基于3S技术的河北省鹭科鸟类分布格局
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摘要
本文收集和整理了河北省鹭科鸟类的分布资料,借助GIS(Geographic Information Systems)的绘图功能,把解译的遥感影像数据数字化为植被类型图和地貌图;根据文献和标本记录的地理位置和野外考察记录,做出河北省鹭科鸟类的点分布图;根据鹭科鸟类与其生境之间的相互依赖关系,得到鹭科鸟类的适宜生境类型,利用GIS技术的分析、提取和叠加功能,提取每种鹭科鸟类的适宜生境类型图,预测河北省鹭科鸟类的总体分布格局。
Ⅰ.河北省鹭科鸟类共8属13种,包括苍鹭(Ardea cinerea);草鹭(Ardea purpurea);大白鹭(Egretta alba);白鹭(Egretta garzetta);黄嘴白鹭(Egretta eulophotes);牛背鹭(Bubulcus ibis);池鹭(Ardeola bacchus);绿鹭(Butorides striatus);夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax);大麻鳽(Botaurus stellaris);黄斑苇鳽(Ixobrychus sinensis);紫背苇鳽(Ixobrychus eurhythmus);栗苇鳽(Ixobrychus cinnamomeus)。
Ⅱ.通过野外考察和文献记录,得出了河北省鹭科鸟类每一种鸟类生境的最宜生境模型,其主要因子包括:植被盖度、植被高度、植被种类、海拔、距水源距离、距人为干扰距离等,利用鹭科鸟类生境模型结合GIS数据库并利用其绘图功能绘制了河北省鹭科鸟类点分布图。
Ⅲ.鹭科鸟类生境相关因子
1)植被类型
根据2000年河北省卫星TM (Thematic Mapper)影像(分辨率为30 m),通过对TM4、3、2三个波段影像的解译,将河北省植被划分为9种类型:落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林、落叶针叶林、灌丛、草丛、草甸、草原、草原草甸和农业植被。河北省鹭科鸟类对落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林以及草甸的利用率最高,在不同的植被类型中,鹭科鸟类生境类型以杨树、柳树、槐树、松树及苇丛为主,在几种常见植被类型中,杨树的利用率最高,达34%,其次是苇丛为26%,最低为油松占6%,柳树和槐树分别占23%、11%。
2)植被盖度
鹭科鸟类生境的植被盖度都相对较高,尤其是芦巢型鹭科鸟类,其生境的植被盖度一般都在90%以上,这样就能充分的保证了成鸟和幼鸟的隐蔽性和安全性。在对38个巢区的统计中,植被盖度为40%～90%,草鹭、麻鳽和苇鳽类等芦巢型鸟类其巢区的植被盖度为90%;主要筑巢在油松林的苍鹭,其巢区的植被盖度相对较低,为40%,其他一些鹭科鸟类的巢区植被平均盖度为80%,都具有较高的隐蔽性。
3)植被高度
河北省鹭科鸟类分布区植被的平均高度为12.6m,其中以0～5m、16～20m的2个区段分布最多、最为集中。0～5m以芦巢型的草鹭、麻鳽、苇鳽类为主,一般不超过2m,16～20m以树巢型的苍鹭、白鹭、大白鹭夜鹭、池鹭、牛背鹭等为主,其中苍鹭的巢区最高,最高的可达28m。
4)海拔
河北省鹭科鸟类海拔分布范围在0～1300m,大部分鹭科鸟类主要分布在海拔200m以内,芦巢型的草鹭、麻鳽、苇鳽类一般筑巢在湿地、湖泊或水库的苇丛中,其海拔相对较低,树巢型鸟类海拔分布较芦巢型的较高,而常筑巢在山上的苍鹭其海拔分布就相对较高,其分布范围在850m和1230m之间。
5)距离水源的距离
水源能够为鹭科鸟类提供较为丰富的食物来源,因此鹭科鸟类的巢区距离水源的距离都相对较近,芦巢型鸟类的巢常筑巢于水边,距离水源距离一般为11m,个别树巢型鹭鸟因为隐蔽度、人为干扰等因素的影响,其筑巢地离水源地相对较远,最远可达3000m。
6)距离人为干扰距离
树巢型鹭科鸟类的巢位高,芦巢型的隐蔽度好,其巢区距离人活动区域相对较近,最近的600多m,对38个样方的数据进行处理得到平均距离人为干扰距离为1200m。
Ⅳ.河北省鹭科鸟分布格局的预测
根据实地考察的数据结合相关参考文献得出河北省每一种鹭科鸟类的相关生境的最佳适宜指数,其中包括植被类型、植被盖度、植被高度、海拔、距离水源距离、距离人为干扰距离等,得出每种鹭科鸟类的最佳生境指数模型;利用3S技术和Erdas与Arcgis软件的绘图功能将2000河北省卫星遥感影响进行解译,得到河北省植被类型图、植被盖度、等高线、地形地貌图,结合河北省每种鹭科鸟类的生境模型,绘制出河北省鹭科鸟类点分布图,利用GIS技术的分析、提取和叠加功能,提取每种鹭科鸟类的适宜生境类型图,预测并绘制河北省鹭科鸟类的总体分布格局。
We collected avian distribution data and numeric the RS image into the vegetation type map and physiognomy by the plotting function of GIS(Geographic Information Systems). We made avian point distribution map in Hebei province according to the data of literature, sample record and field investigation. According the relations between the avian and its habitats, we get the suitable habitat of Ardeidae birds. We select the suitable habitat type of each Ardeidae bird by the use of analyzing, pick-up and fold of GIS to forecast the whole distribution structure of Ardeidae birds in Hebei province.
