腐殖填料滤池有机物降解行为及动力学模型研究
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摘要
腐殖填料生物滤池(Humified media Filter,即HF工艺)是以腐殖填料构筑的,介于无机砂滤池和生物滤池之间的污水处理新工艺。HF工艺已投入农村生活污水分散处理工程应用,但在实际运行过程中,仍存在总氮去除率不高,占地面积偏大等的问题。针对以上问题,对系统有机物降解行为特征展开研究,了解腐殖填料的表面性质,结合腐殖填料宏观水力学性质的差异,初步探索腐殖填料宏观与微观指标相结合的评价体系建立方法,结合各腐殖填料生物滤池有机物去除率、系统内生物种群及生物总量的差别,分析腐殖填料生物滤池COD降解特征。通过腐殖填料滤池及附着生长完全混合系统的运行,建立腐殖填料生物滤池动力学模型,为构建腐殖填料生物滤池的理论体系奠定基础,服务于系统填料改性及工艺优化,提升工艺效能。
腐殖填料生物滤池有机物降解行为研究主要从填料微观结构研究、宏观水力学性能考察、COD降解特征研究及腐殖填料生物滤池动力学模型的建立四个部分展开。主要研究结果如下：
(1)观察四种填料的扫描电镜图发现,河沙及煤炭表面粗糙程度较小,主要由颗粒状物质构成；泥炭和腐殖垃圾表而粗糙构成方式相似,均以团聚体三维空间结构为主。采用X射线光电子能谱仪对填料进行分析后发现,四种填料均有Si、C、O及V等元素的存在；同时,腐殖垃圾表面有K元素,煤炭表面有Al、Zn,河沙表面有Zn、K的存在。对四种填料进行傅里叶变换红外光谱分析后发现,四种填料表面均含有羟基类、乙烯类化合物,均有Si-O-Si基团的存在；泥炭及煤炭中还可能分别含有脂肪族类及具有二个双键的五元环杂环化合物。四种填料比表面积的大小顺序为泥炭>腐殖垃圾>煤炭>河沙,阳离子交换容量大小顺序为腐殖垃圾>泥炭>煤炭>河沙。
(2)在清水和模拟污水的条件下,各滤池饱和水力渗透系数的大小顺序均为泥炭>腐殖垃圾>河沙>煤炭。清水条件下,各生物滤池渗透系数较高,进水变为模拟污水后大幅下降,除煤炭外其他生物滤池的水力渗透系数仍相当可观。
(3)结合各腐殖填料生物滤池有机物去除效率、生物种群及生物量等的差异,分析各生物滤池有机物降解特征。稀释平板涂布法分离出各生物滤池中发挥主要作用的微生物共三种,各系统菌落数量有差异,但种类相同。三种腐殖填料生物滤池在进水有机物浓度为500mg/L及1000mg/L时均有较理想的有机物去除效率。三种腐殖填料生物滤池中泥炭构筑的腐殖填料生物滤池有机物比降解速率最小,因而微生物比增长速率最小,微生物增长和自身氧化最易趋向于动态平衡,对应的饱和水力渗透系数最大,滤池最不易发生堵塞,最有利于腐殖填料生物滤池长期稳定运行,证明泥炭是一种优良的生物介质。
(4)采用泥炭作为处理构筑物,在泥炭浓度为10g/L的完全混合系统中,根据Monod模式计算得半速率常数Ks=178.6mg/L、最大比降解速率Vmax=1.29×10-4d-1,结合滴滤池系统不同COD浓度下去除效率,最终建立泥炭腐殖填料生物滤池的动力学模型：Se/So=exp(-2.04×10-9C/F),并通过实验进行了验证。
Humified media Filter constructed by humified filler is a new decentralized treatment structure. At present, Humified media Filter has been put into practical application of sewage treatment. However, two defects appeared in the running process. The one is the low total nitrogen removal efficiency, and the other is the large cover area. To solve the above problems, macro and micro indicators were investigated to establish an evaluation system. Also, COD removal efficiency and biomass in the filter were surveyed to tell out characteristics of organic matter removal. At last, a dynamic model was built. All the experiments are beneficial for the theory system setting up, which will serve for the filler modification and process optimization in Humified media Filter.
