4种园林树木挥发性有机物释放动态及其抑菌作用的研究
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摘要
绿色植物是园林建设及城市生态环境建设中不可缺少的重要组成部分,在城市生态平衡、美化环境、改善环境、净化空气、灭菌杀虫、消除疲劳等方面具有十分重要的作用。为了明确哈尔滨市4种常见绿化树木释放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)成分及其释放的季节性动态变化、探明植物生长与微生物间的生态关系、确定植物VOCs中具有抑菌、净化空气等作用的活性成分和浓度,进而为寒地城市的生态保健型绿化模式提供更科学的依据,本研究针对哈尔滨市4种常见绿化树木进行了测定,得到了如下结论:
     1.植物叶围微生物中细菌数量最多,占微生物总数70%以上,属优势菌群,其次为霉菌,二者共同决定了植物叶围微生物群落数量的变化。放线菌比例最少,对微生物种群影响不大。火炬树与樟子松叶围微生物总量在不同季节中变化趋势相同,为夏季>秋季>春季。落叶松与银中杨的叶围微生物总量则表现为秋季>夏季>春季趋势。在不同冠层中,细菌的数量分布以树冠中层为最多,真菌的数量分布遵循着随冠层的降低而增加的规律。
     2.火炬树、银中杨、樟子松、落叶松释放的VOCs成分和含量存在明显差异(P<0.05),并且随季节性的变化呈现动态性。火炬树枝叶在春、秋两季释放的VOCs主要以萜烯类化合物为主,夏季烷烃、烯烃类化合物所占比例稍高于萜烯类化合物,同时伴有少量酮类、醇类化合物的释放。银中杨释放的VOCs则以烷烃、烯烃类物质为主,春、秋两季以1-戊炔为主,夏季以2-氯-1-丙烯为主。萜类物质则春秋以α-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯为主,夏季以石竹烯和龙脑为主要成分。落叶松释放的VOCs以萜类化合物为主要成分。(1S,3S)-(+)-间-薄荷-4,8-二烯、植紫三烯、(E)-2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯-5-炔、(Z)-2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯-5-炔构成了春季萜类化合物的主要成分,夏季以1,3-戊二烯为主,秋季则以(-)-β-蒎烯、IR-α-蒎烯为主。樟子松春、秋两季萜类化合物占主导地位,夏季萜类化合物含量降低,烷烃、烯烃类化合物含量增高。(+)-2-蒈烯、(+)-莰烯构成了春季主要的萜烯类化合物。秋季萜类化合物则以(E)-2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯-5-炔、β-水芹烯、莰烯为主,夏季2-氯-1-丙烯含量的大量释放使烷烃、烯烃类化合物含量增高。
     3.采用自然沉降法,调查城市不同功能区空气微生物的含量发现,在城市不同功能区中,绿化程度、人流状况、交通状况对空气微生物含量影响显著,交通干线、车站等人员集中、车辆流动大的区域空气细菌含量明显高于森林区,植被覆盖率较高的文教区和森林区空气霉菌含量明显高于交通干线和车站。通过对供试植物林地中空气微生物含量的监测发现,夏季园林植物能够有效的抑制空气中的细菌。且植物在清晨具有较强的抑菌能力。供试植物中落叶松、银中杨抑菌作用较强,抑菌率在50%~70%之间;火炬树与樟子松的除菌能力较弱,抑菌率在20%~40%之间。结合这一特性,在今后的城市绿化过程中,可以更加科学、合理的选择树种,充分的利用其生态功能,营建健康、绿色的生活环境。
     4.通过挥发性有机物单体的体外抑菌试验发现,α-蒎烯对细菌几乎没有抑制作用,在低浓度下则有利于黑曲霉、木霉的生长。龙脑、樟脑、β-蒎烯、长叶烯对供试微生物有明显抑制作用,且随着单体浓度的增加抑菌率增强。
     5.通过供试植物提取液对空气微生物的抑菌试验发现,火炬树的抑菌能力最强,之后依次为落叶松、银中杨、樟子松,且提取液的抑菌活性具有热稳定性。不同提取方法获得的提取液对同种供试菌的抑制作用存在极显著差异,不同树种、不同提取液对微生物的抑制作用也存在极显著差异。
     以上研究表明,在城市建设及绿地建设中,不仅要考虑植物对环境的净化及美化作用,还应考虑植物的化学生态效应,在植物配置中要将对人体健康、净化环境有益的因素融入其中。银中杨、落叶松对空气微生物的抑制作用较强,火炬树、樟子松释放的萜烯类化合物含量较高,均具有较强的净化空气、改善环境质量的功能,且观赏性较高,可以作为城市绿化的首选树种。
Urban green plants is an important component of the garden and the ecosystem in a city, as it plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance of a city, beautifying landscape,improving environmental quality, cleaning air, removing fatigue, inhibiting and killing pest. Aming to elaborate the component and the dynamic variations in different seasons of the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) of landscape trees in Harbin, elaborate the ecological connection between growing of plant and phyllosphere microbe, ascertain the active component and concentration of VOCs, experimental date was provided to landscape design of city in this paper, results showed that,
     (1)The amount of bacteria beyond 70 percent of total microorganism in phyllosphere microbe, it is the most one, so it is preponderant community. The amount of fungi is in the next place. Both of them decided the quantitative variety of phyllosphere microbe. The amount of actinomyces is the least, it has a little effect to total microorganism. The trend is the same about total phyllosphere microbe of Rhus typhina and Pinus sylvestris Linn. var. Mongolica, the most amount of phyllosphere microbe is in summer, next is in autumn, the third is in spring. It is the most amount of phyllosphere microbe in autumn of Populus albaxberolinensis and Larix gmelinii, next is in summer, the third is in spring. In the crown of a tree, the middle canopy has the most bacteria, the amount of fungi is increasing with reduce of Canopy.