Ⅰ. Heber Province Ardeidae birds altogether 8 genues 13 species, including Ardea cinerea、Ardea purpurea、Egretta alba、Egretta garzetta、Egretta eulophotes、Bubulcus ibis、Ardeola bacchus、Butorides striatus、Nycticorax nycticorax、Botaurus stellaris、Ixobrychus sinensis、Ixobrychus eurhythmus and Ixobrychus cinnamomeus。
Ⅱ. Through the field investigation and the literature record, we got each kind of Ardeidae birds’optimum habitat model in Hebei Province, its main factors includes: The vegetation degree of cover, the vegetation type, the hight of the vegetation, the distance away from water, the distance away from human. used unifies the GIS database from the Ardeidae birds’habitat model and uses its cartography function we drew up a Hebei Province Ardeidae birds’distribution map.
Ⅲ.Relative factors with Ardeidae birds’habitats
1)Vegetation type
According to 2000 Hebei Province satellite TM (Thematic Mapper), Hebei Province vegetation was divided to 9 types: The fallen leaf foliage forest, the often green coniferous forest, the fallen leaf coniferous forest, the bosk, the brushwood, the meadow, the prairie, the prairie meadow and the agricultural vegetation. The Ardeidae birds of Hebei Province often nested in the fallen leaf foliage forest, the often green coniferous forest and the meadow, in the different vegetation type, the Ardeidae birds’habitat type is mainly the Chinese scholartree tree, the willow tree, the Poplar, the pine tree and the clump of reeds, in several kinds of common vegetation types, poplar tree's use factor is primarily highest, reaches 34%, next is the clump of reeds is 26%, most lowers for the Chinese pine accounts for 6%, but the willow tree and the Chinese scholartree account for 23% separately, 11%.
2)vegetation cover degree
Vegetation cover degree plays important role for the safety and coverupping of The Ardeidae birds, the vegetation cover degree of Ardeidae birds’habitat is relatively high, especially reed nesting Ardeidae birds, the vegetation cover degree of whose habitat is 90%, which can make sure the safty and coverupping of adult birds and young birds. In the 38 nests surveyed, the vegetation cover degree is among 40%-90%, reed nesting Ardeidae birds like Ardea purpurea, Botaurus, Ixobrychus, whose nests vegetation cover degree is 90%, vegetation cover degree of Ardea cinerea nest in the oil pine is relatively low, which is 40%, and other Ardeidae birds nests vegetation cover degree is 80% on an average, which has high enshrouding nature.
