精准饲养模式下生长育肥猪赖氨酸动态需要量的评估
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摘要
在现代养猪生产中,饲料耗费占生产成本的60%以上,因此,准确评定猪的营养需要并合理供给日粮是降低养殖成本的重要途径。然而,在一个特定猪群中,营养物质的需要量存在明显的个体差异,并随个体年龄和体重的增加而不断变化;在以最小的饲料成本获得最大生产性能的生产目标下,为了获得最大的生产性能,通常按个体最高需要量供给营养,结果多数个体的营养摄入量高于实际需要量,虽然获得了最佳生产性能,但日粮利用率降低,营养物质排泄量增加。为了提高饲料利用率,降低饲养成本和减少养分排泄及其对环境的影响,人们提出了按每头动物每日的营养需要量供给日粮的精准饲养概念。为此,加拿大农业部奶牛与猪研究发展中心、西班牙Lleida大学及其他科研机构联合研发了生长育肥猪智能精准饲喂器,该饲喂器运行的关键是准确评估每头猪每日的营养需要量。赖氨酸是猪第一限制性氨基酸,直接影响日粮蛋白质的利用和动物的生长。因此,本研究就精准饲养模式下生长育肥猪赖氨酸的需要量进行研究,主要内容如下:
一、收集从1974年至2008年公开发表的所有关于不同水平赖氨酸日粮对生长育肥猪生产性能影响的文献,从中筛选出了符合本Meta分析要求的文献38篇,共78个试验,包括了共15356头生长育肥猪的360个处理,系统分析了生长育肥猪对日粮赖氨酸浓度变化的反应及性别和生长阶段对动物反应的影响,并对评定赖氨酸需要量的析因法进行了评估分析。
1.在生长阶段和育肥阶段,当日粮标准回肠可消化赖氨酸与净能比值(SIDLys:NE)分别低于0.6和0.5 g/MJ时,日均采食量(ADFI)随着日粮SIDLys:NE的增加而增加;当高于该值时,ADFI似乎不受日粮SIDLys:NE的调控。随着日粮SIDLys:NE比值的增加,生长猪剩余赖氨酸摄入量(ResLys)随日粮SIDLys:NE提高呈二次方增加(α: P=0.002; b1: P=0.461; b2: P<0.001),而育肥猪呈线性增加趋势(α: P<0.001; b1: P<0.001; b2: P=0.207)。
2.随着日粮赖氨酸浓度的增加,生长猪、育肥猪平均日增重(ADG)和增重耗料比(G:F)均呈二次方增加(P<0.001)。然而,与生长猪相比,育肥猪可以较低的日粮SIDLys:NE比(0.965 vs 1.104 g/MJ)获得最大ADG (931 vs 759g/d),而生长猪获得最大G:F (0.49 vs 0.35 g/g)需要较高的日粮SIDLys:NE浓度(1.176 vs 1.019 g/MJ);不论日粮SIDLys:NE高低,阉公猪比母猪均可获得较大的ADG,但是G:F却相反。
3.对利用常用参数建立的析因法赖氨酸需要量计算模型进行了评估,结果显示,以生长育肥猪每日赖氨酸维持需要为0.036xBW0.75,体增重的16%为蛋白质,体蛋白赖氨酸的含量为7%,日粮回肠标准可消化赖氨酸存留率为75%等参数建立的赖氨酸需要量模型低估了生长猪和育肥猪群体的赖氨酸需要量,且用于估计群体最佳需要量的整个生长阶段的平均值不足以代表整个群体。
二、体重24.3±3.4 kg的生长育肥猪10头,采用瓣后盲肠T型瘘管法,分别测定4种试验日粮回肠末端赖氨酸表观消化率。结果显示,生长育肥猪对4种试验日粮赖氨酸的回肠末端表观消化率分别为90.38%、82.87%、84.41%和76.13%,日粮回肠表观可消化赖氨酸含量分别为1.22%、0.69%,0.43%和0.25%。分析所得的四种试验日粮氨基酸的含量与计算值基本一致。
三、选用体重为19.2±3.7 kg生长猪120头,随机分为2个群体,两个群体分别在体重约25 kg和70 kg时,利用智能精准饲喂器按析因法建立的赖氨酸需要量动态计算模型,根据动物每日的体重、采食量和日增重估计每头生长育肥猪每日赖氨酸的需要量(g/d)、预期采食量(kg/d)及日粮赖氨酸供给量(g/kg),通过调整4种试验日粮的混合比例配制每天每头猪所需日粮,进行了为期28 d的饲养试验,分析日粮赖氨酸水平对生长育肥猪生产性能和体蛋白沉积的影响,为精准饲养提供基础。
1.日粮赖氨酸供给量从需要量的60%增加到110%时,两个群体动物的日增重和蛋白沉积呈线性增加(P<0.001)。在25-55 kg体重阶段,赖氨酸供给量为需要量的100%时,试验动物获得最大日增重(1.0 kg/d)和最大蛋白沉积量(174 g/d),且剩余赖氨酸摄入量(即赖氨酸摄入量与析因法估计的赖氨酸需要量的差值)接近于0,说明所提出的模型适用于评估该体重阶段动物的动态赖氨酸需要量;在70-100 kg体重阶段,赖氨酸供给量为需要量110%时,剩余赖氨酸摄入量接近于0,且在最大赖氨酸供给量水平时动物日增重和蛋白沉积仍未达到平台阶段,说明该模型可能低估了该体重阶段动物赖氨酸的实际需要量。
