社会贫困问题与政府反贫困政策
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摘要
加拿大是当今世界最发达的资本主义工业国之一。它经济实力强，居民生活也比较富足。然而，即便如此，加拿大却一直未能彻底消灭社会中的贫困现象。自1867年自治领建立时起，加拿大各级政府就开始使用一系列公共政策——尤其是专门针对贫困问题的反贫困政策——来应对这一社会顽疾，为贫困的公民提供救助或服务，保障公民福祉。这些政策已经取得了一定的成效，但仍存在着很多不足。
本文主要关注20世纪50、60年代加拿大社会贫困问题和政府反贫困政策的制定。在这一时期，加拿大社会政策所覆盖的范围有了显著扩大，“福利国家”最终建立起来并得到了空前的发展，反贫困政策领域中也出现了一些显著的进步——尤其是1966年“加拿大救助计划”的出台。该计划是加拿大公共政策发展史上针对社会贫困人群所采取的最为重要的措施之一，对现代加拿大“福利国家”的发展和公共政策体系的建立都产生了深远的影响。其制定过程将是本文将要考察的最主要的内容。
在开始这方面的讨论之前，本文将梳理自殖民地时期至20世纪50年代末加拿大济贫相关措施发展和演变的过程，理清“加拿大救助计划”出台的政策背景。在此基础上，本文将对50、60年代加拿大社会贫困问题的程度和特征进行考察，以探究该计划出台的社会环境。通过对相关数据的检查，本文将证明：在20世纪50、60年代中，加拿大社会里仍然存在着相当数量的贫困人口，社会不平等现象也是普遍着存在的，并且引起了加拿大社会和政府的广泛关注。
在对政策制定程序进行大致梳理之后，本文将对“加拿大救助计划”的制定过程进行详细的讨论和分析。该过程主要发生于1958-1966年间，其内容是纷繁复杂的，而加拿大联邦和省两级政府以及联邦政府各部门之间进行的频繁互动和良性交流将是我们对它进行解读的核心因素。
“加拿大救助计划”的制定过程表现出一些特点。首先，政策发展进程遵循着一种可称为是“渐进式增长”的模式，即，较为明显的政策革新成果实际上都是由一系列较小的政策改变组成的。其次，联邦与各省在具体的政策制定过程中进行了普遍而深入的合作与斗争，使用各种策略进行“协商谈判”：一方面，各省在社会政策方面提出的一系列要求对于“加拿大救助计划”的出台起了重要的推动作用；另一方面，联邦健康与福利部积极与各省进行沟通，以确定未来政策细节，起到了统合全局的作用，保证了该政策最终得以顺利出台。再者，各级政府福利部官员在具体政策制定工作方面做出了突出贡献，这说明掌握着这一领域专业技术和知识的政府工作人员在公共决策中所扮演的角色越来越重要。总体来说，20世纪50、60年代反贫困政策的发展变化过程处处体现着加拿大作为一个“自由主义福利国家”的一些根本特征。
本文研究的目的决不仅仅是考察政策制定过程。20世纪50、60年代加拿大反贫困政策变化是在多方机构和组织的联合作用下进行的，并且体现着该国在社会经济、政治制度和意识形态等方面的一些重要特征。通过对政策制定过程的检查，本文希望能够从政治和制度的角度发现在当时的社会历史环境下推动或阻碍着加拿大反贫困政策发展的一些深层次因素，并以此对政策发展的根本原因做出一定的解释。
The Dominion of Canada is one of the most developed industrial countries in theworld. It has great economic strength, and its citizens usually live prosperously.However, as all the other countries, there have always been some Canadians living in asituation of poverty. Since the founding of Dominion, Canadian governments havebeen dealing poverty problem with all kinds of social policies, especially anti-povertypolicies, to provide social assistance for its poor citizens. These policies have beeneffective, but still have certain defects.
This dissertation focuses on the social poverty problem and the making process ofgovernmental anti-poverty policies in Canada in1950s and1960s. During this period,Canadian social policy had been extended; the welfare state had also been establishedand developed with notable progresses. There had been a number of improvements inCanadian anti-poverty policy sphere, the most important one of which was theintroduction of Canada Assistance Plan in1966. It is one of the most importantfederal measures aiming at solving social poverty, and has caused great impact on thedevelopment of modern Canadian welfare state and its public policy system. Themaking process of this Plan will be the main concern of this dissertation.
Before discussion on the policy making process, this dissertation will describe theearly evolution of Canadian anti-poverty measures since the colonial era, to explorethe policy background of the establishment of Canada Assistance Plan. It will alsoinspect the extent and charactors of the social poverty problem in Canada in1950s and1960s, to explore the social context of the the establishment of Canada Assistance Plan.By examing relative statistics and data, this dissertation will prove that, in1950s and1960s, there were certain number of poor people living in Canada, and the everexisting social inequity had been arosing the attention of Canadian society andgovernments.
After certain analysis about policy making procedures, this dissertation willdiscuss the making process of Canada Assistance Plan, which includes a series of policy changes during the period between1958and1966. The most crucialelements for us to explain the complicated policy making process would be thefrequent communication and active interaction among Canadian federal and provincialgovernments and among different federal departments.
We will notice that there were several important political and institutionalcharacters showed in this policy making process. First of all, it showed a kind ofmode that can be described as "incrementalism", as most of the reform achievementshad been formed by series of smaller changes of policies. Second, during the policymaking process, Canadian federal and provincial governments cooperated andcompeted wth each other,"bargaining" with each other through certain strategies andtactics. On one side, policy demands from the provinces promoted the makingprocess of Canada Assistance Plan; on the other side, the federal Department of Healthand Welfare actively collected provincial opinions, integrated them, and fixed thedetails of future anti-poverty policy. Third, welfare officials who was them workingin governments played a very important role in the policy making process by workingout the specific policy details, which means that welfare professonals actually hadmore and more effect on public policy decisions during that era. Totally speaking, theanti-poverty policy reform in1950s and1960s had been reflecting the crucialcharactors of Canadian "liberal welfare state".
The purpose of research in this dissertation is not only to inspect the policymaking process. The evolution of Canadian anti-poverty policies in1950s and1960s was complicated, formed under the operation of many actors or organizations,reflecting social, economic, political, institutional and ideological characters ofCanada. The purpose of our discussion about policy making process is to discoverthe fundamental factors that had been promoting or blocking the innovation ofCanadian anti-poverty policies during this period, and to explain the policy changesfrom political and institutional aspects.
本文主要关注20世纪50、60年代加拿大社会贫困问题和政府反贫困政策的制定。在这一时期，加拿大社会政策所覆盖的范围有了显著扩大，“福利国家”最终建立起来并得到了空前的发展，反贫困政策领域中也出现了一些显著的进步——尤其是1966年“加拿大救助计划”的出台。该计划是加拿大公共政策发展史上针对社会贫困人群所采取的最为重要的措施之一，对现代加拿大“福利国家”的发展和公共政策体系的建立都产生了深远的影响。其制定过程将是本文将要考察的最主要的内容。
在开始这方面的讨论之前，本文将梳理自殖民地时期至20世纪50年代末加拿大济贫相关措施发展和演变的过程，理清“加拿大救助计划”出台的政策背景。在此基础上，本文将对50、60年代加拿大社会贫困问题的程度和特征进行考察，以探究该计划出台的社会环境。通过对相关数据的检查，本文将证明：在20世纪50、60年代中，加拿大社会里仍然存在着相当数量的贫困人口，社会不平等现象也是普遍着存在的，并且引起了加拿大社会和政府的广泛关注。
在对政策制定程序进行大致梳理之后，本文将对“加拿大救助计划”的制定过程进行详细的讨论和分析。该过程主要发生于1958-1966年间，其内容是纷繁复杂的，而加拿大联邦和省两级政府以及联邦政府各部门之间进行的频繁互动和良性交流将是我们对它进行解读的核心因素。
“加拿大救助计划”的制定过程表现出一些特点。首先，政策发展进程遵循着一种可称为是“渐进式增长”的模式，即，较为明显的政策革新成果实际上都是由一系列较小的政策改变组成的。其次，联邦与各省在具体的政策制定过程中进行了普遍而深入的合作与斗争，使用各种策略进行“协商谈判”：一方面，各省在社会政策方面提出的一系列要求对于“加拿大救助计划”的出台起了重要的推动作用；另一方面，联邦健康与福利部积极与各省进行沟通，以确定未来政策细节，起到了统合全局的作用，保证了该政策最终得以顺利出台。再者，各级政府福利部官员在具体政策制定工作方面做出了突出贡献，这说明掌握着这一领域专业技术和知识的政府工作人员在公共决策中所扮演的角色越来越重要。总体来说，20世纪50、60年代反贫困政策的发展变化过程处处体现着加拿大作为一个“自由主义福利国家”的一些根本特征。
本文研究的目的决不仅仅是考察政策制定过程。20世纪50、60年代加拿大反贫困政策变化是在多方机构和组织的联合作用下进行的，并且体现着该国在社会经济、政治制度和意识形态等方面的一些重要特征。通过对政策制定过程的检查，本文希望能够从政治和制度的角度发现在当时的社会历史环境下推动或阻碍着加拿大反贫困政策发展的一些深层次因素，并以此对政策发展的根本原因做出一定的解释。
The Dominion of Canada is one of the most developed industrial countries in theworld. It has great economic strength, and its citizens usually live prosperously.However, as all the other countries, there have always been some Canadians living in asituation of poverty. Since the founding of Dominion, Canadian governments havebeen dealing poverty problem with all kinds of social policies, especially anti-povertypolicies, to provide social assistance for its poor citizens. These policies have beeneffective, but still have certain defects.