Studies on Humified media Filter were carried out from four aspects:analyses on micro structure of filler, comparison of saturated hydraulic permeability coefficients, degradation characteristics of COD removal and the dynamic model building. The key findings are outlined below.
SEM images showed that aged refuse and peat were constituted of reunion bodies with three-dimensional space structure. Coal and sand which had less rough surface mainly were made up of small particles. XPS maps displayed that Si, C, O and V could be found on all the four kinds of filler. Besides, K could be found in aged refuse, A1 and Zn in peat, and Zn and K in sand. FT-IR analyses told out the hydroxyl, vinyl compounds and Si-O-Si group's existence in all the four kinds of filler. Specific surface area from high to low was in sequence of peat, aged refuse, coal and sand. And CEC was in the descending order of aged refuse, peat, coal and sand. Combing microstructure analyses, peat and aged refuse are more suitable for Humified media Filter.
Saturated hydraulic permeability coefficients were measured under clear water and simulation wastewater. All the four biofilters displayed very high saturated hydraulic permeability coefficients under clear water. The descending sequence is peat, aged refuse, coal and sand. Saturated hydraulic permeability coefficients of each biofilter all plunged under the simulation wastewater, keeping the same order with that under clear water.
The organic matter removal efficiency, biological species and biomass are investigated to make clear the characteristics of organic matter removal. Three kinds of microorganism were found in all four biolfilters, which played a main function in the organic matter degradation process. In laboratory research, all the biofilters filled with aged refuse, peat and coal displayed ideal organic matter removal rates when inlet concentrations were 500mg/L and 1000mg/L. In contrast to the other two biofilters (aged refuse and coal), the organic matter specific removal rate of biofilter filled with peat was lowest, and the hydraulic permeability coefficient was highest, which leads to the minimum blockage. Biofilter filled with peat was most likely to run stably in long-term, and peat was proved to be excellent humus filler.
Through the operation of completely mixed system and Humified media Filter, a dynamic model was built. Half rate constant Ks and maximum specific degradation rate Vmax are obtained from completely mixed system according the Monod mode. The half rate constant Ks equals to 178.6mg/L, and the maximum specific degradation rate Vmax was 1.29X 10-4d-1. The dynamic model of Humified media Filter could be expressed by the equation of Se/So= exp(-2.04 x 10-9 C/F).
腐殖填料生物滤池有机物降解行为研究主要从填料微观结构研究、宏观水力学性能考察、COD降解特征研究及腐殖填料生物滤池动力学模型的建立四个部分展开。主要研究结果如下：
(1)观察四种填料的扫描电镜图发现,河沙及煤炭表面粗糙程度较小,主要由颗粒状物质构成；泥炭和腐殖垃圾表而粗糙构成方式相似,均以团聚体三维空间结构为主。采用X射线光电子能谱仪对填料进行分析后发现,四种填料均有Si、C、O及V等元素的存在；同时,腐殖垃圾表面有K元素,煤炭表面有Al、Zn,河沙表面有Zn、K的存在。对四种填料进行傅里叶变换红外光谱分析后发现,四种填料表面均含有羟基类、乙烯类化合物,均有Si-O-Si基团的存在；泥炭及煤炭中还可能分别含有脂肪族类及具有二个双键的五元环杂环化合物。四种填料比表面积的大小顺序为泥炭>腐殖垃圾>煤炭>河沙,阳离子交换容量大小顺序为腐殖垃圾>泥炭>煤炭>河沙。
(2)在清水和模拟污水的条件下,各滤池饱和水力渗透系数的大小顺序均为泥炭>腐殖垃圾>河沙>煤炭。清水条件下,各生物滤池渗透系数较高,进水变为模拟污水后大幅下降,除煤炭外其他生物滤池的水力渗透系数仍相当可观。
(3)结合各腐殖填料生物滤池有机物去除效率、生物种群及生物量等的差异,分析各生物滤池有机物降解特征。稀释平板涂布法分离出各生物滤池中发挥主要作用的微生物共三种,各系统菌落数量有差异,但种类相同。三种腐殖填料生物滤池在进水有机物浓度为500mg/L及1000mg/L时均有较理想的有机物去除效率。三种腐殖填料生物滤池中泥炭构筑的腐殖填料生物滤池有机物比降解速率最小,因而微生物比增长速率最小,微生物增长和自身氧化最易趋向于动态平衡,对应的饱和水力渗透系数最大,滤池最不易发生堵塞,最有利于腐殖填料生物滤池长期稳定运行,证明泥炭是一种优良的生物介质。
(4)采用泥炭作为处理构筑物,在泥炭浓度为10g/L的完全混合系统中,根据Monod模式计算得半速率常数Ks=178.6mg/L、最大比降解速率Vmax=1.29×10-4d-1,结合滴滤池系统不同COD浓度下去除效率,最终建立泥炭腐殖填料生物滤池的动力学模型：Se/So=exp(-2.04×10-9C/F),并通过实验进行了验证。