2.分析两个群体动物的生产性能数据,结果表明群体中不同个体,不同的日粮赖氨酸水平以及不同的生长阶段,动物体增重中蛋白质所占比例及赖氨酸存留率并非恒定不变,本研究所提出的模型低估了25-55 kg体重阶段动物体增重中蛋白质所占比例(16%)和日粮表观回肠可消化赖氨酸在动物体内的存留率(72%),而在70-100kg体重阶段则高估了该参数。
四、选用体重为28±2.0 kg的猪10头,采用传统的三阶段饲养模式,进行了为期84 d的饲养试验,比较分析传统的三阶段饲养模式和精准饲养模式对猪生产性能及饲料成本和氮磷排泄的影响,结果显示:
1.与传统的三阶段饲养相比,采用精准饲养模式饲喂生长育肥猪,在25-55 kg体重阶段,动物的平均日增重、蛋白沉积、脂肪沉积及饲料报酬差异不显著,而在70-100 kg体重阶段,精准饲养模式下动物的日增重(P<0.05)、饲料报酬(P<0.01)显著高于传统模式的动物。两种饲喂模式下,动物的氮磷沉积没有显著差异,然而在25-55 kg体重阶段,氮磷摄入量分别减少17% (P=0.013)和9.7% (P=0.037),氮磷排泄分别减少40.5%(P<0.001)和31.2% (P<0.01);在70-100 kg阶段,氮磷摄入量分别减少11.6% (P=0.002)和7.9% (P=0.037),氮磷排泄显著减少26.5% (P<0.001)和14.2% (P=0.019)。
2.生长育肥猪从25 kg饲养至100 kg,与传统三阶段饲养模式相比,采用精准饲养每头猪可减少11.15 kg豆粕用量,减少0.25 kg磷酸盐用量,饲料成本降低约4加元(约合人民币25元)。
In industrial or semi-industrial swine production systems, feed cost might represent more than 60% of the overall production costs. For the growing-finishing pigs, the production objectives of modern animal production systems were, and maybe still are, the maximisation of production performance (i.e. growth rate, reproduction, etc.) at minimal cost. Nutrient requirements show large variation between pigs and actual group feeding systems are limited by the fact that pigs are fed with a unique feed during long periods, thus resulting in low nutrient efficiencies. This feeding system results in underfeeding of amino acids to some pigs, which decrease performance and overfeeding of amino acids to other pigs, which increase the nutrient excretion. Precision feeding is proposed as an essential approach to improve the utilization of dietary nutrients and thus reduce feeding costs and nutrient excretion. Precision feeding involves the use of feeding techniques that allow the right amount of feed with the right composition to be provided at the right time to each pig in the herd. Actual methods estimating nutrient requirements need however be calibrated for real-time individual feeding. Lysine (Lys) is proposed to be evaluated first because this amino acid is available in its purified form and is considered the first limiting amino acid in growing-finishing pigs. Therefor, the present studies focus on the research of Lys requirement.