This dissertation focuses on the social poverty problem and the making process ofgovernmental anti-poverty policies in Canada in1950s and1960s. During this period,Canadian social policy had been extended; the welfare state had also been establishedand developed with notable progresses. There had been a number of improvements inCanadian anti-poverty policy sphere, the most important one of which was theintroduction of Canada Assistance Plan in1966. It is one of the most importantfederal measures aiming at solving social poverty, and has caused great impact on thedevelopment of modern Canadian welfare state and its public policy system. Themaking process of this Plan will be the main concern of this dissertation.
Before discussion on the policy making process, this dissertation will describe theearly evolution of Canadian anti-poverty measures since the colonial era, to explorethe policy background of the establishment of Canada Assistance Plan. It will alsoinspect the extent and charactors of the social poverty problem in Canada in1950s and1960s, to explore the social context of the the establishment of Canada Assistance Plan.By examing relative statistics and data, this dissertation will prove that, in1950s and1960s, there were certain number of poor people living in Canada, and the everexisting social inequity had been arosing the attention of Canadian society andgovernments.
After certain analysis about policy making procedures, this dissertation willdiscuss the making process of Canada Assistance Plan, which includes a series of policy changes during the period between1958and1966. The most crucialelements for us to explain the complicated policy making process would be thefrequent communication and active interaction among Canadian federal and provincialgovernments and among different federal departments.
We will notice that there were several important political and institutionalcharacters showed in this policy making process. First of all, it showed a kind ofmode that can be described as "incrementalism", as most of the reform achievementshad been formed by series of smaller changes of policies. Second, during the policymaking process, Canadian federal and provincial governments cooperated andcompeted wth each other,"bargaining" with each other through certain strategies andtactics. On one side, policy demands from the provinces promoted the makingprocess of Canada Assistance Plan; on the other side, the federal Department of Healthand Welfare actively collected provincial opinions, integrated them, and fixed thedetails of future anti-poverty policy. Third, welfare officials who was them workingin governments played a very important role in the policy making process by workingout the specific policy details, which means that welfare professonals actually hadmore and more effect on public policy decisions during that era. Totally speaking, theanti-poverty policy reform in1950s and1960s had been reflecting the crucialcharactors of Canadian "liberal welfare state".
The purpose of research in this dissertation is not only to inspect the policymaking process. The evolution of Canadian anti-poverty policies in1950s and1960s was complicated, formed under the operation of many actors or organizations,reflecting social, economic, political, institutional and ideological characters ofCanada. The purpose of our discussion about policy making process is to discoverthe fundamental factors that had been promoting or blocking the innovation ofCanadian anti-poverty policies during this period, and to explain the policy changesfrom political and institutional aspects.
引文
①所谓“社会救助”，是指政府和其他社会组织对于遭遇自然灾害、失去劳动能力或由于其他一些原因导致收入低下的国民提供的物资或金钱方面的救助，其用途是保证这些人们的基本生活所需。
②2011年，在福布斯最新公布的“最佳商业国家”年度展望中，加拿大排名第一。2011年下半年时，美国还在担忧“双底衰退”，欧洲正忙于处理主权债务，加拿大却宣布它的经济已经渡过了艰难期。2011年11月9日获取自http://www.forbes.com/lists/2011/6/best-countries-11_rank.html/
③根据“经济与和平研究所”发布的2011年“全球和平指数”（Global Peace Index）排名，加拿大再次跻身于世界前10名“最和平的国家”。2011年11月9日获取自http://www.visionofhumanity.org/info-center/global-peace-index-2011/
④该调查衡量了公众对全球50个国家的看法。加拿大当选是由于其稳定的民主政体、高GDP和人均收入，以及对国际政治局势的中立态度。In "Canada is the Country with the Best Reputation in the World According toReputation Institute."2011年11月9日获取自http://www.reputationinstitute.com/events/27_Sept_11_PR_Country_RepTrak_Results.pdf/
①在1867年，经过英国的同意，原上加拿大（Upper Canada）、下加拿大（Lower Canada）、新布伦瑞克（NewBrunswick）和新斯科舍（Nova Scotia）四个地区组成了加拿大自治领。这一过程也被称为英属北美殖民地的“联合”（the Confederation）。
②加拿大的宪法是半成文宪法，由包括《不列颠北美法》在内的众多英国和加拿大法令以及不成文的宪法惯例组成。《不列颠北美法》是英国议会通过的一系列法律。其中，《1867年不列颠北美法》最为重要，是加拿大最基本的宪法文件。1982年加拿大宪法改革后，它被改称为《1867年宪法法（》Constitution Act,1867）。
③1989年11月24日，加拿大众议院一致通过了一份关于儿童贫困问题的全党派决议。该决议认为：“本院将努力，到2000年时，达到在加拿大儿童中消灭贫困的目标”。然而，在15年后，加拿大仍是所有西方发达国家中儿童贫困率最高的国家之一。1990年代晚期，这个比率曾一度高达14.9%。这一数字是令人惊讶的。In Patrizia Albanese, Child Poverty in Canada, Don Mills: Oxford University Press,2010.
①Rodney S. Haddow, Poverty Reform in Canada,1958-1978: State and Class Influences on Policy Making,Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press,1993, p.4.
①现代性语境是伴随着西方工业社会发展起来的，它倡导个体主义和自由主义的价值观，将贫困作为一种纯粹的经济现象或收入问题来定义和衡量，以直线发展观作为摆脱贫穷的目标，强调对穷人的管制。参见张帆：《现代性语境中的贫困与反贫困》，人民出版社2009年版，第20-24页。
②张帆：《现代性语境中的贫困与反贫困》，第32-35页。
③Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada: Report of the Special Senate Committee on Poverty,Ottawa: the Alger Press Limited,1973, p.3.
④John Harp and John R. Hofley, eds., Poverty in Canada. Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall of Canada, Ltd.,1971.
①Dennis Raphael, Poverty and Policy in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life, Toronto: CanadianScholars’ Press Inc.,2007, p.8.
②Haddow, Poverty Reform in Canada,1958-1978, p.4.
①In Ian Adams, William Cameron, Brian Hill and Peter Penz, The Real Poverty Report, Edmonton: M.G. HurtigLimited,1971.
②David P. Ross and E. Richard Shillington, The Canadian Fact Book on Poverty—1989, Ottawa: The CanadianCouncil on Social Development,1989.
③J. K. Galbraith, The Affluent Society, New York: The New American Library,1958, p.251.
④S. M. Miller and Pamela Roby, The Future of Inequality, New York: Basic Books,1970, p.11.
①Miller and Roby, The Future of Inequality, p.12.
②In Christopher A. Sarlo, Poverty in Canada, Vancouver: The Fraser Institute,1992.
②Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, The Real Poverty Report, p.8.
④In Christopher A. Sarlo, Measuring Poverty in Canada, Vancouver: the Fraser Institute,2001.
②Canadian Council on Social Development. Not Enough: the Meaning and Measurement of Poverty in Canada.Ontario: Canadian Council on Social Development,1984, p.7.
③Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, p.11.
①Neil Gilbert, Paul Terrell[美]：《社会福利政策导论》黄晨熹、周烨、刘红译，华东理工大学出版社2003年版，第58页。
①参见考斯塔·艾斯平-安德森[丹麦]：《福利资本主义的三个世界》，郑秉文译，法律出版社2003年版。
②Allan Moscovitch, The Welfare State in Canada: A Selected Bibliography,1840to1978, Toronto: WilfridLaurier University Press,1983.
①社会学是一门相对较新的学科，以社会现象为研究对象，注重统计数据和科学的计量方法的使用。
②John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada, Toronto: University ofToronto Press,1965.
③加拿大是由多种族构成的移民国家，这一点与美国十分相似，但又有显著的区别。美国的社会结构被称为“熔炉”，意为各种族融合在美国式的社会文化系统之中。而加拿大社会结构往往被称为“马赛克”，指各种族虽然共同生活在一个国家，但仍在相当程度上保持着自己的社会文化传统。在这里，波特巧用了“马赛克”一词。“垂直的马赛克”所表示的，不是横向种族间的差异，而是纵向的、社会层级之间的差异。位于不同社会层级的人们很难相互融合。
④这一著作在加拿大学术史上具有重要的地位。之后，研究者们进一步对该书观点进行了更为细致的分析，并追加了关于60年代以后加拿大社会和加拿大社会学新发展的内容。一些比较重要的相关文章收录在《重访垂直的马赛克》一书里，就当时加拿大社会中的新发展趋势，如种族问题和社会组织的关系、妇女视角等进行了讨论。In Rick Helmes-Hayes and James Curtis eds., The Vertical Mosaic Revisited, Toronto: Universityof Toronto Press,1998.
⑤Ian Adams, The Poverty Wall, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited,1970.
②Alford and Friedland, Power of Theory, p.161.
④In Atkinson and Coleman, The State, Business, and Industrial Change in Canada, p.60; p.63; p.65.
①In Haddow, Poverty Reform in Canada,1958-1978.
②Perry Rand Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s: the Canada Assistance Plan, Ph.D. Dissertation,Queen’s University,1973.