3)Vegetation height
The average height of vegetation in Ardeidae birds habitats in Hebei province is 12.6m, 0～5m and 16～20m occupy large portion. Ardeidae birds in reed nests such as Ardea purpurea, Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus sinensis, Ixobrychus eurhythmus and Ixobrychus cinnamomeus is in the 0～5m vegetation, Ardeidae birds in tree nests like Ardea cinerea, Egretta alba, Egretta garzetta, Egretta eulophotes, Bubulcus ibis, Ardeola bacchus, Butorides striatus and Nycticorax nycticorax is in the height of 16～20m.
4)Elevation
The Hebei Province Ardeidae birds from the elevation distribution range in 0~1300m, the majority of Ardeidae birds mainly distribute in elevation 200m, Ardea purpurea, Botaurus, Ixobrychus generally in the wetland, the lake or in the reservoir clump of reeds, its elevation is lower, the birds which nested in the tree elevated higher, the Ardea cinerea nested higer, from 850m to 1230m.
5)Distance From water source
The water source can provide abundant food origin for the Ardeidae birds, therefore the Ardeidae birds' nest is far away from the water, the distance is relatively near, the reed nest birds' nest often nidifies in the water's edge, the distance is about 11m, certain individual bird’s habitat is far from water because of the factors of hiding degree and human disturbing etc.the farest distance is about 3000m.
6)The distance from human disturbbing
Ardeidae birds has humanity, the higher the nest is and the better the cover-upping is, the closer they live to people, the closest nest to people is only 600m. Result from analyzing the 38 sample squares showed the average distance to the human is 1200m.
Ⅳ.Ardeidae birds’distributing structure forecasting in Hebei province According to the field investigation and relative literature, we get the most suitable habitat index of each Ardeidae birds, which include vegetation covery degree, vegetation height, vegetation type, altitude, the distance from water and distance from human and so on. And we gain the most suitable habitat model. By the use of 3S technology, Erdas and Arcgis, we translated the RS TM image of Hebei province in the year of 2000, and gain the maps of vegetation type, vegetation cover degree, contour line, topographty and physiognomy. With the habitat model of each heron, we picked up the Ardeidae birds point distributing map. By use of GIS technology, we picked up the suitable habitat type map and forecast the ditributing structure of Ardeidae birds in Hebei province.
Ⅰ.河北省鹭科鸟类共8属13种,包括苍鹭(Ardea cinerea);草鹭(Ardea purpurea);大白鹭(Egretta alba);白鹭(Egretta garzetta);黄嘴白鹭(Egretta eulophotes);牛背鹭(Bubulcus ibis);池鹭(Ardeola bacchus);绿鹭(Butorides striatus);夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax);大麻鳽(Botaurus stellaris);黄斑苇鳽(Ixobrychus sinensis);紫背苇鳽(Ixobrychus eurhythmus);栗苇鳽(Ixobrychus cinnamomeus)。