1. A meta-analysis was performed to identify the main factors influencing growing-finishing pig responses to increasing levels of dietary Lys and to evaluate the adequacy of the factorial method used to estimate the standardized ileal digestibility Lys (SIDLys) requirements (LysReqs). A database composed of information from 38 publications published between 1974 and 2008 including 78 experiments and totalizing 360 treatments dealing with 15356 pigs was completed. The results obtained as following:
①Average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased with the standardized ileal digestible Lys to net energy (SIDLys:NE) dietary concentration when the SIDLys:NE was lower than 0.6 and 0.5 g/MJ thresholds for growing and finishing pigs, respectively. Above these thresholds, pigs seem to respond less in terms of ADFI to variations of SIDLys:NE dietary concentrations. In growing pigs, the increase of the estimated residual lysine intake (ResLys) across experiments with the increase of SIDLys:NE was curvilinear (α: P = 0.002; b1: P = 0.461; b2: P < 0.001). In the finishing pig group, the increase of ResLys with the increase of SIDLys:NE was linear (α: P < 0.001; b1: P < 0.001; b2: P = 0.207).
②Average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed (G:F) increased quadratically with dietary Lys content (ADG, P<0.001; G:F, P<0.001) in both periods. The finishing pigs showed higher maximal ADG (931 vs 759g/d) but required lower SIDLys:NE (1.104 vs 0.965 g/MJ). The opposite was observed for G:F where maximal response is higher for growing than for finishing pigs (0.49 vs 0.35 g/g). However, growing pigs need more SIDLys:NE compared to finishing pigs to reach the maximal G:F (1.176 vs 1.019 g/MJ). Barrows had higher ADG than gilts regardless of SIDLys:NE while the opposite was observed for G:F.
③Estimated the factorial mothod build with the normally accepted parameters, the results showed the daily Lys requirement (g/d) estimated by the factorial method assuming assuming that Lys maintenance requirements were of 0.036xBW0.75, that 16% of the BW gain was protein, that 7 % of the body protein was Lys, and that the efficiency of SIDLys for retention was of 75 %, was underestimated for both growing and finihisng group. Average population values over growth intervals underestimate the population requirements and can not be used as the population representative to estimate the population requirements by the factorial method.
2. Ten pigs (24.3±3.4kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the ileo-cecal junction; four experiment diets were evaluated in the study. The results showed the AID coefficient of four experiments were 90.38%、82.87%、84.41% and 76.13% and the corresponding dietary apparent ileal digestible (AID) Lys content was 1.22%、0.69%,0.43% and 0.25%. The analyzed values matched the calculated ones. So the analyzed values of dietarys nutrient contents were used in the further study.
3. In the represent study, the growing-finishing pigs were fed precisely by using the new automatic and intelligent precision feeder (AIPF), which developed especially for this project. Individual daily AIDLys requirement (g/d) was estimated by the factorial method assuming that Lys maintenance requirements were of 0.036xBW0.75, that 16% of the BW gain was protein, that 7 % of the body protein was Lys, and that the efficiency of AIDLys for retention was of 72 %. The objective of this study was to estimate the dynamic evolution of Lys requirements at which 25-50 kg and 70-100 kg bodyweight pigs when fed individually, daily tailored diets. The obtained results as following:
①In both groups, ADG and protein deposition (PD) increased linearly (P<0.001) when increasing Lys concentration from 60 to 110% requirements. In the first group, maximal ADG (1.0 kg/d) and PD (174 g/d) were however obtained in pigs fed at requirements (100%), and the ResLys was close to zero with 100% requirements. This indicated the proposed model used in this study estimating individual Lys requirements seems appropriate for pigs fed from 25 to 55 kg BW. In pigs fed from 70 kg BW, the ResLys was close to zero when fed at the 110% requirement, ADG and PD maximal values (ADG: 1.19 kg/d; PD: 185 g/d) were obtained in pigs fed at the maximal level. This indicates the porposed model seems to underestimate the Lys requirements of 70-100 kg BW group.
②The calibrated results based on the actual animal peroformance data showed that the ratio of protein in BW gain and the efficiency of AIDLys for retention was different for different individual and different dietary lysine content in different growth period. The ratio of protein in BW gain (16%) and the efficiency of AIDLys for retention (72%) in the proposed model were underestimated in 25-55 kg groups, but were overestimated in 70-100 kg groups.
4. Growing-finishing pigs were fed by traditionally three-phase feeding program and daily individual precision feeding program respecitively, evaluating the animal growth performance, analysising the feed cost and the excretion of N, P, and the obtained results as following:
①Compare to the traditional three-phase feeding system, growing-finishing pigs fed with daily individual precision feeding program have Feeding 25-55 kg pigs with daily tailored diets reduced N and P intake respectively by 17% (P=0.013) and 9.7% (P=0.037), and the corresponding excretions were reduced respectively by 40.5% (P<0.001) and 31.2% (P<0.01). Feeding 70-100 kg pigs with daily tailored diets reduced N and P intake respectively by11.6% (P=0.002) and 7.9% (P=0.037), and the corresponding excretions were reduced respectively by 26.5% (P<0.001) and 14.2% (P=0.019).