③Rand Dyck,“The Canada Assistence Plan: the Ultimate in Co-operative Federalism”, In Raymond B. Blake andJeff Keshen, eds., Social Welfare Policy in Canada: Historical Readings, Toronto: Copp Clark Ltd.1995, pp.326-340.
④Derek P. J. Hum, Federalism and the Poor: A Review of the Canada Assistance Plan, Ontario: OntarioEconomic Council,1983.
⑤Gareth Davies,“North American Anti-Poverty Wars: Canada and the United States in Comparative Perspective”,in Hans Bak, Frits Van Holthoon and Hans Krabbendam eds., Social and Secure? Politics and Culture of theWelfare State: A Comparative Inquiry, Amsterdam: Vu University Press,1996, pp.146-159.
①Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz. The Real Poverty Report.
②Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada: Report of the Special Senate Committee on Poverty,Ottawa: the Alger Press Limited,1973.
③Keith G. Banting, The Welfare State and Canadian Federalism, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press,1987.此书一问世就立刻成了加拿大政治学研究的经典之作，影响了整整一代学者。
②W. E. Mann, ed., Poverty and Social Policy in Canada, Vancouver: The Copp Clark Publishing Company,1970.
③M.W. Menzies, Poverty in Canada: Its Nature, Significance and Implications for Public Policy, Winnipeg:Manitoba Pool Elevators,1965.
④Gunter Schramm, Regional Poverty&Change, Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada,1976.
①Dominique Marshall, The Social Origins of the Welfare State: Quebec Families, Compulsory Education, andFamily Allowances,1940-1955, Translated by Nicola Doone Danby. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2006.
②Donald V. Smiley, Canada in Question: Federalism in the Seventies, Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson,1976.
②例如，向美丽：“美国贫困儿童问题浅析”，《外国教育研究》2008年第1期。
③例如，黄安年：“战后美国的贫困、贫困结构和贫困线”，《史学月刊》1997年第4期。
⑤李剑鸣、杨令侠：《20世纪美国和加拿大社会发展研究》，人民出版社2005年版。
①Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, pp.22-23.
②Neil Gilbert, Paul Terrell[美]：《社会福利政策导论》，第2页。
①Neil Gilbert, Paul Terrell[美]：《社会福利政策导论》，第97页。
①Dennis Guest, The Emergence of Social Security in Canada, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,1985, p.9.
①在第一次世界大战之前，加拿大社会福利领域的唯一的一个联邦法规是1908年的《政府年金法》（theGovernment Annuities Act）。它只是一个简单的自愿选择的计划，由受益人来负担所有的成本。
②尤其是上层阶级妇女，她们把慈善活动当作是自己母性角色的一种延伸和一种可以得到社会认同的行为。
③Guest, The Emergence of Social Security in Canada, p.24.
①In Margaret K. Strong, Public Welfare Administration in Canada, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1930.其他著作中也有关于这一问题的讨论。 In R.B. Splane, Social Welfare in Ontario1791-1893, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1965; Michael Oliver ed. Social Purpose for Canada, Toronto: University of TorontoPress,1961.
①Elisabeth Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University,1950, p.111.
②Bryden, Old Age Pensions and Policy-Making in Canada, p.128.
③H.B. Neatby, The Lonely Heights, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1963, p.110; Kenneth McNaught, AProphet in Politics, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1959, pp.215-220.
①Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.151.
①Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.304.
②J.W. Pickersgill, The Mackenzie King Record, vol.1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press1960, p.466.
③加拿大进步保守党成员，1957年6月21日—1963年4月21日任联邦总理。
④这一说法的基础是，温斯顿·丘吉尔（Winston Churchill）也是一个保守派，并在英国引进了一个类似的措施。Interview with Diefenbaker, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.46.
⑤House of Commons Debates, July25,1944, p.532; J. W. Willard,"Some Aspects of Family Allowances andIncome Redistribution in Canada," Public Policy,1954.
①加拿大自由党成员，1935年10月23日—1948年11月14日任联邦总理。
②Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.245.
①除了《罗厄尔-西罗伊斯委员会报告》、《关于社会保障的马什报告》、《哈格蒂报告》（the Hagerty Report）和“绿皮书建议”之外，还有夏洛特·惠顿（Charlotte Whitton）和哈利·卡西迪（Harry Cassidy）所做的一些综合性分析。
②Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.210.
③Report of the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, Book2,1940. Ottawa,1954, pp.24-26.
④L. C. Marsh, Report on Sicial Security for Canada, for the Advisory Committee on Reconstruction, Ottawa,1943, p.49.
⑤Charlotte Whitton, The Dawn of Ampler Life, Toronto: Macmillan,1943.
⑥Harry M. Cassidy, Social Sedurity and Reconstruction in Canada, Toronto: Ryerson Press,1943, p.156.
①Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.342.
②在这方面，唯一的值得注意的是多数省都已经开始向它们的公民提供的一种社会保险措施，即“工人补偿金”（workmen's compensation）。
③In Dennis Guest, The Emergence of Social Security in Canada, chapter5,6and7.
①卡西迪教授曾在其著作中对省福利项目进行了批评。In Harry M. Cassidy, Public Health and WelfareReorganization, Toronto: Ryerson Press,1945.
②R.G.E. Davis,"Measures to Supplement Unemployment Insurance", a paper given at the Round Table on SocialSecurity, Toronto, May29,1949, p.4.
①Canadian Welfare Council, Dominion-Provincial Relations and Social Security, Ottawa,1946, p.10.
③加拿大福利委员会下设一系列“处”（divisions），其中包括“公共福利处”。“公共福利处”成立于1920年，1970年被“加拿大社会发展委员会”（the Canadian Council on Social Development）取代。它的工作目标是：提供一个途径，使从事公共福利或者积极关心公共福利的人们或群体们可以在一起研究并讨论，如何使各级政府以尽可能高的标准为加拿大人提供公共福利和服务。In Canadian Welfare Council, PublicWelfare Division, Report,1953-1954, pp.18-19.
④Canadian Welfare Council, Public Assistance and the Unemployed, Ottawa,1953.
①Canadian Welfare Council, Presentation to the Government of Canada, Ottawa, March20,1953, p.4.
②Canadian Welfare Council, Presentation to the Government of Canada, p.4.
③Canadian Welfare Council, Presentation to the Government of Canada, p.4.
①House of Commons Debates, January27,1955, p.602.
②Interview with Dr. Davidson, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.55.
①Interview with Mr. Martin, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.57.
②House of Commons Debates, June27,1956, p.5448.
①Economic Council of Canada, Fifth Annual Review, Ottawa: Queen's Printer,1968, pp.104-105.
①Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, The Real Poverty Report, p.16.
②In Porter, The Vertical Mosaic,1965.
③Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, The Real Poverty Report, p.1.
①Edward C. Budd, Inequality and Poverty, New York: Norton,1967, p.21.
②Giles Radice, Democratic Socialism, New York: Praeger,1966, p.65.
①Sylvia Ostry, Unemployment in Canada,1961, Ottawa: DBS,1968, p.23.
②In Department of National Health and Welfare, Income Security for Canadians. Ottawa: The Department ofNational Health and Welfare,1970.
①Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, pp.20-23.
②1971年，“加拿大统计局”指出：在所有的低收入家庭的家长中，有四分之一以上（约27%）的年龄在65岁及65岁以上。In Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, pp.13-18.
①Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, pp.35-36.
①In Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, p.18.
①Federal Task Force on Agriculture, Canadian Agriculture in the Seventies, Ottawa: Queen's Printer,1970, p.422.
②Manitoba Pool Elevators, Poverty in Canada, Winnipeg,1965, p.31.
③Federal Task Force on Agriculture, Canadian Agriculture in the Seventies, p.424.
⑤N. H. Lithwick, Urban Poverty, research monograph no.1, Ottawa: Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation,1971, p.52.
①In Porter, The Vertical Mosaic, part two,"the Structure of Power".
②Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz. The Real Poverty Report, p.4.
③即在很大程度上模糊了当时贫困在加拿大社会中的存在这一事实。
④很明显，与社会支出相比，军费开支更符合大商业资本家们的利益。In Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, TheReal Poverty Report, p.5.
①参见卡尔·波拉尼[英]：《大转型：我们时代的政治与经济起源》，冯钢等译，浙江人民出版社2007年版，第89页。
②1964年1月8日，美国总统林登·约翰逊（Lyndon B. Johnson）在讲话中提出了“向贫困宣战”这一口号，标志着该国开始动用国家力量处理社会贫困问题。
③Harp and Hofley eds., Poverty in Canada, p.1.
①In "The Real Poor in Canada--And Why We Don't Know Who They Are," fifth Maclean's-Goldfarb report,Maclean's, Jan.1971.
①In D.B.S., Statistics on Low Income in Canada,1967, Ottawa: Information Canada,1971, tables1,12,13.
②Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, pp.13-18.
③In Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, The Real Poverty Report, p.21.
④Company of Young Canadians,"Brief presented to the Special Senate Committee on Poverty", First Session, No.4(May8,1969), p.130.
①Sarlo, Poverty in Canada, p.8.
①David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York:1965, pp.363-366.
①The Canadian Welfare Council, Social Security for Canada, Ottawa,1958, pp.10-11.
①Canada, Statistics Canada, Social Security Statistics,1976, pp.511-512.
①Dominion-Provincial Conference of1957, Ottawa, Novermber25-26,1957, p.52.