Ⅱ.通过野外考察和文献记录,得出了河北省鹭科鸟类每一种鸟类生境的最宜生境模型,其主要因子包括:植被盖度、植被高度、植被种类、海拔、距水源距离、距人为干扰距离等,利用鹭科鸟类生境模型结合GIS数据库并利用其绘图功能绘制了河北省鹭科鸟类点分布图。
Ⅲ.鹭科鸟类生境相关因子
1)植被类型
根据2000年河北省卫星TM (Thematic Mapper)影像(分辨率为30 m),通过对TM4、3、2三个波段影像的解译,将河北省植被划分为9种类型:落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林、落叶针叶林、灌丛、草丛、草甸、草原、草原草甸和农业植被。河北省鹭科鸟类对落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林以及草甸的利用率最高,在不同的植被类型中,鹭科鸟类生境类型以杨树、柳树、槐树、松树及苇丛为主,在几种常见植被类型中,杨树的利用率最高,达34%,其次是苇丛为26%,最低为油松占6%,柳树和槐树分别占23%、11%。
2)植被盖度
鹭科鸟类生境的植被盖度都相对较高,尤其是芦巢型鹭科鸟类,其生境的植被盖度一般都在90%以上,这样就能充分的保证了成鸟和幼鸟的隐蔽性和安全性。在对38个巢区的统计中,植被盖度为40%～90%,草鹭、麻鳽和苇鳽类等芦巢型鸟类其巢区的植被盖度为90%;主要筑巢在油松林的苍鹭,其巢区的植被盖度相对较低,为40%,其他一些鹭科鸟类的巢区植被平均盖度为80%,都具有较高的隐蔽性。
3)植被高度
河北省鹭科鸟类分布区植被的平均高度为12.6m,其中以0～5m、16～20m的2个区段分布最多、最为集中。0～5m以芦巢型的草鹭、麻鳽、苇鳽类为主,一般不超过2m,16～20m以树巢型的苍鹭、白鹭、大白鹭夜鹭、池鹭、牛背鹭等为主,其中苍鹭的巢区最高,最高的可达28m。
4)海拔
河北省鹭科鸟类海拔分布范围在0～1300m,大部分鹭科鸟类主要分布在海拔200m以内,芦巢型的草鹭、麻鳽、苇鳽类一般筑巢在湿地、湖泊或水库的苇丛中,其海拔相对较低,树巢型鸟类海拔分布较芦巢型的较高,而常筑巢在山上的苍鹭其海拔分布就相对较高,其分布范围在850m和1230m之间。
5)距离水源的距离
水源能够为鹭科鸟类提供较为丰富的食物来源,因此鹭科鸟类的巢区距离水源的距离都相对较近,芦巢型鸟类的巢常筑巢于水边,距离水源距离一般为11m,个别树巢型鹭鸟因为隐蔽度、人为干扰等因素的影响,其筑巢地离水源地相对较远,最远可达3000m。
6)距离人为干扰距离
树巢型鹭科鸟类的巢位高,芦巢型的隐蔽度好,其巢区距离人活动区域相对较近,最近的600多m,对38个样方的数据进行处理得到平均距离人为干扰距离为1200m。
Ⅳ.河北省鹭科鸟分布格局的预测
根据实地考察的数据结合相关参考文献得出河北省每一种鹭科鸟类的相关生境的最佳适宜指数,其中包括植被类型、植被盖度、植被高度、海拔、距离水源距离、距离人为干扰距离等,得出每种鹭科鸟类的最佳生境指数模型;利用3S技术和Erdas与Arcgis软件的绘图功能将2000河北省卫星遥感影响进行解译,得到河北省植被类型图、植被盖度、等高线、地形地貌图,结合河北省每种鹭科鸟类的生境模型,绘制出河北省鹭科鸟类点分布图,利用GIS技术的分析、提取和叠加功能,提取每种鹭科鸟类的适宜生境类型图,预测并绘制河北省鹭科鸟类的总体分布格局。
We collected avian distribution data and numeric the RS image into the vegetation type map and physiognomy by the plotting function of GIS(Geographic Information Systems). We made avian point distribution map in Hebei province according to the data of literature, sample record and field investigation. According the relations between the avian and its habitats, we get the suitable habitat of Ardeidae birds. We select the suitable habitat type of each Ardeidae bird by the use of analyzing, pick-up and fold of GIS to forecast the whole distribution structure of Ardeidae birds in Hebei province.
Ⅰ. Heber Province Ardeidae birds altogether 8 genues 13 species, including Ardea cinerea、Ardea purpurea、Egretta alba、Egretta garzetta、Egretta eulophotes、Bubulcus ibis、Ardeola bacchus、Butorides striatus、Nycticorax nycticorax、Botaurus stellaris、Ixobrychus sinensis、Ixobrychus eurhythmus and Ixobrychus cinnamomeus。
Ⅱ. Through the field investigation and the literature record, we got each kind of Ardeidae birds’optimum habitat model in Hebei Province, its main factors includes: The vegetation degree of cover, the vegetation type, the hight of the vegetation, the distance away from water, the distance away from human. used unifies the GIS database from the Ardeidae birds’habitat model and uses its cartography function we drew up a Hebei Province Ardeidae birds’distribution map.