②Compare to the traditional three-phase feeding system, feeding 25-100 kg pigs with daily tailored diets can reduce per pig the amount of soybean 11.15 kg, 0.25 kg of phosphates. The feed cost reduce per pig $4.00 (equal about $25.00).
一、收集从1974年至2008年公开发表的所有关于不同水平赖氨酸日粮对生长育肥猪生产性能影响的文献,从中筛选出了符合本Meta分析要求的文献38篇,共78个试验,包括了共15356头生长育肥猪的360个处理,系统分析了生长育肥猪对日粮赖氨酸浓度变化的反应及性别和生长阶段对动物反应的影响,并对评定赖氨酸需要量的析因法进行了评估分析。
1.在生长阶段和育肥阶段,当日粮标准回肠可消化赖氨酸与净能比值(SIDLys:NE)分别低于0.6和0.5 g/MJ时,日均采食量(ADFI)随着日粮SIDLys:NE的增加而增加;当高于该值时,ADFI似乎不受日粮SIDLys:NE的调控。随着日粮SIDLys:NE比值的增加,生长猪剩余赖氨酸摄入量(ResLys)随日粮SIDLys:NE提高呈二次方增加(α: P=0.002; b1: P=0.461; b2: P<0.001),而育肥猪呈线性增加趋势(α: P<0.001; b1: P<0.001; b2: P=0.207)。
2.随着日粮赖氨酸浓度的增加,生长猪、育肥猪平均日增重(ADG)和增重耗料比(G:F)均呈二次方增加(P<0.001)。然而,与生长猪相比,育肥猪可以较低的日粮SIDLys:NE比(0.965 vs 1.104 g/MJ)获得最大ADG (931 vs 759g/d),而生长猪获得最大G:F (0.49 vs 0.35 g/g)需要较高的日粮SIDLys:NE浓度(1.176 vs 1.019 g/MJ);不论日粮SIDLys:NE高低,阉公猪比母猪均可获得较大的ADG,但是G:F却相反。
3.对利用常用参数建立的析因法赖氨酸需要量计算模型进行了评估,结果显示,以生长育肥猪每日赖氨酸维持需要为0.036xBW0.75,体增重的16%为蛋白质,体蛋白赖氨酸的含量为7%,日粮回肠标准可消化赖氨酸存留率为75%等参数建立的赖氨酸需要量模型低估了生长猪和育肥猪群体的赖氨酸需要量,且用于估计群体最佳需要量的整个生长阶段的平均值不足以代表整个群体。
二、体重24.3±3.4 kg的生长育肥猪10头,采用瓣后盲肠T型瘘管法,分别测定4种试验日粮回肠末端赖氨酸表观消化率。结果显示,生长育肥猪对4种试验日粮赖氨酸的回肠末端表观消化率分别为90.38%、82.87%、84.41%和76.13%,日粮回肠表观可消化赖氨酸含量分别为1.22%、0.69%,0.43%和0.25%。分析所得的四种试验日粮氨基酸的含量与计算值基本一致。
三、选用体重为19.2±3.7 kg生长猪120头,随机分为2个群体,两个群体分别在体重约25 kg和70 kg时,利用智能精准饲喂器按析因法建立的赖氨酸需要量动态计算模型,根据动物每日的体重、采食量和日增重估计每头生长育肥猪每日赖氨酸的需要量(g/d)、预期采食量(kg/d)及日粮赖氨酸供给量(g/kg),通过调整4种试验日粮的混合比例配制每天每头猪所需日粮,进行了为期28 d的饲养试验,分析日粮赖氨酸水平对生长育肥猪生产性能和体蛋白沉积的影响,为精准饲养提供基础。
1.日粮赖氨酸供给量从需要量的60%增加到110%时,两个群体动物的日增重和蛋白沉积呈线性增加(P<0.001)。在25-55 kg体重阶段,赖氨酸供给量为需要量的100%时,试验动物获得最大日增重(1.0 kg/d)和最大蛋白沉积量(174 g/d),且剩余赖氨酸摄入量(即赖氨酸摄入量与析因法估计的赖氨酸需要量的差值)接近于0,说明所提出的模型适用于评估该体重阶段动物的动态赖氨酸需要量;在70-100 kg体重阶段,赖氨酸供给量为需要量110%时,剩余赖氨酸摄入量接近于0,且在最大赖氨酸供给量水平时动物日增重和蛋白沉积仍未达到平台阶段,说明该模型可能低估了该体重阶段动物赖氨酸的实际需要量。
2.分析两个群体动物的生产性能数据,结果表明群体中不同个体,不同的日粮赖氨酸水平以及不同的生长阶段,动物体增重中蛋白质所占比例及赖氨酸存留率并非恒定不变,本研究所提出的模型低估了25-55 kg体重阶段动物体增重中蛋白质所占比例(16%)和日粮表观回肠可消化赖氨酸在动物体内的存留率(72%),而在70-100kg体重阶段则高估了该参数。
四、选用体重为28±2.0 kg的猪10头,采用传统的三阶段饲养模式,进行了为期84 d的饲养试验,比较分析传统的三阶段饲养模式和精准饲养模式对猪生产性能及饲料成本和氮磷排泄的影响,结果显示:
1.与传统的三阶段饲养相比,采用精准饲养模式饲喂生长育肥猪,在25-55 kg体重阶段,动物的平均日增重、蛋白沉积、脂肪沉积及饲料报酬差异不显著,而在70-100 kg体重阶段,精准饲养模式下动物的日增重(P<0.05)、饲料报酬(P<0.01)显著高于传统模式的动物。两种饲喂模式下,动物的氮磷沉积没有显著差异,然而在25-55 kg体重阶段,氮磷摄入量分别减少17% (P=0.013)和9.7% (P=0.037),氮磷排泄分别减少40.5%(P<0.001)和31.2% (P<0.01);在70-100 kg阶段,氮磷摄入量分别减少11.6% (P=0.002)和7.9% (P=0.037),氮磷排泄显著减少26.5% (P<0.001)和14.2% (P=0.019)。
2.生长育肥猪从25 kg饲养至100 kg,与传统三阶段饲养模式相比,采用精准饲养每头猪可减少11.15 kg豆粕用量,减少0.25 kg磷酸盐用量,饲料成本降低约4加元(约合人民币25元)。