②Dominion-Provincial Conference of1960, Ottawa, July25-27,1960.
③J.S. White, Statement on Federal Sharing of Public Assistance Costs, pp.85-86.
①该委员会主要由各财政部副部长组成，每半年召开一次会议，讨论并交换关于财政和经济事务的信息。
②K.W. Taylor,"Coordination in Administration," Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference, Institute of PublicAdministration of Canada,1957, pp.253-273; A.R. Kear,"Cooperative Federalism: A Study of theFederal-Provincial Coordinating Committee on Fiscal and Economic Matters," Canadian Public Administration,vol.6,1963, pp.43-56.
①Letter to Hon. J.W. Monteith, July18,1961, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.73.
②Letter to the Nova Scotia Minister, August3,1961, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.73.
③Letter to the Nova Scotia Minister, December19,1961, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.74.
④Atlantic Provinces, Minutes of the Atlantic Ministers and Deputy Ministers of Welfare Meeting, October2,1962.
①Saskatchewan, Department of Welfare, Annual Report, Regina: Queen's Printer,1962, p.13.
①Quebec, Report of the Study Committee on Public Assistance, Quebec: Queen's Printer,1963, p.23.
②Quebec, Report of the Study Committee on Public Assistance, p.121.
③Quebec, Report of the Study Committee on Public Assistance, p.123.
①Auditor General's Report, Ottawa,1961, p.31.
②Auditor General's Report, Ottawa,1961, p.31.
①R.M. Clark, Economic Security for the Aged in the United States and Canada, Ottawa,1960, p.328.
②Royal Commission on Government Organization, Vol.5, The Organization of the Government of Canada,Ottawa,1963, p.89.
③Minutes of the Federal-Provincial Conference on the Canada Pension Plan, September9and10,1963.
④Minutes of the Federal-Provincial Conference on the Canada Pension Plan.
①Federal Provincial Conference1963, Ottawa, November26-29,1963,(Queen's Printer,1964), p.14.
②Federal Provincial Conference1963, p.96.
③Notes on the Federal-Provincial Plenary Conference, November,1963, p.29.
④Notes on the Federal-Provincial Plenary Conference, p.31.
⑤前一次“联邦-省”会议讨论老年保障问题时决定了这个资助水平。
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, Ottawa, February14and15,1964, p.23.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.18.
②即《母亲津贴削减方案》（The Mothers' Allowances Deduction Formula）。
③Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.32.
⑤Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.32.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.46.
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.55.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.138.
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.162.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.162.
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.200.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.212.
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.271.
③Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.271.
④之前的那次“联邦-省”总理会议已经在某种程度上限制了此次会议的讨论范围。
①与会者们原本计划要开两次会议，但事实上只开了一次。
②主要是指联邦和省福利部副部长们。
③Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.21.
①Federal interviews, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.120.
①Notes on the Federal-Provincial Plenary Conference, Quebec, March31-April2,1964, Appendix C, p.65.
②Notes on the Federal-Provincial Plenary Conference, Quebec, March31-April2,1964, Appendix B, p.57.
③在2月份召开的工作组会议中，安大略省代表对新政策项目的建立缺乏热情。安大略省福利部部长在此时积极表态，也许是想要对此进行一些补偿。
④In Federal-Provincial Conference on Shared-Cost Welfare Programs, April13,1964.
⑤Introductory Statement by the Hon. Louis P. Cecile, Q.C., Minister of Public Welfare, at the Federal-ProvincialMeeting of Welfare Ministers on Public Assistance, May28-9,1964.
②Statement by the Hon. Emilien Lafrance, Minister of Family and Social Welfare, Federal-Provincial Conference,Ottawa, May28-9,1964, p.7.
②Quoted by Dr. Splane in his remarks at the meeting of the National Council of Welfare, April1965,4(2), p.7.
①Charles E. Lindblom, The Policy-Making Process, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall,1968, pp.70-100.
②Interviews with the three officials involved, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.128.
①In Owen Carrigan, Canadian Party Platforms.
①In Special Planning Secretariat, Fighting Poverty in1966, Ottawa: Queen's Printer,1967.
①Special Planning Secretariat, Fighting Poverty in1966, pp.5-6.
②Special Planning Secretariat, Fighting Poverty in1966, p.2.
①House of Commons Debates, April5,1965, p.2.
②House of Commons Debates, April5,1965, pp.38-39.
③早在当年3月初，拉马什就曾向他们提出建议，要求召开这次会议。
④House of Commons Debates, April5,1965, p.40.
⑤House of Commons Debates, April5,1965, p.41.
⑥事实上，早在几年前，加拿大政府中就已经开始有相关讨论，计划成立这样的一个建议机构。1964年12月，该机构最终通过一份枢密令（order-in-council）建立起来。
⑦如“加拿大劳工协会”（the Canadian Labour Congress）。
①Notes on the First Meeting of the National Council of Welfare, p.13.
②Notes on the First Meeting of the National Council of Welfare, p.14.
①Position Statements of the Minister of National Health and Welfare on the Agenda Items of the Conference ofMinisters of Welfare, April8and9,1965.
①Richard B. Simeon, Federal-Provincial Diplomacy, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1972, pp.13-14.
①The Canada Assistance Plan, section2.
②The Canada Assistance Plan, section2.
①Interview with provincial officials, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.165.
②例如，安大略省总理曾在1965年7月的会议上提出要求，认为“所有的”儿童福利服务都应当被包括在“加拿大救助计划”之内，进行成本分担。In Federal-Provincial Conference, July19-22,1965, Ottawa, p.29.
②Letter from Mr. Harding to Miss LaMarsh, May11,1965.后者于5月18日回信说，已经特别注意这种财政需求的主意了。“我会与我的同事们讨论这个问题，我肯定他们会好好考虑它的。”
③Meeting of Ministers and Deputy Ministers of Welfare of the Atlantic Provinces, June21,1965.
①Meeting of Ministers and Deputy Ministers of Welfare of the Atlantic Provinces, September17,1965.
②Memorandum from F.R. MacKinnon to Dr. J.W. Willard, October19,1965.
①阿尔伯塔省的回信是在12月2日；安大略省在3日；萨斯喀彻温省在17日；新斯科舍省在30日。参见不列颠哥伦比亚省福利部档案（B.C. Welfare Department files）。 In Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.171.
①Department of National Health and Welfare, Reference Paper on the Canada Assistance Plan, Ottawa,November1965.
①Nova Scotia Submission to the Conference of Welfare Ministers. Ottawa, January7and8,1966, p.6.
①Communique on the Federal-Provincial Conference of Ministers of Welfare. Ottawa, January8,1966.
①克罗尔教授有任安大略省前内阁部长的经历，在上议院（upper chamber）中一直有进步的名声（aprogressive reputation）。
②Interviews with Dr. Davis and Senator Croll, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.182.
③一开始参议员克罗尔认为这个建议太过激进，但戴维斯坚持自己意见，克罗尔说服他改变用词，从“委员会推荐”改为“委员会在原则上赞同”（endorses in principle）“有保障的收入项目”。 In Interview with Dr.Davis and Final Report of the Special Committee of the Senate on Aging, Ottawa,1966, in Dyck, Poverty andPolicy-making in the1960’s, p.182.
①House of Commons Debates. June14,1966, p.6408.
②赢得众议院最多席位的党派成为执政党，赢得席位数第二多的党派则成为执政党的“议会反对党”（theofficial opposition，也称为“在野党”）。它是议会中采取针对执政党的立场的最大反对党，可以是一个党，也可以由几个党组成的政党联盟来充当。
③House of Commons Debates. June14,1966, p.6413
④House of Commons Debates. June14,1966, p.6416
⑤Interview with Dr. Davis, Globe and Mail, editorials for June21,22and23,1966.
①"CAP in peril, Welfare Council director says," Globe and Mail, June24,1966, p.4.
②House of Commons Debates. June28,1966, pp.6990-1.
①即“有保障的收入支持”（the Guaranteed Income Supplement）项目。 In House of Commons Debates, July5and8,1966, pp.7205,7417.
②也就是说，如果缺乏必要的监管手段，“加拿大救助计划”的某些条款可能会被滥用。 In Senate Debates,July11,1966, p.900.
①威拉德说，他们现在建议重新考虑“协议”的措词，希望它的文字所传达的信息是各省在提供福利项目时能够实际使用的。"Willard letter to provincial deputy ministers," January27,1967, Dyck, Poverty andPolicy-making in the1960’s, p.198.
②Minister of National Health and Welfare, The Canada Assistance Plan, p.5.
③Minister of National Health and Welfare, The Canada Assistance Plan, p.6.
①Minister of National Health and Welfare, The Canada Assistance Plan, p.7.
①Haddow, Poverty Reform in Canada,1958-1978, p.3.
①R.E.G. Davis,"Measures to Supplement Unemployment Insurance," Paper given at Round Table on SocialSecurity, Toronto, May29,1949, p.15.
②Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.363.
①Frank McGilly, An Introduction to Canada’s Public Social Services: Understanding Income and HealthPrograms, Toronto: Oxford University Press,1998, p.2.
②Jennifer Klein, For All These Rights: Business, Labor, and the Shaping of America's Public-Private WelfareState, Princeton,2003, p.257.
②《1867年不列颠北美法》，2010年6月29日获取自http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/
①David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,1965, p.40.
②David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, p.40.
①Simeon, Federal-Provincial Diplomacy, p.219.