Humified media Filter constructed by humified filler is a new decentralized treatment structure. At present, Humified media Filter has been put into practical application of sewage treatment. However, two defects appeared in the running process. The one is the low total nitrogen removal efficiency, and the other is the large cover area. To solve the above problems, macro and micro indicators were investigated to establish an evaluation system. Also, COD removal efficiency and biomass in the filter were surveyed to tell out characteristics of organic matter removal. At last, a dynamic model was built. All the experiments are beneficial for the theory system setting up, which will serve for the filler modification and process optimization in Humified media Filter.
Studies on Humified media Filter were carried out from four aspects:analyses on micro structure of filler, comparison of saturated hydraulic permeability coefficients, degradation characteristics of COD removal and the dynamic model building. The key findings are outlined below.
SEM images showed that aged refuse and peat were constituted of reunion bodies with three-dimensional space structure. Coal and sand which had less rough surface mainly were made up of small particles. XPS maps displayed that Si, C, O and V could be found on all the four kinds of filler. Besides, K could be found in aged refuse, A1 and Zn in peat, and Zn and K in sand. FT-IR analyses told out the hydroxyl, vinyl compounds and Si-O-Si group's existence in all the four kinds of filler. Specific surface area from high to low was in sequence of peat, aged refuse, coal and sand. And CEC was in the descending order of aged refuse, peat, coal and sand. Combing microstructure analyses, peat and aged refuse are more suitable for Humified media Filter.
Saturated hydraulic permeability coefficients were measured under clear water and simulation wastewater. All the four biofilters displayed very high saturated hydraulic permeability coefficients under clear water. The descending sequence is peat, aged refuse, coal and sand. Saturated hydraulic permeability coefficients of each biofilter all plunged under the simulation wastewater, keeping the same order with that under clear water.
The organic matter removal efficiency, biological species and biomass are investigated to make clear the characteristics of organic matter removal. Three kinds of microorganism were found in all four biolfilters, which played a main function in the organic matter degradation process. In laboratory research, all the biofilters filled with aged refuse, peat and coal displayed ideal organic matter removal rates when inlet concentrations were 500mg/L and 1000mg/L. In contrast to the other two biofilters (aged refuse and coal), the organic matter specific removal rate of biofilter filled with peat was lowest, and the hydraulic permeability coefficient was highest, which leads to the minimum blockage. Biofilter filled with peat was most likely to run stably in long-term, and peat was proved to be excellent humus filler.
Through the operation of completely mixed system and Humified media Filter, a dynamic model was built. Half rate constant Ks and maximum specific degradation rate Vmax are obtained from completely mixed system according the Monod mode. The half rate constant Ks equals to 178.6mg/L, and the maximum specific degradation rate Vmax was 1.29X 10-4d-1. The dynamic model of Humified media Filter could be expressed by the equation of Se/So= exp(-2.04 x 10-9 C/F).
引文
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