In industrial or semi-industrial swine production systems, feed cost might represent more than 60% of the overall production costs. For the growing-finishing pigs, the production objectives of modern animal production systems were, and maybe still are, the maximisation of production performance (i.e. growth rate, reproduction, etc.) at minimal cost. Nutrient requirements show large variation between pigs and actual group feeding systems are limited by the fact that pigs are fed with a unique feed during long periods, thus resulting in low nutrient efficiencies. This feeding system results in underfeeding of amino acids to some pigs, which decrease performance and overfeeding of amino acids to other pigs, which increase the nutrient excretion. Precision feeding is proposed as an essential approach to improve the utilization of dietary nutrients and thus reduce feeding costs and nutrient excretion. Precision feeding involves the use of feeding techniques that allow the right amount of feed with the right composition to be provided at the right time to each pig in the herd. Actual methods estimating nutrient requirements need however be calibrated for real-time individual feeding. Lysine (Lys) is proposed to be evaluated first because this amino acid is available in its purified form and is considered the first limiting amino acid in growing-finishing pigs. Therefor, the present studies focus on the research of Lys requirement.
1. A meta-analysis was performed to identify the main factors influencing growing-finishing pig responses to increasing levels of dietary Lys and to evaluate the adequacy of the factorial method used to estimate the standardized ileal digestibility Lys (SIDLys) requirements (LysReqs). A database composed of information from 38 publications published between 1974 and 2008 including 78 experiments and totalizing 360 treatments dealing with 15356 pigs was completed. The results obtained as following:
①Average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased with the standardized ileal digestible Lys to net energy (SIDLys:NE) dietary concentration when the SIDLys:NE was lower than 0.6 and 0.5 g/MJ thresholds for growing and finishing pigs, respectively. Above these thresholds, pigs seem to respond less in terms of ADFI to variations of SIDLys:NE dietary concentrations. In growing pigs, the increase of the estimated residual lysine intake (ResLys) across experiments with the increase of SIDLys:NE was curvilinear (α: P = 0.002; b1: P = 0.461; b2: P < 0.001). In the finishing pig group, the increase of ResLys with the increase of SIDLys:NE was linear (α: P < 0.001; b1: P < 0.001; b2: P = 0.207).