②In Donald Smiley, The Canadian Political Nationality, Toronto: Methuen,1967, pp.47-55.
①In Simeon, Federal-Provincial Diplomacy, chapter10.
①Interview with Jack White, Director, Public Assistance Division, Canadian Council for Social Development, inDyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.99.
③Aaron Wildavsky, The Politics of the Budgetary Process, Boston: Little Brown,1964, p.87.
①In Federal interviews, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.214.
①Donald Smiley,"Public Administration and Canadian Federalism," Canadian Public Administration, vol.7,(1964), p.378.
②Smiley,"Public Administration and Canadian Federalism," Canadian Public Administration. vol.7,(1964), p.378.
①In Banting, Poverty, Politics and Policy.
③A. V. Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England, London: Macmillan,1914, p.33.
②In Taylor Cole, The Canadian Bureaucracy, Durham: Duke University Press,1949; Porter, The Vertical Mosaic;Maurice Lamontagne,"The Influence of the Politician," Canadian Public Administration, vol.6,(fall,1968), pp.263-271.
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[1]保罗·A·萨巴蒂尔（编）：《政策过程理论》，彭宗超、钟开斌等译，三联书店2004年版。
[2]保罗·巴兰[美]：《增长的政治经济学》，蔡中兴、杨宇光译，商务印书馆2000年版。
[3]保罗·皮尔逊[英]：《拆散福利国家——里根、撒切尔和紧缩政治学》，舒绍福译，吉林出版集团有限责任公司2007年版。
[4]大卫·雷·格里芬[美]：《后现代精神》，王成兵译，中央编译出版社1998年版。
[5]费尔南·布罗代尔[法]：《资本主义论丛》，顾良、张慧君译，中央编译出版社1997年版。
[6]盖依·彼得斯[美]：《美国的公共政策——承诺与执行》（第六版），顾丽梅、姚建华等译，竺乾威校，复旦大学出版社2008年版。
[7]哥斯塔·艾斯平-安德森（编）：《转变中的福利国家》，周晓亮译，重庆出版社2003年版。
[8]哈贝马斯[德]：《公共领域的结构转型》，学林出版社1999年版。
[9]惠尔[英]：《联邦政府》，傅曾仁等译，商务印书馆（香港）1991年版。
[10]卡尔·波拉尼[英]：《大转型：我们时代的政治与经济起源》，冯钢等译，浙江人民出版社2007年版。
[11]考夫曼[德]：《社会福利国家面临的挑战》，王学东译，商务印书馆2004年版。
[12]考斯塔·艾斯平-安德森[丹麦]：《福利资本主义的三个世界》，郑秉文译，法律出版社2003年版。
[13]克鲁格曼[美]：《克鲁格曼的预言：美国经济迷失的背后》，张碧琼等译，机械工业出版社2008年版。
[14]克鲁格曼[美]：《美国怎么了：一个自由主义者的良知》，刘波译，中信出版社2008年版。
[15]罗伯特·F·墨菲[美]：《文化与社会人类学引论》，王卓君、吕逎基译，商务印书馆2004年版。
[16]罗素·哈丁[美]：《自由主义、宪政主义和民主》，王欢、申明民译，商务印书馆2009年版。
[17]马克斯·韦伯[德]：《新教伦理与资本主义精神》，中国社会科学出版社2009年版。
[18]米什拉[加]：《资本主义社会的福利国家》，郑秉文译，法律出版社2003年版。
[19] Neil Gilbert, Paul Terrell[美]：《社会福利政策导论》黄晨熹、周烨、刘红译，华东理工大学出版社2003年版。
[20]诺曼·巴里[英]：《福利》，储建国译，吉林人民出版社2005年版。
[21]萨拉蒙[美]：《公共服务中的伙伴－现代福利国家中政府与非营利组织的关系》，田凯译，商务印书馆2008年版。
[22]托马斯[美]等：《福利国家的比较政治经济学》，姜辉、于海青、沈根犬译，重庆出版社2003年版。
[23]威尔·金里卡[加]：《自由主义、社群与文化》，应奇、葛水林译，上海译文出版社2005年版。
[24]沃尔特怀特，罗纳德瓦根伯格，拉尔夫纳尔逊[加]：《加拿大政府与政治》，刘经美，张正国译，北京大学出版社2004年版。
[25]小约翰·B·科布[美]：《后现代公共政策》，社会科学文献出版社2003年版。
[26]詹姆斯·Q·威尔逊[美]：《官僚机构——政府机构的作为及其原因》，孙艳等译，三联书店2006年版。
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[1]常士訚：《马赛克文化中的政治发展探索——加拿大主要政治思想流派》，吉林人民出版社2003年版。
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[3]储建国：《当代各国政治体制：加拿大》，兰州大学出版社1998年版。
[4]丁建定：《社会福利思想》（第2版），华中科技大学出版社2009年版。
[5]范斌：《福利社会学》，社会科学文献出版社2006年版。
[6]付成双：《加拿大西部地方主义研究》，民族出版社2001年版。
[7]高鹏怀：《历史比较中的社会福利国家模式》，中国社会出版社2004年版。
[8]李剑鸣、杨令侠：《20世纪美国和加拿大社会发展研究》，人民出版社2005年版。
[9]林德山：《渐进的社会革命：20世纪资本主义改良研究》，中央编译出版社2008年版。
[10]刘广太：《加拿大的象征——特鲁多总理传》，世界知识出版社2005年版。
[11]钱宁：《社会正义、公民权利和集体主义——论社会福利的政治与道德基础》，社会科学文献出版社2007年版。
[12]钱宁主编：《现代社会福利思想》，高等教育出版社2006年版。
[13]王邦佐、孙关宏、王沪宁、李惠康主编：《新政治学概要》，复旦大学出版社2006年版。
[14]薛宝生：《公共管理视域中的发展与贫困免除》，中国经济出版社2006年版。
[15]张帆：《现代性语境中的贫困与反贫困》，人民出版社2009年版。
[16]周弘：《福利国家向何处去》，社会科学文献出版社2006年版。
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[2]艾尔泽·厄延：《减少贫困的政治》，《国际社会科学杂志》（中文版）2000年第4期。
[3]陈端计、詹向阳、刘建珍：《21世纪以来美国贫困问题的新特点》，《嘉应学院学报》（哲学社会科学）2005年第5期。
[4]厄内斯特—玛丽姆·邦达：《贫困是对人权的侵犯：论脱贫的权利》，《国际社会科学杂志》（中文版）2005年第2期。
[5]郭永中：《贫困的理论与社会救助问题的国际比较研究》，《学习与探索》2009年第4期。
[6]何慧超：《美国和欧洲国家反贫困政策比较及其对中国的启示》，《中国民政》2008年第9期。
[7]侯志阳：《西方社会保障理论基础的演变及其启示》，《北京科技大学学报》（社会科学版）2004年第4期。
[8]黄安年：《战后美国的贫困、贫困结构和贫困线》，《史学月刊》1997年第4期。
[9]姜守明：《美国的贫困问题与社会保障制度》，《南京师大学报》（社会科学版）1997年第2期。
[10]蓝瑛波：《美国青少年贫困化现象》，《当代青年研究》2008年第2期。
[11]李其荣、刘敏：《美国的社会福利保障制度与反贫困问题》，《贵州师范大学学报》（社会科学版）2000年第2期。
[12]李维新、孙慧玲：《美国社会保障制度的经验与借鉴》，《经济研究导刊》2007年第12期。
[13]李怡、宋军：《对西方和马克思社会保障理论的现代诠释》，《马克思主义研究》2009年第12期。
[14]李永刚：《后现代主义境域与经济学研究的最新变革》，《社会科学战线》2005年第1期。
[15]梁茂信：《战后美国城市贫困人口的特征分析》，《东北师大学报》（哲学社会科学版）2000年第1期。
[16]屈锡华、左齐：《贫困与反贫困——定义、度量与目标》，《社会学研究》1997年第3期。
[17]热内费耶夫·库碧、黄觉：《贫困：对人权的侵犯》，《国际社会科学杂志》（中文版）2005年第2期。
[18]任保平：《马克思主义的社会保障经济理论仍其现实性》，《当代经济研究》1999年第4期。
[19]沈红：《中国贫困研究的社会学综述》，《社会学研究》2002年第1期。
[20]沈红：《经济学与社会学：判定贫困的理论》，《开发与研究》1992年第3期。
[21]孙志祥：《美国的贫困问题与反贫困政策述评》，《国家行政学院学报》2007年第3期。
[22]谭崇台：《论快速增长与“丰裕中的贫困”》，《经济学动态》2002年第12期。
[23]提摩西·M·斯密汀，郭华，王小军：《美国的反贫困制度为何运转不良》，世界经济文汇1993年第2期。
[24]王金虎、霍军：《当代美国社会的贫困结构及其成因》，《河南大学学报》（社会科学版）2001年第5期。
[25]王俊文：《国外反贫困经验对我国反贫困的当代启示——以西方发达国家美国为例》，《社会科学家》2008年第3期。
[26]王庆安、易大东：《20世纪60年代美国向贫困宣战运动的动因及其影响》，《历史教学问题》2008年第3期。
[27]汪树民：《战后美国贫困问题研究》，博士学位论文，复旦大学，世界史专业2004届。
[28]王文龙、金丽馥：《对西方社会保障理论的评述与借鉴》，《北京工业大学学报》（社会科学版）2005年第3期。
[29]吴春明、张辉：《西方社会保障理论的沿革及其借鉴》，《潍坊学院学报》2005年第1期。
[30]吴理财：《“贫困”的经济学分析及其分析的贫困》，《经济评论》2001年第4期。
[31]向美丽：《美国贫困儿童问题浅析》，《外国教育研究》2008年第1期。
[32]徐丙奎：《西方社会保障三大理论流派述评》，《理论参考》2007年第4期。
[33]杨立雄：《贫困理论范式的转向与美国福利制度改革》，《美国研究》2006年第2期。
[34]杨秋梅、侯建民：《美国的贫困问题》，《世界经济与政治》1989年第8期。
[35]姚建平：《养老社会保险制度的反贫困分析——美国的实践及对我国的启示》，《公共管理学报》2008年第3期。
[36]叶普万：《贫困经济学研究：一个文献综述》，《世界经济》2005年第9期。
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[38]张举国：《英、美社会救助法律制度演变及其启示》，《安顺学院学报》2009年第1期。
[39]张文喜：《历史唯物主义的需要理论及反贫困的政治哲学向度》，《人文杂志》2006年第5期。
[40]钟超：《对贫困问题的几点再认识》，《理论月刊》2005年第3期。
[41]钟美纷：《美国进步主义时期的贫困问题研究》，《黑龙江史志》2008年第22期。
[42]朱栋梁、宁晓青：《贫困经济学研究》，《财经理论与实践》2000年第3期。
[43]朱玲：《转型国家贫困问题的政治经济学讨论》，《管理世界》1998年第6期。
[44]朱楠：《马克思主义经济学与西方经济学社会保障理论比较研究》，《经济纵横》2009年第7期。
[45]朱晓阳：《在参与式时代谈建构“性别主体”的困境》，《开放时代》2005年第1期。
②2011年，在福布斯最新公布的“最佳商业国家”年度展望中，加拿大排名第一。2011年下半年时，美国还在担忧“双底衰退”，欧洲正忙于处理主权债务，加拿大却宣布它的经济已经渡过了艰难期。2011年11月9日获取自http://www.forbes.com/lists/2011/6/best-countries-11_rank.html/
