The physiological and ecological processes do not produce services directly.
Marine ecosystem services have 2 approaches of realization. One is through system itself and system functions directly. The processes of production are also processes of realization. The other is by marine eco-economic complex system. After these services produced, human society and economical system are needed to complete their processes of realization.
2, Assessment of Yellow Sea ecosystem services
Analyzed results of services quantity show that the services of food production, raw material, and waste treatment were at the high strength use status. And the intensity has the tendency which continues to increase. Results of value analysis show that value of food production, gas regulation and recreation held the ahead three positions of the roll. The sum of these three services value is 82.34% of total value from all services. Compared with assessment result of Sanggou Bay, the values of each services of Yellow Sea ecosystem are 2～6 orders of magnitude higher than Sangou Bay's. Compared with global ocean, each service values of global ocean are 30.51～38357.12 times higher than Yellow Sea's. It shows sketchily that along with enlargement of marine ecosystem scales, value proportions of food production, raw material, and recreation are decreasing; while the proportions of biological control and nutrient cycling are increasing.
By the assessment, three significant changes of ecosystem services were found. And these changes need us to pay more attention urgently: First, use intensity and the quantity of food production and raw material were continually increasing. But these increases mainly come from mariculture. Next, the usage of waste treatment was enlarged gradually. However, the quantity increase of this service is far less than use intensity increase. The last, the species diversity of Yellow Sea was threatened seriously.
Aimed at the three changes, four main drivers were analyzed, including mariculture, over fishing and bottom trawl, pollution, and reclamation. Then, mechanisms of each driver were analyzed. Interaction and feedback between each driver had also been analyzed. According to these analyses, 12 measures were proposed.
引文
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