②Average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed (G:F) increased quadratically with dietary Lys content (ADG, P<0.001; G:F, P<0.001) in both periods. The finishing pigs showed higher maximal ADG (931 vs 759g/d) but required lower SIDLys:NE (1.104 vs 0.965 g/MJ). The opposite was observed for G:F where maximal response is higher for growing than for finishing pigs (0.49 vs 0.35 g/g). However, growing pigs need more SIDLys:NE compared to finishing pigs to reach the maximal G:F (1.176 vs 1.019 g/MJ). Barrows had higher ADG than gilts regardless of SIDLys:NE while the opposite was observed for G:F.
③Estimated the factorial mothod build with the normally accepted parameters, the results showed the daily Lys requirement (g/d) estimated by the factorial method assuming assuming that Lys maintenance requirements were of 0.036xBW0.75, that 16% of the BW gain was protein, that 7 % of the body protein was Lys, and that the efficiency of SIDLys for retention was of 75 %, was underestimated for both growing and finihisng group. Average population values over growth intervals underestimate the population requirements and can not be used as the population representative to estimate the population requirements by the factorial method.
2. Ten pigs (24.3±3.4kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the ileo-cecal junction; four experiment diets were evaluated in the study. The results showed the AID coefficient of four experiments were 90.38%、82.87%、84.41% and 76.13% and the corresponding dietary apparent ileal digestible (AID) Lys content was 1.22%、0.69%,0.43% and 0.25%. The analyzed values matched the calculated ones. So the analyzed values of dietarys nutrient contents were used in the further study.
3. In the represent study, the growing-finishing pigs were fed precisely by using the new automatic and intelligent precision feeder (AIPF), which developed especially for this project. Individual daily AIDLys requirement (g/d) was estimated by the factorial method assuming that Lys maintenance requirements were of 0.036xBW0.75, that 16% of the BW gain was protein, that 7 % of the body protein was Lys, and that the efficiency of AIDLys for retention was of 72 %. The objective of this study was to estimate the dynamic evolution of Lys requirements at which 25-50 kg and 70-100 kg bodyweight pigs when fed individually, daily tailored diets. The obtained results as following:
①In both groups, ADG and protein deposition (PD) increased linearly (P<0.001) when increasing Lys concentration from 60 to 110% requirements. In the first group, maximal ADG (1.0 kg/d) and PD (174 g/d) were however obtained in pigs fed at requirements (100%), and the ResLys was close to zero with 100% requirements. This indicated the proposed model used in this study estimating individual Lys requirements seems appropriate for pigs fed from 25 to 55 kg BW. In pigs fed from 70 kg BW, the ResLys was close to zero when fed at the 110% requirement, ADG and PD maximal values (ADG: 1.19 kg/d; PD: 185 g/d) were obtained in pigs fed at the maximal level. This indicates the porposed model seems to underestimate the Lys requirements of 70-100 kg BW group.
②The calibrated results based on the actual animal peroformance data showed that the ratio of protein in BW gain and the efficiency of AIDLys for retention was different for different individual and different dietary lysine content in different growth period. The ratio of protein in BW gain (16%) and the efficiency of AIDLys for retention (72%) in the proposed model were underestimated in 25-55 kg groups, but were overestimated in 70-100 kg groups.
4. Growing-finishing pigs were fed by traditionally three-phase feeding program and daily individual precision feeding program respecitively, evaluating the animal growth performance, analysising the feed cost and the excretion of N, P, and the obtained results as following:
①Compare to the traditional three-phase feeding system, growing-finishing pigs fed with daily individual precision feeding program have Feeding 25-55 kg pigs with daily tailored diets reduced N and P intake respectively by 17% (P=0.013) and 9.7% (P=0.037), and the corresponding excretions were reduced respectively by 40.5% (P<0.001) and 31.2% (P<0.01). Feeding 70-100 kg pigs with daily tailored diets reduced N and P intake respectively by11.6% (P=0.002) and 7.9% (P=0.037), and the corresponding excretions were reduced respectively by 26.5% (P<0.001) and 14.2% (P=0.019).
②Compare to the traditional three-phase feeding system, feeding 25-100 kg pigs with daily tailored diets can reduce per pig the amount of soybean 11.15 kg, 0.25 kg of phosphates. The feed cost reduce per pig $4.00 (equal about $25.00).
引文
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