③根据“经济与和平研究所”发布的2011年“全球和平指数”（Global Peace Index）排名，加拿大再次跻身于世界前10名“最和平的国家”。2011年11月9日获取自http://www.visionofhumanity.org/info-center/global-peace-index-2011/
④该调查衡量了公众对全球50个国家的看法。加拿大当选是由于其稳定的民主政体、高GDP和人均收入，以及对国际政治局势的中立态度。In "Canada is the Country with the Best Reputation in the World According toReputation Institute."2011年11月9日获取自http://www.reputationinstitute.com/events/27_Sept_11_PR_Country_RepTrak_Results.pdf/
①在1867年，经过英国的同意，原上加拿大（Upper Canada）、下加拿大（Lower Canada）、新布伦瑞克（NewBrunswick）和新斯科舍（Nova Scotia）四个地区组成了加拿大自治领。这一过程也被称为英属北美殖民地的“联合”（the Confederation）。
②加拿大的宪法是半成文宪法，由包括《不列颠北美法》在内的众多英国和加拿大法令以及不成文的宪法惯例组成。《不列颠北美法》是英国议会通过的一系列法律。其中，《1867年不列颠北美法》最为重要，是加拿大最基本的宪法文件。1982年加拿大宪法改革后，它被改称为《1867年宪法法（》Constitution Act,1867）。
③1989年11月24日，加拿大众议院一致通过了一份关于儿童贫困问题的全党派决议。该决议认为：“本院将努力，到2000年时，达到在加拿大儿童中消灭贫困的目标”。然而，在15年后，加拿大仍是所有西方发达国家中儿童贫困率最高的国家之一。1990年代晚期，这个比率曾一度高达14.9%。这一数字是令人惊讶的。In Patrizia Albanese, Child Poverty in Canada, Don Mills: Oxford University Press,2010.
①Rodney S. Haddow, Poverty Reform in Canada,1958-1978: State and Class Influences on Policy Making,Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press,1993, p.4.
①现代性语境是伴随着西方工业社会发展起来的，它倡导个体主义和自由主义的价值观，将贫困作为一种纯粹的经济现象或收入问题来定义和衡量，以直线发展观作为摆脱贫穷的目标，强调对穷人的管制。参见张帆：《现代性语境中的贫困与反贫困》，人民出版社2009年版，第20-24页。
②张帆：《现代性语境中的贫困与反贫困》，第32-35页。
③Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada: Report of the Special Senate Committee on Poverty,Ottawa: the Alger Press Limited,1973, p.3.
④John Harp and John R. Hofley, eds., Poverty in Canada. Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall of Canada, Ltd.,1971.
①Dennis Raphael, Poverty and Policy in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life, Toronto: CanadianScholars’ Press Inc.,2007, p.8.
②Haddow, Poverty Reform in Canada,1958-1978, p.4.
①In Ian Adams, William Cameron, Brian Hill and Peter Penz, The Real Poverty Report, Edmonton: M.G. HurtigLimited,1971.
②David P. Ross and E. Richard Shillington, The Canadian Fact Book on Poverty—1989, Ottawa: The CanadianCouncil on Social Development,1989.
③J. K. Galbraith, The Affluent Society, New York: The New American Library,1958, p.251.
④S. M. Miller and Pamela Roby, The Future of Inequality, New York: Basic Books,1970, p.11.
①Miller and Roby, The Future of Inequality, p.12.
②In Christopher A. Sarlo, Poverty in Canada, Vancouver: The Fraser Institute,1992.
②Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, The Real Poverty Report, p.8.
④In Christopher A. Sarlo, Measuring Poverty in Canada, Vancouver: the Fraser Institute,2001.
②Canadian Council on Social Development. Not Enough: the Meaning and Measurement of Poverty in Canada.Ontario: Canadian Council on Social Development,1984, p.7.
③Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, p.11.
①Neil Gilbert, Paul Terrell[美]：《社会福利政策导论》黄晨熹、周烨、刘红译，华东理工大学出版社2003年版，第58页。
①参见考斯塔·艾斯平-安德森[丹麦]：《福利资本主义的三个世界》，郑秉文译，法律出版社2003年版。
②Allan Moscovitch, The Welfare State in Canada: A Selected Bibliography,1840to1978, Toronto: WilfridLaurier University Press,1983.
①社会学是一门相对较新的学科，以社会现象为研究对象，注重统计数据和科学的计量方法的使用。
②John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada, Toronto: University ofToronto Press,1965.
③加拿大是由多种族构成的移民国家，这一点与美国十分相似，但又有显著的区别。美国的社会结构被称为“熔炉”，意为各种族融合在美国式的社会文化系统之中。而加拿大社会结构往往被称为“马赛克”，指各种族虽然共同生活在一个国家，但仍在相当程度上保持着自己的社会文化传统。在这里，波特巧用了“马赛克”一词。“垂直的马赛克”所表示的，不是横向种族间的差异，而是纵向的、社会层级之间的差异。位于不同社会层级的人们很难相互融合。
④这一著作在加拿大学术史上具有重要的地位。之后，研究者们进一步对该书观点进行了更为细致的分析，并追加了关于60年代以后加拿大社会和加拿大社会学新发展的内容。一些比较重要的相关文章收录在《重访垂直的马赛克》一书里，就当时加拿大社会中的新发展趋势，如种族问题和社会组织的关系、妇女视角等进行了讨论。In Rick Helmes-Hayes and James Curtis eds., The Vertical Mosaic Revisited, Toronto: Universityof Toronto Press,1998.
⑤Ian Adams, The Poverty Wall, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited,1970.
②Alford and Friedland, Power of Theory, p.161.
④In Atkinson and Coleman, The State, Business, and Industrial Change in Canada, p.60; p.63; p.65.
①In Haddow, Poverty Reform in Canada,1958-1978.
②Perry Rand Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s: the Canada Assistance Plan, Ph.D. Dissertation,Queen’s University,1973.
③Rand Dyck,“The Canada Assistence Plan: the Ultimate in Co-operative Federalism”, In Raymond B. Blake andJeff Keshen, eds., Social Welfare Policy in Canada: Historical Readings, Toronto: Copp Clark Ltd.1995, pp.326-340.
④Derek P. J. Hum, Federalism and the Poor: A Review of the Canada Assistance Plan, Ontario: OntarioEconomic Council,1983.
⑤Gareth Davies,“North American Anti-Poverty Wars: Canada and the United States in Comparative Perspective”,in Hans Bak, Frits Van Holthoon and Hans Krabbendam eds., Social and Secure? Politics and Culture of theWelfare State: A Comparative Inquiry, Amsterdam: Vu University Press,1996, pp.146-159.
①Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz. The Real Poverty Report.
②Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada: Report of the Special Senate Committee on Poverty,Ottawa: the Alger Press Limited,1973.
③Keith G. Banting, The Welfare State and Canadian Federalism, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press,1987.此书一问世就立刻成了加拿大政治学研究的经典之作，影响了整整一代学者。
②W. E. Mann, ed., Poverty and Social Policy in Canada, Vancouver: The Copp Clark Publishing Company,1970.
③M.W. Menzies, Poverty in Canada: Its Nature, Significance and Implications for Public Policy, Winnipeg:Manitoba Pool Elevators,1965.
④Gunter Schramm, Regional Poverty&Change, Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada,1976.