     (2)The component and content have Sigificant differences in Rhus typhina, populus alba×berolinensis, Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris Linn.var. Mongolica. They have dynamic varieties in different seasons. The major VOCs of Rhus typhina in spring and autumn is the terpene. The olefin is primary in summer, and little ketone and alcoholic aldehyde is in existence. The major VOCs of Populus alba×berolinensis is olefin. 1-Pentyne is leading component in spring and autumn, and 1-Propene,2-chloro-is major VOCs in summer. The terpenes include D-Linonen, a-Pinene, Caryophyllene and Bomeol. The primary VOCs of Larix gmelinii is terpenes, including m-Mentha-4, 8-diene, (1S,3S)-(+)-, Santolina triene, 3- Octen-5-yne, 2, 7-dimethyl-, (E)-, 3-Octen-5-yne, 2, 7-dimethyl-, (Z)-, 1, 3-Pentadiene, (-)- .beta. -Pinene and IR-. alpha. -Pinene. The major VOCs of Pinus sylvestris Linn. var. Mongolica is terpenes in spring and autumn, containing (+)-Carene, Camphene, 3-Octen-5-yne, 2, 7-dimethyl- (E)-, beta. -Phellandrene and (+)-Camphene. The 1-Propene, 2-chloro-is major in summer.
     (3)While investigating the atmospheric microbs in Harbin city, with the aid of settling plate technique is adopted and different most typical sites are selected to sample. The result showed that, in the multi-functional regions, the differences among the numbers of those atmospheric microbes are obvious. The quantitative distribution and variation are apparently related to such factors as the scale of green belt, density of population, the number of vechiclle on the road. The number of airborne bacteria is larger than other regions in station and main traffic lines. The numbr of airborne fungin is larger than other sites in forest and culture regions. The research of the effect of gardening plants cleaning the airborne microbes shows that the effect is different from gardening plant species, season and time. The effect is the most obvious in summer and in the morning. In the selected gardening plants, Pinus tabulaeformis has the most obvious effect to clean bacteria. Larix gmelinii and Populus×berolinensis are in the next place. Rhus typhina and Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica have less effect to clean the bacteria.
     (4)Inhibitory activities of VOCs monocase were evaluatd. The results showed advantaged to fungi in lower concentration and scarcely inhibition on bacteria of a-Pinene. The obvious inhibition on experimental microorganism of borneol,camphor, B-Pinene, Longifolene. The ingibition rate is increase gradually with increasing concentration.
     (5)Inhibition activities of extract from experimental plants were evaluated. Results showed that the extract of Rhus typhina exhibit the most obviously inhibitory effect, and the inhibitory activities of extracts had heat stability. The test showed that the differences are obvious among the extract methods, plant species and different extracts.
     Based on the obove results, it is suggested that not only visual landscape ecological effect but also olfactory chemoecological effect should be considered when choosing plants for landscape design of the city. Larix gmelinii and PopuIus×berolinensis have big inhibitory effect on airborne microorganism. Rhus typhina and Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica release maximum quantity of terpenes. They are capable of claning atmosphere improving environmental quality, they are excellent species for landscape designi.
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