Ⅲ.Relative factors with Ardeidae birds’habitats
1)Vegetation type
According to 2000 Hebei Province satellite TM (Thematic Mapper), Hebei Province vegetation was divided to 9 types: The fallen leaf foliage forest, the often green coniferous forest, the fallen leaf coniferous forest, the bosk, the brushwood, the meadow, the prairie, the prairie meadow and the agricultural vegetation. The Ardeidae birds of Hebei Province often nested in the fallen leaf foliage forest, the often green coniferous forest and the meadow, in the different vegetation type, the Ardeidae birds’habitat type is mainly the Chinese scholartree tree, the willow tree, the Poplar, the pine tree and the clump of reeds, in several kinds of common vegetation types, poplar tree's use factor is primarily highest, reaches 34%, next is the clump of reeds is 26%, most lowers for the Chinese pine accounts for 6%, but the willow tree and the Chinese scholartree account for 23% separately, 11%.
2)vegetation cover degree
Vegetation cover degree plays important role for the safety and coverupping of The Ardeidae birds, the vegetation cover degree of Ardeidae birds’habitat is relatively high, especially reed nesting Ardeidae birds, the vegetation cover degree of whose habitat is 90%, which can make sure the safty and coverupping of adult birds and young birds. In the 38 nests surveyed, the vegetation cover degree is among 40%-90%, reed nesting Ardeidae birds like Ardea purpurea, Botaurus, Ixobrychus, whose nests vegetation cover degree is 90%, vegetation cover degree of Ardea cinerea nest in the oil pine is relatively low, which is 40%, and other Ardeidae birds nests vegetation cover degree is 80% on an average, which has high enshrouding nature.
3)Vegetation height
The average height of vegetation in Ardeidae birds habitats in Hebei province is 12.6m, 0～5m and 16～20m occupy large portion. Ardeidae birds in reed nests such as Ardea purpurea, Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus sinensis, Ixobrychus eurhythmus and Ixobrychus cinnamomeus is in the 0～5m vegetation, Ardeidae birds in tree nests like Ardea cinerea, Egretta alba, Egretta garzetta, Egretta eulophotes, Bubulcus ibis, Ardeola bacchus, Butorides striatus and Nycticorax nycticorax is in the height of 16～20m.
4)Elevation
The Hebei Province Ardeidae birds from the elevation distribution range in 0~1300m, the majority of Ardeidae birds mainly distribute in elevation 200m, Ardea purpurea, Botaurus, Ixobrychus generally in the wetland, the lake or in the reservoir clump of reeds, its elevation is lower, the birds which nested in the tree elevated higher, the Ardea cinerea nested higer, from 850m to 1230m.
5)Distance From water source
The water source can provide abundant food origin for the Ardeidae birds, therefore the Ardeidae birds' nest is far away from the water, the distance is relatively near, the reed nest birds' nest often nidifies in the water's edge, the distance is about 11m, certain individual bird’s habitat is far from water because of the factors of hiding degree and human disturbing etc.the farest distance is about 3000m.
6)The distance from human disturbbing
Ardeidae birds has humanity, the higher the nest is and the better the cover-upping is, the closer they live to people, the closest nest to people is only 600m. Result from analyzing the 38 sample squares showed the average distance to the human is 1200m.
Ⅳ.Ardeidae birds’distributing structure forecasting in Hebei province According to the field investigation and relative literature, we get the most suitable habitat index of each Ardeidae birds, which include vegetation covery degree, vegetation height, vegetation type, altitude, the distance from water and distance from human and so on. And we gain the most suitable habitat model. By the use of 3S technology, Erdas and Arcgis, we translated the RS TM image of Hebei province in the year of 2000, and gain the maps of vegetation type, vegetation cover degree, contour line, topographty and physiognomy. With the habitat model of each heron, we picked up the Ardeidae birds point distributing map. By use of GIS technology, we picked up the suitable habitat type map and forecast the ditributing structure of Ardeidae birds in Hebei province.
引文
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