①Dominique Marshall, The Social Origins of the Welfare State: Quebec Families, Compulsory Education, andFamily Allowances,1940-1955, Translated by Nicola Doone Danby. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2006.
②Donald V. Smiley, Canada in Question: Federalism in the Seventies, Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson,1976.
②例如，向美丽：“美国贫困儿童问题浅析”，《外国教育研究》2008年第1期。
③例如，黄安年：“战后美国的贫困、贫困结构和贫困线”，《史学月刊》1997年第4期。
⑤李剑鸣、杨令侠：《20世纪美国和加拿大社会发展研究》，人民出版社2005年版。
①Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, pp.22-23.
②Neil Gilbert, Paul Terrell[美]：《社会福利政策导论》，第2页。
①Neil Gilbert, Paul Terrell[美]：《社会福利政策导论》，第97页。
①Dennis Guest, The Emergence of Social Security in Canada, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,1985, p.9.
①在第一次世界大战之前，加拿大社会福利领域的唯一的一个联邦法规是1908年的《政府年金法》（theGovernment Annuities Act）。它只是一个简单的自愿选择的计划，由受益人来负担所有的成本。
②尤其是上层阶级妇女，她们把慈善活动当作是自己母性角色的一种延伸和一种可以得到社会认同的行为。
③Guest, The Emergence of Social Security in Canada, p.24.
①In Margaret K. Strong, Public Welfare Administration in Canada, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1930.其他著作中也有关于这一问题的讨论。 In R.B. Splane, Social Welfare in Ontario1791-1893, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1965; Michael Oliver ed. Social Purpose for Canada, Toronto: University of TorontoPress,1961.
①Elisabeth Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University,1950, p.111.
②Bryden, Old Age Pensions and Policy-Making in Canada, p.128.
③H.B. Neatby, The Lonely Heights, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1963, p.110; Kenneth McNaught, AProphet in Politics, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1959, pp.215-220.
①Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.151.
①Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.304.
②J.W. Pickersgill, The Mackenzie King Record, vol.1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press1960, p.466.
③加拿大进步保守党成员，1957年6月21日—1963年4月21日任联邦总理。
④这一说法的基础是，温斯顿·丘吉尔（Winston Churchill）也是一个保守派，并在英国引进了一个类似的措施。Interview with Diefenbaker, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.46.
⑤House of Commons Debates, July25,1944, p.532; J. W. Willard,"Some Aspects of Family Allowances andIncome Redistribution in Canada," Public Policy,1954.
①加拿大自由党成员，1935年10月23日—1948年11月14日任联邦总理。
②Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.245.
①除了《罗厄尔-西罗伊斯委员会报告》、《关于社会保障的马什报告》、《哈格蒂报告》（the Hagerty Report）和“绿皮书建议”之外，还有夏洛特·惠顿（Charlotte Whitton）和哈利·卡西迪（Harry Cassidy）所做的一些综合性分析。
②Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.210.
③Report of the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, Book2,1940. Ottawa,1954, pp.24-26.
④L. C. Marsh, Report on Sicial Security for Canada, for the Advisory Committee on Reconstruction, Ottawa,1943, p.49.
⑤Charlotte Whitton, The Dawn of Ampler Life, Toronto: Macmillan,1943.
⑥Harry M. Cassidy, Social Sedurity and Reconstruction in Canada, Toronto: Ryerson Press,1943, p.156.
①Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.342.
②在这方面，唯一的值得注意的是多数省都已经开始向它们的公民提供的一种社会保险措施，即“工人补偿金”（workmen's compensation）。
③In Dennis Guest, The Emergence of Social Security in Canada, chapter5,6and7.
①卡西迪教授曾在其著作中对省福利项目进行了批评。In Harry M. Cassidy, Public Health and WelfareReorganization, Toronto: Ryerson Press,1945.
②R.G.E. Davis,"Measures to Supplement Unemployment Insurance", a paper given at the Round Table on SocialSecurity, Toronto, May29,1949, p.4.
①Canadian Welfare Council, Dominion-Provincial Relations and Social Security, Ottawa,1946, p.10.
③加拿大福利委员会下设一系列“处”（divisions），其中包括“公共福利处”。“公共福利处”成立于1920年，1970年被“加拿大社会发展委员会”（the Canadian Council on Social Development）取代。它的工作目标是：提供一个途径，使从事公共福利或者积极关心公共福利的人们或群体们可以在一起研究并讨论，如何使各级政府以尽可能高的标准为加拿大人提供公共福利和服务。In Canadian Welfare Council, PublicWelfare Division, Report,1953-1954, pp.18-19.
④Canadian Welfare Council, Public Assistance and the Unemployed, Ottawa,1953.
①Canadian Welfare Council, Presentation to the Government of Canada, Ottawa, March20,1953, p.4.
②Canadian Welfare Council, Presentation to the Government of Canada, p.4.
③Canadian Welfare Council, Presentation to the Government of Canada, p.4.
①House of Commons Debates, January27,1955, p.602.
②Interview with Dr. Davidson, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.55.
①Interview with Mr. Martin, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.57.
②House of Commons Debates, June27,1956, p.5448.
①Economic Council of Canada, Fifth Annual Review, Ottawa: Queen's Printer,1968, pp.104-105.
①Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, The Real Poverty Report, p.16.
②In Porter, The Vertical Mosaic,1965.
③Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, The Real Poverty Report, p.1.
①Edward C. Budd, Inequality and Poverty, New York: Norton,1967, p.21.
②Giles Radice, Democratic Socialism, New York: Praeger,1966, p.65.
①Sylvia Ostry, Unemployment in Canada,1961, Ottawa: DBS,1968, p.23.
②In Department of National Health and Welfare, Income Security for Canadians. Ottawa: The Department ofNational Health and Welfare,1970.
①Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, pp.20-23.
②1971年，“加拿大统计局”指出：在所有的低收入家庭的家长中，有四分之一以上（约27%）的年龄在65岁及65岁以上。In Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, pp.13-18.
①Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, pp.35-36.
①In Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, p.18.
①Federal Task Force on Agriculture, Canadian Agriculture in the Seventies, Ottawa: Queen's Printer,1970, p.422.
②Manitoba Pool Elevators, Poverty in Canada, Winnipeg,1965, p.31.
③Federal Task Force on Agriculture, Canadian Agriculture in the Seventies, p.424.
⑤N. H. Lithwick, Urban Poverty, research monograph no.1, Ottawa: Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation,1971, p.52.
①In Porter, The Vertical Mosaic, part two,"the Structure of Power".
②Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz. The Real Poverty Report, p.4.
③即在很大程度上模糊了当时贫困在加拿大社会中的存在这一事实。
④很明显，与社会支出相比，军费开支更符合大商业资本家们的利益。In Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, TheReal Poverty Report, p.5.
①参见卡尔·波拉尼[英]：《大转型：我们时代的政治与经济起源》，冯钢等译，浙江人民出版社2007年版，第89页。
②1964年1月8日，美国总统林登·约翰逊（Lyndon B. Johnson）在讲话中提出了“向贫困宣战”这一口号，标志着该国开始动用国家力量处理社会贫困问题。
③Harp and Hofley eds., Poverty in Canada, p.1.
①In "The Real Poor in Canada--And Why We Don't Know Who They Are," fifth Maclean's-Goldfarb report,Maclean's, Jan.1971.
①In D.B.S., Statistics on Low Income in Canada,1967, Ottawa: Information Canada,1971, tables1,12,13.
②Special Senate Committee on Poverty, Poverty in Canada, pp.13-18.
③In Adams, Cameron, Hill and Penz, The Real Poverty Report, p.21.
④Company of Young Canadians,"Brief presented to the Special Senate Committee on Poverty", First Session, No.4(May8,1969), p.130.
①Sarlo, Poverty in Canada, p.8.
①David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York:1965, pp.363-366.
①The Canadian Welfare Council, Social Security for Canada, Ottawa,1958, pp.10-11.
①Canada, Statistics Canada, Social Security Statistics,1976, pp.511-512.
①Dominion-Provincial Conference of1957, Ottawa, Novermber25-26,1957, p.52.
②Dominion-Provincial Conference of1960, Ottawa, July25-27,1960.
③J.S. White, Statement on Federal Sharing of Public Assistance Costs, pp.85-86.
①该委员会主要由各财政部副部长组成，每半年召开一次会议，讨论并交换关于财政和经济事务的信息。
②K.W. Taylor,"Coordination in Administration," Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference, Institute of PublicAdministration of Canada,1957, pp.253-273; A.R. Kear,"Cooperative Federalism: A Study of theFederal-Provincial Coordinating Committee on Fiscal and Economic Matters," Canadian Public Administration,vol.6,1963, pp.43-56.
①Letter to Hon. J.W. Monteith, July18,1961, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.73.
②Letter to the Nova Scotia Minister, August3,1961, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.73.
③Letter to the Nova Scotia Minister, December19,1961, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.74.
④Atlantic Provinces, Minutes of the Atlantic Ministers and Deputy Ministers of Welfare Meeting, October2,1962.
①Saskatchewan, Department of Welfare, Annual Report, Regina: Queen's Printer,1962, p.13.
①Quebec, Report of the Study Committee on Public Assistance, Quebec: Queen's Printer,1963, p.23.
②Quebec, Report of the Study Committee on Public Assistance, p.121.
③Quebec, Report of the Study Committee on Public Assistance, p.123.
①Auditor General's Report, Ottawa,1961, p.31.
②Auditor General's Report, Ottawa,1961, p.31.
①R.M. Clark, Economic Security for the Aged in the United States and Canada, Ottawa,1960, p.328.
②Royal Commission on Government Organization, Vol.5, The Organization of the Government of Canada,Ottawa,1963, p.89.
③Minutes of the Federal-Provincial Conference on the Canada Pension Plan, September9and10,1963.
④Minutes of the Federal-Provincial Conference on the Canada Pension Plan.
①Federal Provincial Conference1963, Ottawa, November26-29,1963,(Queen's Printer,1964), p.14.
②Federal Provincial Conference1963, p.96.
③Notes on the Federal-Provincial Plenary Conference, November,1963, p.29.
④Notes on the Federal-Provincial Plenary Conference, p.31.
⑤前一次“联邦-省”会议讨论老年保障问题时决定了这个资助水平。
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, Ottawa, February14and15,1964, p.23.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.18.
②即《母亲津贴削减方案》（The Mothers' Allowances Deduction Formula）。
③Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.32.
⑤Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.32.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.46.
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.55.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.138.
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.162.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.162.
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.200.
①Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.212.
②Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.271.
③Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.271.
④之前的那次“联邦-省”总理会议已经在某种程度上限制了此次会议的讨论范围。
①与会者们原本计划要开两次会议，但事实上只开了一次。
②主要是指联邦和省福利部副部长们。
③Meeting of the Federal-Provincial Working Group on Welfare Programs, p.21.
①Federal interviews, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.120.
①Notes on the Federal-Provincial Plenary Conference, Quebec, March31-April2,1964, Appendix C, p.65.
②Notes on the Federal-Provincial Plenary Conference, Quebec, March31-April2,1964, Appendix B, p.57.
③在2月份召开的工作组会议中，安大略省代表对新政策项目的建立缺乏热情。安大略省福利部部长在此时积极表态，也许是想要对此进行一些补偿。
④In Federal-Provincial Conference on Shared-Cost Welfare Programs, April13,1964.
⑤Introductory Statement by the Hon. Louis P. Cecile, Q.C., Minister of Public Welfare, at the Federal-ProvincialMeeting of Welfare Ministers on Public Assistance, May28-9,1964.
②Statement by the Hon. Emilien Lafrance, Minister of Family and Social Welfare, Federal-Provincial Conference,Ottawa, May28-9,1964, p.7.
②Quoted by Dr. Splane in his remarks at the meeting of the National Council of Welfare, April1965,4(2), p.7.
①Charles E. Lindblom, The Policy-Making Process, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall,1968, pp.70-100.
②Interviews with the three officials involved, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.128.
①In Owen Carrigan, Canadian Party Platforms.
①In Special Planning Secretariat, Fighting Poverty in1966, Ottawa: Queen's Printer,1967.
①Special Planning Secretariat, Fighting Poverty in1966, pp.5-6.
②Special Planning Secretariat, Fighting Poverty in1966, p.2.
①House of Commons Debates, April5,1965, p.2.
②House of Commons Debates, April5,1965, pp.38-39.
③早在当年3月初，拉马什就曾向他们提出建议，要求召开这次会议。
④House of Commons Debates, April5,1965, p.40.
⑤House of Commons Debates, April5,1965, p.41.
⑥事实上，早在几年前，加拿大政府中就已经开始有相关讨论，计划成立这样的一个建议机构。1964年12月，该机构最终通过一份枢密令（order-in-council）建立起来。
⑦如“加拿大劳工协会”（the Canadian Labour Congress）。
①Notes on the First Meeting of the National Council of Welfare, p.13.
②Notes on the First Meeting of the National Council of Welfare, p.14.
①Position Statements of the Minister of National Health and Welfare on the Agenda Items of the Conference ofMinisters of Welfare, April8and9,1965.
①Richard B. Simeon, Federal-Provincial Diplomacy, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1972, pp.13-14.
①The Canada Assistance Plan, section2.
②The Canada Assistance Plan, section2.
①Interview with provincial officials, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.165.
②例如，安大略省总理曾在1965年7月的会议上提出要求，认为“所有的”儿童福利服务都应当被包括在“加拿大救助计划”之内，进行成本分担。In Federal-Provincial Conference, July19-22,1965, Ottawa, p.29.
②Letter from Mr. Harding to Miss LaMarsh, May11,1965.后者于5月18日回信说，已经特别注意这种财政需求的主意了。“我会与我的同事们讨论这个问题，我肯定他们会好好考虑它的。”
③Meeting of Ministers and Deputy Ministers of Welfare of the Atlantic Provinces, June21,1965.
①Meeting of Ministers and Deputy Ministers of Welfare of the Atlantic Provinces, September17,1965.
②Memorandum from F.R. MacKinnon to Dr. J.W. Willard, October19,1965.
①阿尔伯塔省的回信是在12月2日；安大略省在3日；萨斯喀彻温省在17日；新斯科舍省在30日。参见不列颠哥伦比亚省福利部档案（B.C. Welfare Department files）。 In Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.171.
①Department of National Health and Welfare, Reference Paper on the Canada Assistance Plan, Ottawa,November1965.
①Nova Scotia Submission to the Conference of Welfare Ministers. Ottawa, January7and8,1966, p.6.
①Communique on the Federal-Provincial Conference of Ministers of Welfare. Ottawa, January8,1966.
①克罗尔教授有任安大略省前内阁部长的经历，在上议院（upper chamber）中一直有进步的名声（aprogressive reputation）。
②Interviews with Dr. Davis and Senator Croll, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.182.
③一开始参议员克罗尔认为这个建议太过激进，但戴维斯坚持自己意见，克罗尔说服他改变用词，从“委员会推荐”改为“委员会在原则上赞同”（endorses in principle）“有保障的收入项目”。 In Interview with Dr.Davis and Final Report of the Special Committee of the Senate on Aging, Ottawa,1966, in Dyck, Poverty andPolicy-making in the1960’s, p.182.
①House of Commons Debates. June14,1966, p.6408.
②赢得众议院最多席位的党派成为执政党，赢得席位数第二多的党派则成为执政党的“议会反对党”（theofficial opposition，也称为“在野党”）。它是议会中采取针对执政党的立场的最大反对党，可以是一个党，也可以由几个党组成的政党联盟来充当。
③House of Commons Debates. June14,1966, p.6413
④House of Commons Debates. June14,1966, p.6416
⑤Interview with Dr. Davis, Globe and Mail, editorials for June21,22and23,1966.
①"CAP in peril, Welfare Council director says," Globe and Mail, June24,1966, p.4.
②House of Commons Debates. June28,1966, pp.6990-1.
①即“有保障的收入支持”（the Guaranteed Income Supplement）项目。 In House of Commons Debates, July5and8,1966, pp.7205,7417.
②也就是说，如果缺乏必要的监管手段，“加拿大救助计划”的某些条款可能会被滥用。 In Senate Debates,July11,1966, p.900.
①威拉德说，他们现在建议重新考虑“协议”的措词，希望它的文字所传达的信息是各省在提供福利项目时能够实际使用的。"Willard letter to provincial deputy ministers," January27,1967, Dyck, Poverty andPolicy-making in the1960’s, p.198.
②Minister of National Health and Welfare, The Canada Assistance Plan, p.5.
③Minister of National Health and Welfare, The Canada Assistance Plan, p.6.
①Minister of National Health and Welfare, The Canada Assistance Plan, p.7.
①Haddow, Poverty Reform in Canada,1958-1978, p.3.
①R.E.G. Davis,"Measures to Supplement Unemployment Insurance," Paper given at Round Table on SocialSecurity, Toronto, May29,1949, p.15.
②Wallace, The Changing Canadian State, p.363.
①Frank McGilly, An Introduction to Canada’s Public Social Services: Understanding Income and HealthPrograms, Toronto: Oxford University Press,1998, p.2.
②Jennifer Klein, For All These Rights: Business, Labor, and the Shaping of America's Public-Private WelfareState, Princeton,2003, p.257.
②《1867年不列颠北美法》，2010年6月29日获取自http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/
①David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,1965, p.40.
②David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, p.40.
①Simeon, Federal-Provincial Diplomacy, p.219.
②In Donald Smiley, The Canadian Political Nationality, Toronto: Methuen,1967, pp.47-55.
①In Simeon, Federal-Provincial Diplomacy, chapter10.
①Interview with Jack White, Director, Public Assistance Division, Canadian Council for Social Development, inDyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.99.
③Aaron Wildavsky, The Politics of the Budgetary Process, Boston: Little Brown,1964, p.87.
①In Federal interviews, in Dyck, Poverty and Policy-making in the1960’s, p.214.
①Donald Smiley,"Public Administration and Canadian Federalism," Canadian Public Administration, vol.7,(1964), p.378.
②Smiley,"Public Administration and Canadian Federalism," Canadian Public Administration. vol.7,(1964), p.378.
①In Banting, Poverty, Politics and Policy.
③A. V. Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England, London: Macmillan,1914, p.33.
②In Taylor Cole, The Canadian Bureaucracy, Durham: Duke University Press,1949; Porter, The Vertical Mosaic;Maurice Lamontagne,"The Influence of the Politician," Canadian Public Administration, vol.6,(fall,1968), pp.263-271.
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[22]托马斯[美]等：《福利国家的比较政治经济学》，姜辉、于海青、沈根犬译，重庆出版社2003年版。
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